7U2A - 12(B) identify the main functions of the systems of the human organism, including

the circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, excretory, reproductive,

integumentary, nervous, and endocrine systems;

Cell The basic unit of structure of all living things.

• 1. Delivering Needed Materials

Blood carries most substances ex) Blood carries oxygen from lungs to other body cells ex) Blood transports the glucose to produce energy

Circulatory

• 2. Removing Waste Products

The cardiovascular system picks up wastes from cells ex) Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product when cells break down glucose --> it is carried to the lungs to be exhaled

Circulatory

• 3. Fighting Disease

The cardiovascular system also transports cells that attack disease-causing microoganisms. This process can help keep

Circulatory

people from becoming sick.

Aorta The largest

arteries in the

body

Circulatory

Aorta The largest artery in the body; receives blood from the left ventricle

Circulatory

Artery A blood vessel that carried blood away from the heart

Circulatory

Artery The blood vessel

that carries blood

away from heart

Circulatory

Atrium Each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart

Circulatory

Capillaries A tiny blood vessel where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells

Circulatory

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle tissue found only in the heart

Circulatory

Cardiovascular System

The body system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood aka: the circulatory system

Circulatory

Heart A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Circulatory

Heart The hollow,

muscular organ

that pumps blood

to the body

through blood

vessels.

Circulatory

Hemoglobin A protein that

contains iron and

binds chemically

to oxygen

molecules in the

lungs

Circulatory

Plasma It carries

nutrients in

blood

Circulatory

Platelet It form blood

clots in the blood

Circulatory

Red blood cell The non-nuclei

cell in the blood

circulatory

Vein The blood vessel

that carries blood

to heart

Circulatory

Ventricle Each of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

Circulatory

• What direction and how long does blood travel?

Blood travels in only one direction The entire trip would take less than a minute

circulatory

• What does the cardiovascular system (aka: the circulatory system) do?

1. Delivering Needed Materials 2. Removing Waste Products 3. Fighting Disease

Circulatory

White blood cell It defeat viruses

and bacterias in

the blood

Circulatory

Digestive

Absorption The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood.

Digestive

bicuspids Digestive

Bile A yellow-green

fluid that is made

by the liver,

stored in the

gallbladder and

passes through

the common bile

duct into the

duodenum where

it helps digest

fat.

Digestive

Bile A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

Digestive

calorie The energy

needed to raise

the temperature

of 1 gram of

water by one

degree celsius

Digestive

Carbohydrate The main source

of energy.

Digestive

circumvallate 1 taste buds

Digestive

cuspids Digestive

Digestion The process in

which your body

breaks down

food into smaller

nutrient

molecule.

Digestive

digestive system breaks down

food into units

that can be

absorbed by the

body

Digestive

duodenum shortest part of the small intestine, where most chemical digestion takes place

Digestive

Epiglottis A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe and prevents food from entering.

Digestive

esophagus - carry food, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach

Digestive

Esophagus A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Digestive

Fats The energy-

containing

nutrients that

form cell

membrane

Digestive

Gallbladder An organ of the

digestive system

that stores bile

until needed.

Digestive

gallbladder A Stores bile

Digestive

incisors Digestive

Large Intestine

The last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed into the bloodstream and the remaining material is eliminated from the body.

Digestive

large intestine responsible for removing water from the contents of the intestine and making it ready for removal from the body

Digestive

Liver An organ of the

digestive system

that produces

bile.

Digestive

liver filters and processes blood

Digestive

molars Digestive

mouth Digestion begins in your mouth. Your teeth grind up the food. Your tongue helps move food around in your mouth so your teeth can work on it. Saliva keeps the food moist. Saliva also has chemicals called digestive enzymes that help break

Digestive

down some foods.

Mouth, esophagus,

stomach, small

intestine, large

intestine, anus

Name the organs

in digestive

system in order

Digestive

Nutrients are

absorbed

What happens in

small intestine ?

Digestive

Pancreas An organ of the digestive system that produces a fluid that neutralizes stomach acid and chemicals that help finish digestion.

Digestive

Rectum The end of the large intestine where waste material is compressed into a solid form before being eliminated.

Digestive

Saliva A liquid

produced by the

glands in your

mouth that

moistens the

food and begins

to break down

the starchy

foods, such as

pastas , into

sugar.

Digestive

Saliva The fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion.

Digestive

Small Intestine The organ in the

digestive system

that digest food

into nutrients.

digestive

small intestines

bsorption of nutrients and minerals from food

Digestive

Stomach The organ that partially digests food.

Digestive

stomach Digestive

tongue chewing and swallowing food, as well as for speech

Digestive

Villi The finger-

shaped structure

that absorb

nutrients

Digestive

What are the 3 main functions of the digestive system?

(1) Breaks down food into molecules the body can use (2) Molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body (3) Wastes are eliminated from the body

Digestive

What begins in the mouth?

Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin

Digestive

What does digestive juice contain?

It contains the enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid.

Digestive

What happens in the esophagus when food enters?

Contractions (peristalsis) of smooth muscles push the food toward the stomach

Digestive

What occurs in the stomach?

Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion occur in the stomach

Digestive

endocrine system controls body

activities with

hormones

Endocrine

Enzyme A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.

Endocrine

Excretion The process by which wastes are removed from the body.

Excretory

excretory system removes waste

from the body

Excretory

Kidney A major organ of excretory system which removes urea and other wastes from the blood.

Excretory

Nephron Small filtering structure found in the kidneys that removes wastes from blood and produces urine.

Excretory

Ureter A narrow tube that carries urine from one of the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Excretory

Urinary Bladder

A sack-like muscular organ that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body.

Excretory

Urine A watery fluid produced by the kidneys that contains urea and other wastes.

Excretory

Active immunity

Immunity that occurs when a person's own immune system produces antibodies in response to the presence of a pathogen.

Immune

B cell A lymphocyte that produces proteins that help destroy pathogens.

Immune

Immune response

Part of the body's defense against pathogens in which cells of the immune system react to each kind of pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at

Immune

that pathogen.

Immunity The body's ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease.

Immune

Infectious disease

A disease caused by the presence of a living thing in the body.

Immune

Inflammatory response

Part of the body's defense against pathogens in which fluid and white blood cells leak from the blood vessels into tissues and destroy pathogens by breaking them down.

Immune

Lymphocyte White blood cell that distinguishes between each type of pathogen.

Immune

Pathogen An organism that causes disease.

Immune

Dermis The inner layer

of skin Integumentary

Epidermis The outer layer

of skin

Integumentary

Follicles Strands of hair

grows in these in

the skin

integumentary

integumentary

system

provides a

protective barrier

for the body

integumentary

Pores The openings

that allow sweat

to reach the

surface

integumentary

About how many muscles are in your body?

600 muscles Muscular

Ligament It connects

movable joints

and bones

Muscular

muscle system What system is

this?

Muscular

Skeletal Muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones

Muscular

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body

Muscular

Striated Muscle

A muscle that appears banded (aka: Skeletal Muscle)

Muscular

Tendon Strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

muscular

Voluntary Muscle

A muscle that is under conscious control Ex) smiling, getting out of a chair

Muscular

Axon A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. (p. 178)

Nervous

Brain The part of the central nervous sytem that is located in the skull and controls most functions in the body. (p. 183)

Nervous

Brain Stem The part of the brain that lies between the cerebellum and spinal cord and controls the body's involuntary actions. (p. 184)

Nervous

Central Nervous System

The division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord. (p. 182)

Nervous

Cerebellum The part of the brain that coordinates the actions of the muscles and helps maintain balance. (p. 184)

Nervous

Cerebrum The part of the brain that interprets input from the senses, controls movement, and carries out complex mental processes. (p. 184)

Nervous

Concussion A bruiselike injury of the brain that occurs when the soft tissue of the brain collides against the skull. (p. 189)

Nervous

Dendrite A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the cell body. (p. 178)

Nervous

Motor Neuron A neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react. (p. 179)

Nervous

Nerve A bundle of nerve fibers.

Nervous

Nerve Impulse The message carried by a neuron. (p. 178)

Nervous

nervous system controls body

activites with

electrical signals

Nervous

Neuron A cell that carries information through the nervous system. (p. 178)

Nervous

Peripheral Nervous System

The division of the nervous system consisting of all of the nerves located outside* the central nervous system. (p. 182)

Nervous

Receptors A structure

(sensory nerve

ending) of the

nervous system

that detects

stimuli.

A structure

which, on

receiving

environmental

stimuli, produces

an informative

nerve impulse

that is sent to the

control center.

Nervous

Reflex An automatic response that occurs rapidly and without conscious control. (p. 187)

Nervous

Sensory Neuron

A neuron that picks up stimuli from the internal or external environment and converts each stimulus into a nerve impulse. (p.

Nervous

178)

Spinal Cord The thick column of nervous tissue that links the brain to most of the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. (p. 183)

Nervous

Stimulus Any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way.

Nervous

Synapse The junction where one nueron can transfer an impulse to the next structure. (p. 180)

Nervous

• reproductive system producing

offspring

Reproductive

• reproductive system Which is the

only system that

is different

between males

and females?

Reproductive

Alveoli Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Respiratory

Alveoli Where are the

gas exchanged?

Respiratory

breathing system What system is

this?

Respiratory

Bronchi The passages that direct air into the lungs

Respiratory

Bronchus They carry

oxygen from the

trachea to the

alveoli and bring

carbon dioxide

back.

Respiratory

Cilia These hairs

sweep pollen,

bacteria, and dust

from the body

Respiratory

Cillia Tiny hairlike extensions that move together in a sweeping motion

Respiratory

Diaphragm A large dome-

shaped muscle

Respiratory

Diaphragm A large, dome-shaped muscle that plays an important role

Respiratory

in breathing

Larynx The voice box: located in the top part of the trachea, underneath the epiglottis

Respiratory

Lungs The main organs of the respiratory system

Respiratory

Lungs These organs is

where gas

exchanged

occurs

Respiratory

respiratory system breathes in

oxygen and

removes carbon

dioxide

Respiratory

Trachea The windpipe: a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system

Respiratory

Trachea This tube carries

oxygen to the

lungs and carries

carbon dioxide to

the pharynx

Respiratory

Vocal Cords Fold of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx and produce a person's voice

Respiratory

5 Functions of the Skeletal System

1. Provides shape and support 2. Enables to move 3. Protects organs 4. Produces blood cells 5. Stores minerals and other materials

skeletal

• About how many bones does a human have in the skeleton (or skeletal system)?

Newborn (275 bones) Adult (206 bones)

skeletal

Ball and Socket Joint

Allows the greatest range of motion Ex)arm & hip - swing freely in a circle

Skeletal

blood cells what do red bone

marrows make?

Skeletal

Cartliage A connective tissue that in more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together

skeletal

Compact bone Strong, dense

layer that

supports the

body

skeletal

Gliding Joint Allows one bone to slide over another Ex) wrist & ankle - bend and flex as well as make limited side-to-side motions

Skeletal

Hinge Joint Allows forward or backward motion Ex) Knee & elbow - bend and straighten your leg

Skeletal

Joint The place where

2 bones join

together

Skeletal

Marrow The soft connective tissue that fills the internal spaces in bone - produces blood cells and stores fat Two types of marrow: red and yellow

Skeletal

Osteoporosis A condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily

skeletal

pairs Skeletal muscle

works in _____

Skeletal

Pivot Joint Allows one bone to rotate around another Ex) neck - turn head from side to side

Skeletal

skeletal system provides support

for the body and

protects major

organs

Skeletal

Spongy bone It is lightweight

and strong, with

small pockets

that hold red

bone marrow

Skeletal

Vertebrae The 26 small bones that make up the backbone

Skeletal

What are two ways to help ensure healthy bones?

1. Diet - balance diet including calcium and phosphorus 2. Exercise - weight-bearing activities (running, skating, or dancing) help your bones grow stronger

skeletal

and denser