7th ICEF Abstract Booklet

Session Theme 1: What is the importance of islands to environmental conservation? +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

What is the importance of islands to environmental conservation?

CHRISTOPH KUEFFER1 and KEALOHANUIOPUNA KINNEY2

(1) Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland

(2) Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, US Forest Service, 60 Nowelo St. Hilo, HI, USA This article discusses four features of islands that make them places of special importance to environmental conservation. First, investment in island conservation is both urgent and cost-effective. Islands are threatened hotspots of diversity that concentrate unique cultural, biological and geophysical values, and they form the basis of the livelihoods of millions of islanders. Second, islands are paradigmatic places of human–environment relationships. Island livelihoods have a long tradition of existing within spatial, ecological and ultimately social boundaries and are still often highly dependent on local resources and social cohesion. Island cultures and their rich biocultural knowledge can be an important basis for revitalizing and innovating sustainable human–nature relationships. Third, islands form a global web that interlinks biogeographic regions and cultural spaces. They are nodes in a global cultural network: as multicultural island societies, through diaspora islander communities on continents and through numerous political and trade relationships among islands and between islands and countries on continents. Fourth, islands can serve as real-world laboratories that enable scientific innovation, integration of local and generalized knowledge and social learning and empowerment of local actors. We conclude that island systems can serve as globally distributed hubs of innovation, if the voices of islanders are better recognized.

Session Theme 2: How have humans changed island ecosystems through history? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Archaeology, historical ecology and anthropogenic island ecosystems

TODD J. BRAJE1, THOMAS P. LEPPARD2, SCOTT M. FITZPATRICK3 and JON M. ERLANDSON4

(1) Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182–6040, USA (2) McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,

Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK (3) Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA (4) Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1224, USA

In the face of environmental uncertainty due to anthropogenic climate change, islands are at the front lines of global change, threatened by sea level rise, habitat alteration, extinctions and declining biodiversity. Islands also stand at the forefront of scientific study for understanding the deep history of human ecodynamics and to build sustainable future systems. We summarize the long history of human interactions with Polynesian, Mediterranean, Californian and Caribbean island ecosystems, documenting the effects of various waves of human settlement and socioeconomic systems, from hunter–gatherer–fishers, to agriculturalists, to globalized colonial interests. We identify degradation of island environments resulting from human activities, as well as cases of human management of resources to enhance productivity and create more sustainable systems. These case studies suggest that within a general global pattern of progressive island degradation, there was no single trajectory of human impact, but rather complex effects based on variable island physiographies, human subsistence strategies, population densities, technologies, sociopolitical organization and decision-making.SESSION LEAD

Session Theme 2: How have humans changed island ecosystems through history? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Whose right to manage? Distribution of property rights affects, equity and power dynamics in Hawai‘i co-management ADAM L AYERS1, JOHN N. KITTINGER2, MEHANA B. VAUGHAN3

(1) Joint Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa 1000 Pope Road, Marine Sciences Building 312 Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

(2) Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Suite G-230, 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy, Honolulu, HI 96825 (3) Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa 2525 Correa Road, HIG 21, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822

Rights-based fisheries management approaches are increasingly being applied to global fisheries as an alternative to deficiencies associated with centralized or top-down management. Rights-based fisheries management includes a diversity of approaches such as catch shares, territorial user rights for fishing (TURFs), individual transferrable quotas (ITQs), fisheries concessions, cooperatives, and co-management. Many of these approaches are also being implemented in small-scale fisheries, without full consideration of how the legacy of previous governing institutions or tenure arrangements may affect implementation. Likewise, few case studies examine where the rights-based fishery management approach resides within a larger nested administrative hierarchy or describe the shared property rights components. This knowledge gap may obscure key stewardship incentives, veil existing power relations, and in practice, can prolong or prevent governance transformations. To address this gap, we examined a case study of institutional change in Hawai‘i small-scale coral reef fisheries. We used institutional analysis to examine changes in coral reef fisheries management across two time periods: historical marine tenure in the Hawaiian Kingdom (1810-1893) and under contemporary centralized management (1982-present). We then compared these management regimes to co-management in Hawai‘i (1994-present), an emerging rights-based management approach. Our analysis reveals that few rights are devolved to communities looking to co-manage coral reef fisheries. We also discovered a considerable level of administrative complexity within historical marine tenure regimes, dispelling notions that traditional management systems were simplistic. We conclude by considering several issues relevant to the performance of rights-based approaches such as co-management, including the devolution of property rights at the local level; matching administrative and social-ecological complexity; the importance of historical context and narratives in shaping solutions; and the legitimacy of governance arrangements.

Session Theme 2: How have humans changed island ecosystems through history? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Three centuries of impact: How the chemical and physical environment of west Maui has responded to changing land use KIM FALINSKI1, KIRSTEN OLESON2, HLA HTUN2, RUSSELL YOST3, and TOVA CALLENDER4

(1) The Nature Conservancy, 923 Nuuanu Ave, Honolulu, HI 96817 (2) UH Manoa, NREM, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 (3) UH Manoa, TPSS, 3050 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 (4) West Maui Ridge to Reef, Kihei, HI

Drastic land use changes since European contact have altered ecosystem services in small island states in the Pacific. Planned future developments will likely continue to change the landscape from agricultural to suburban. Massive long-term changes in land use on ecosystem services include changes to sediment retention, nitrogen retention, water yield, carbon sequestration and agricultural production. Using five land use scenarios at key points in Hawaii’s history spanning from 1778 to 2100, and an alternative climate change scenario, we compared how these ecosystem services changed over time by modeling each parameter. To do this, we adapted the InVEST modeling tools for high volcanic islands for each of the services. We then predicted hotspots to constrain where ecosystem service supply is highest and lowest using and compared two methods of spatial prediction of multiple ecosystem services. This approach offers opportunities for current land managers to focus their conservaiton efforts to benefit multiple services. Results showed that the greatest changes to ecosystem services occurred during peak sugarcane and pineapple production years in Hawaii (~1920), when there was a 18 fold increase in sediment export, 11 fold increase in nitrogen export and 43% and 25% decreases in carbon storage and water availability, respectively. Our analysis concludes that for sediment retention services and water availability, land use changes pose more of a threat to adjacent reefs than anticipated climate change impacts.

Session Theme 2: How have humans changed island ecosystems through history? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The links between wildlife health and environmental conservation on islands THIERRY WORK1

(1) US Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, PO Box 50187, Honolulu, HI 96850

Terrestrial biota in island ecosystems have high endemism, low dispersal, reduced defenses, and faunal depauperation making them particularly susceptible to habitat loss and invasive species. In contrast, marine biota have higher dispersal and diversity; however threats to them include land based pollution, climate change, and overfishing. Managing these threats can be daunting, particularly when the specific causes of decline in island biota are unknown or speculative. For instance, it is often assumed that invasive predators lead to declines of avian endemics, but are these assumptions always justified? Here, we argue that developing the biomedical tools to understand the health of biota in island ecosystems can lead to significant insights into actual causes of their decline and can often shatter assumptions as to why particular organisms are declining. By identifying the actual cause of species declines, this empowers managers to implement meaningful conservation strategies to recover ecosystems. We show several case studies where these concepts have been implemented in terrestrial and marine ecosystems in Hawaii and the Pacific islands to help recover organisms as diverse as birds and coral reefs. The key to success in such endeavours is close collaborations between those specializing in species biology and those specializing in biomedical science. This is because the biologists frames the conceptual context for the ecology of the organism in question and its decline trajectory whilst the biomedical scientists sheds insights on interactions between the organism, the cause of decline, and its environment leading to management recommendations.

Session Theme 2: How have humans changed island ecosystems through history? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Comparing evidence for shifting cultivation on high latitude European and Polynesian islands MATTHEW PREBBLE1, NICK PORCH2, REBECCA PHILLIPS3, THEGN LADEFOGED4, SIMON HOLDAWAY5

(1) Dept. Archaeology & Natural History, College of Asia & Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

(2) School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria, Australia (3) Dept. Anthropology, School of Social Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand (4) Dept. Anthropology, School of Social Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand (5) Dept. Anthropology, School of Social Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand

Polynesians first adapted tropical crops to subtropical islands and the temperate sub-continent of New Zealand after 700 years BP, over 5000 years after east Mediterranean crops were transferred to the islands off Northern Europe. Critical to these transfers was the associated crop ecosystems including weeds and other commensal organisms, but also the ecological transformation of forests through fire. There has been a long-running debate both in Northern Europe and in Polynesia over the role shifting cultivation in forest clearance. In both regions, existing evidence emphasizes a minimal role for shifting cultivation. Central to the evidence from the British Isles is the abundance and diversity of annual weeds recorded from excavated grain storage features, but also palaeoecological indicators of forest clearance from fire and crop cultivation. Here we present comparable evidence for the transfer of taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) to the sub-tropical islands of French Polynesia and northern offshore islands of New Zealand. Swamp deposits on these islands also archive weed seeds and invertebrates directly associated with taro pollen. Sedimentary charcoal and charred seeds indicate that fire reduced competing vegetation, and may have been seasonally scheduled, particularly in the wetter and cooler New Zealand, to enhance soil nutrients for the limited taro growing season. The near-time archives from French Polynesia and New Zealand are unique, but suggest that similar bodies of evidence may be found in many locations, but offer some potential insights into how temperate crop adaptation may have operated in other locations including Northern Europe.

Session Theme 2: How have humans changed island ecosystems through history? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ What islands can teach us about wildland fire, the consequences of land use change and community-based management CLAY TRAUERNICHT1

(1) University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1910 East-West Rd 101, Honolulu, HI, 96822

The role that wildland fire plays in shaping island ecosystems has been transformed by human activities. We are the primary source of ignitions and have radically increased the propensity for island landscapes to burn through the large-scale modification of island ecosystems and, more recently, the introduction of fire-prone nonnative species. In this presentation, I will first briefly review the fire history and fire ecology of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. At present, the proportion of land area affected by wildland fire in Hawaii and western Pacific Islands such as Yap, Guam, and Palau is equal to, and in some years greatly exceeds, that of the Western US. The impacts of fires are also particularly acute on islands given the proximity and tight linkages among communities, watersheds, and nearshore resources. I will then discuss how novel tools and analyses are allowing us to overcome limitations of ‘traditional’ fire risk assessment tools developed for continental ecosystems by linking historical fire occurrence to climate, vegetation, and land cover change. Using Hawaii as an example, I will illustrate how our ability to model and predict large-scale patterns in ‘landscape flammability’ and explicitly link fire to climatic thresholds are being used to inform management decisions and public education. Finally, I will discuss how various efforts on Pacific Islands are using fire science in their work to reduce wildland fire risk and impacts through bottom-up, community-based approaches.

Session Theme 3: What are the future challenges for island ecology and evolution? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Island ecology and evolution: challenges in the Anthropocene NATALIE R. GRAHAM1, DANIEL S. GRUNER2, JUN Y. LIM1,3 and ROSEMARY G. GILLESPIE1

(1) Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

(2) Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA (3) Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Valley Life Sciences

Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Islands are widely considered to be model systems for studying fundamental questions in ecology and evolutionary biology. The fundamental state factors that vary among island systems – geologic history, size, isolation and age – form the basis of mature phenomenological and predictive theory. In this review, we first highlight classic lines of inquiry that exemplify the historical and continuing importance of islands. We then show how the conceptual power of islands as ‘natural laboratories’ can be improved through functional classifications of both the biological properties of, and human impact on, insular systems. We highlight how global environmental change has been accentuated on islands, expressly because of their unique insular properties. We review five categories of environmental perturbation: climate change, habitat modification, direct exploitation, invasion and disease. Using an analysis of taxonomic checklists for the arthropod biotas of three well-studied island archipelagos, we show how taxonomists are meeting the challenge of biodiversity assessment before the biodiversity disappears. Our aim is to promote discussion on the tight correlations of the environmental health of insular systems to their continued importance as singular venues for discovery in ecology and evolutionary biology, as well as to their conservation significance as hotspots of endemism.

Session Theme 3: What are the future challenges for island ecology and evolution? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Time to abandon the loss of dispersal ability hypothesis? KEVIN BURNS1

(1) School of Biological Sciences, PO Box 600, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New

Zealand, 6023 When asked to explain the existence of flightless organisms on isolated islands, Darwin responded with a famous analogy involving shipwrecked sailors. He argued there were two strategies for sailors to survive a shipwreck. The first was to be a strong enough swimmer to reach the shore. The second was to be a poor swimmer and cling to the wreck. This second strategy has played in the minds of island biogeographers ever since and ultimately led a long-standing hypothesis of how dispersal evolves on island islands. The loss of dispersal ability hypothesis predicts that islands are initially colonised by individuals with relatively good powers of dispersal, but through time, island populations evolve poorer disperser ability to avoid being swept out to sea. Here I present the results of a comprehensive review of empirical tests of the loss of dispersal ability hypothesis in island plant populations, along with some new data from the Chatham Islands. Results showed that nearly half of all empirical tests to date have failed to document support for the loss of dispersal ability on islands. Furthermore, results also showed that when reduced dispersal potential is documented, it may often evolve as a passive bi-product of selection for large seeds, for reasons that are wholly unrelated to their dispersal. Lastly, the hypothesis doesn’t readily apply to all plant dispersal modes, particularly plants that produce fleshy-fruits. These issues advocate a fresh approach to the study of how evolution shapes the dispersal potential of plants on isolated islands.

Session Theme 3: What are the future challenges for island ecology and evolution? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Functional homogenization of herbivorous coral reef fish assemblages on islands and atolls throughout the Pacific EILEEN NALLEY1, ADEL HEENAN2, MEGAN DONAHUE3

(1) University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, 46-007, Lilipuna Rd., Kāneʻohe, HI, 96744 (2) Bangor University,School of Ocean Sciences, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, LL59 5AB, UK

Coral reefs on islands and atolls throughout the Pacific face a unique set of challenges that may influence their ability to sustain specialized organisms in the future. Often home to endemic, rare species, these island communities are particularly important for the maintenance of unique traits, but habitat degradation and resource depletion can lead to functional homogenization, a process in which natural communities become more similar and dominated by generalists. Specialized fishes fulfill unique roles, and their absence can be detrimental to community resilience. To better understand how reef communities may be affected in the future by anthropogenic impacts, we used a systematic literature review to develop an index of diet specialization for herbivorous reef fishes. This index was combined with species abundance data from over 3000 sites at islands and atolls throughout the Pacific to generate a measure of specialization that could be compared to biophysical and human drivers to examine functional homogenization. Using hierarchical models we determined that herbivore biomass, richness, and diversity have a strong positive relationship with assemblage specialization. Nearby human population has comparatively little direct effect on specialization but may have complex indirect effects through habitat degradation. As even the most remote island ecosystems are increasingly impacted by humans, it is important that we apply novel approaches to analyze existing datasets to examine trends at large spatial scales so that management plans can be developed that reflect both the individuality and the interconnectedness of island communities.

Session Theme 3: What are the future challenges for island ecology and evolution? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Unraveling the power of next-generation sequencing for island conservation and management JAIRO PATIÑO1, HENRIK KREHENWINKEL1, VICTOR GARCÍA-OLIVARES2, ANTONIA SALCES-CASTELLANO2, BRENT C. EMERSON2, ROSEMARY GILLESPIE1

(1) Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA

(2) Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA-CSIC). Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38206, Spain

Natural ecosystems and their biotas are increasingly impacted by anthropogenic threats and are becoming more vulnerable to extinction, a phenomenon particularly evident on islands. Population genetic and community phylogenetic studies have decisively contributed to this aim by, for instance, estimating levels of gene flow, population structuring and species delimitation. Over the last decade, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and their application have led to the relatively low-cost discovery and genotyping of large number of genetic markers and samples for any and all species. Thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms from across the genome, for instance, can now be obtained, adding significant statistical power for the estimation of fundamental conservation indices, such as inbreeding within species, and for the demographic inference of recent population history. The same technologies have allowed assessment of species richness, food web structure, cryptic species, identification of juveniles and hidden diversity, promising unprecedented new insights into ecosystem function and assembly. Here, we describe general considerations for designing NGS studies and illustrate their potential to assist conservation by determining: (1) Species identity and abundance across entire communities, allowing derivation of metrics of community stability and turnover; to show the power of this approach, we present a community-level analysis of Hawaiian arthropods and infer patterns of stability and invasion. (2) Genetic variation, population boundaries, and species boundaries, thus facilitating taxonomic delimitation and species identification; here, we present a multi-species analysis using beetles endemic to the Canary Islands and show how NGS can contribute to the conservation of threatened island species.

Session Theme 3: What are the future challenges for island ecology and evolution? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ A Global Island Monitoring Scheme (GIMS) for the long-term coordinated survey and monitoring of forest biota across islands PAOLO BORGES1, PEDRO CARDOSO2, HOLGER KREFT3, ROSALINA GABRIEL1

(1) cE3c – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group

and Universidade dos Açores – Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Angra do Heroísmo, Açores, Portugal

(2) Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box, 17 (Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13), 00014 Helsinki, Finland.

(3) Biodiversity, Macroecology & Biogeography, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

Islands harbour evolutionary and ecologically unique biota that are threatened by multiple anthropogenic factors, including habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change. Native forests on oceanic islands act as important refugia for endemic species, many of which are rare and threatened. The establishment of long-term monitoring schemes for those biota and ecosystems is urgently needed to: (i) provide quantitative baselines for detecting changes within island ecosystems, (ii) evaluate the effectiveness of conservation and management actions, and (iii) disentangle general ecological patterns and processes from idiosyncratic ones by using multiple island systems as repeated ‘natural experiments’. In this contribution, we call for a Global Island Monitoring Scheme (GIMS), aiming to monitor the remaining island native forest using bryophytes, vascular plants, selected groups of arthropods and vertebrates as model taxa. As a basis for GIMS, we also present new, optimized monitoring protocols for bryophytes and arthropods based on former standardized inventory protocols. Effective inventorying and monitoring of island native forests will require: (i) permanent plots covering diverse ecological gradients (e.g. anthropogenic disturbance, age of terrain or elevation); (ii) an approach encompassing multiple taxa with standardized and replicable protocols; (iii) a common set of indicator taxa and community properties specific for island native forests, building on, and harmonized with existing sampling and monitoring efforts; (iv) capacity building of local researchers, collaboration and continuous dialogue with local stakeholders; and (v) the long-term commitment of funding agencies for maintaining such an infrastructure for a global network of island native forest monitoring plots.

Session Theme 4: How can island conservation contribute to human wellbeing? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Exploring ‘islandness’ and the impacts of nature conservation through the lens of wellbeing SARAH COULTHARD1, LOUISA EVANS1, RACHEL TURNER2, DAVID MILLS3,4, SIMON FOALE4, KIRSTEN ABERNETHY2, CHRISTINA HICKS5 and IRIS MONNEREAU6

(1) Northumbria University, Department of Social Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK

(2) University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK (3) WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia (4) ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia (5) Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK (6) Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations – Subregional Office for the Caribbean

(SLC), Bridgetown, Barbados Motivated by growing concern as to the many threats that islands face, subsequent calls for more extensive island nature conservation and recent discussion in the conservation literature about the potential for wellbeing as a useful approach to understanding how conservation affects people's lives, this paper reviews the literature in order to explore how islands and wellbeing relate and how conservation might impact that relationship. We apply a three-dimensional concept of social wellbeing to structure the discussion and illustrate the importance of understanding island–wellbeing interactions in the context of material, relational and subjective dimensions, using examples from the literature. We posit that islands and their shared characteristics of ‘islandness’ provide a useful setting in which to apply social wellbeing as a generalizable framework, which is particularly adept at illuminating the relevance of social relationships and subjective perceptions in island life – aspects that are often marginalized in more economically focused conservation impact assessments. The paper then explores in more depth the influences of island nature conservation on social wellbeing and sustainability outcomes using two case studies from the global north (UK islands) and global south (the Solomon Islands). We conclude that conservation approaches that engage with all three dimensions of wellbeing seem to be associated with success.

Session Theme 4: How can island conservation contribute to human wellbeing? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Addressing poaching in marine protected areas through voluntary surveillance and enforcement BROCK BERGSETH1

(1) Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies

Poaching renders many of the world’s marine protected areas (MPAs) ineffective. Because enforcement capacity is often limited, managers are attempting to bolster compliance by engaging the latent surveillance potential of fishers. Yet, little is known about how fishers respond when they witness poaching. Here, we surveyed 2111 fishers living adjacent to 55 MPAs in seven countries and found that 48% had previously observed poaching. However, the most common response was inaction, with the primary reasons being: 1) conflict avoidance; 2) a sense that it was not their responsibility or jurisdiction; and 3) the perception that poaching was a survival strategy. We also quantified how institutional design elements related to fishers’ responses to poaching, and highlight avenues to engage fishers while mitigating risks. These include emphasising how poaching personally affects each fisher, promoting stewardship and personal responsibility norms, and poverty alleviation to reduce the need for fishers to poach for survival.

Session Theme 4: How can island conservation contribute to human wellbeing? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Groundwater recharge benefits of watershed conservation in Waikamoi, Maui LEAH BREMER1, CHRISTOPHER WADA2, KIM BURNETT2, SARAH MEDOFF3, JONATHAN PAGE2, KIM FALINSKI4, SANGBIN LEE5, SCOTT ALLEN6

(1) University of Hawaiʻi Economics Research Organization and Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822

(2) University of Hawaiʻi Economics Research Organization, University of HawaiʻI at Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822

(3) University of Hawaiʻi, Department of Economics, University of HawaiʻI at Mānoa Honolulu, HI 96822

(4) The Nature Conservancy, Hawaiʻi Marine Program, Honolulu, HI 96817 (5) Department of Economics, Seoul National University (6) Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa Honolulu, HI

96822

Native forest conservation provides multiple benefits, including biodiversity, cultural values, and a suite of watershed ecosystem services. Here we focus on quantifying groundwater recharge benefits of conservation activities carried out by The Nature Conservancy in the nearly 9000 acre Waikamoi preserve. Conservation activities in Waikamoi include fencing, ungulate removal, invasive species control, and monitoring all of which serve to remove and prevent the spread of invasive plants and animals. We 1) projected the potential invasive forest spread over 50 years in the absence of these conservation efforts; 2) modeled how these changes in forest type would affect evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge using publically available data sets; and 3) translated groundwater recharge benefits into monetary value based on the cost of obtaining potable water from more expensive sources when demand exceeds sustainable yield limits. We find that, through avoiding conversion to non-native forest, conservation activities protect an estimated ~ 4,900 million gallons of groundwater recharge, which translates into ~ $7.5 million dollars in avoided costs for meeting future potable water needs. These results demonstrate just one of the many important benefits of watershed conservation.

Session Theme 4: How can island conservation contribute to human wellbeing? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Resource sharing networks and implications for wellbeing in Fijian coastal communities RACHEL DACKS1, TAMARA TICKTIN2, STACY JUPITER3

(1) University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of Zoology, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Edmondson Hall 216, Honolulu, HI 96822

(2) University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of Botany, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 101, Honolulu, HI 96822

(3) Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Melanesia Program, 11 Ma'afu Street, Suva, Fiji When the human dimension of social-ecological systems is considered in conservation, the focus is often on food availability and income production. However, across the Pacific, natural resources also play an important role in sharing networks. Sharing of resources, including seafood and crops, sustain kinship ties that maintain social capital. Thus, conservation of island resources is essential for wellbeing. This study seeks to better understand resource sharing dynamics and how they are influenced by internal and external drivers by addressing the following questions: 1) Are there high levels of reciprocity in the networks and when reciprocity exists, what types of resources are exchanged? and 2) How are connectivity and centrality in resource sharing networks influenced by livelihood diversity, fishing intensity, and external markets? Household interviews were conducted in 20 villages across five regions of Fiji. Social network analysis was used to analyze intra-village resource sharing and structural equation models were used to identify drivers of social network characteristics. Villages closer to markets had households with less livelihoods, smaller annual household fish catches, and lower levels of centrality. Results highlight the importance of conservation of natural resources in providing important benefits beyond food and economic profits, such as cultural ecosystem services that are important for wellbeing.

Session Theme 4: How can island conservation contribute to human wellbeing? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Pandanustectorius - Use and Conservation Management of a Keystone Cultural Species in Micronesia MARK MERLIN1, TIMOTHY GALLAHER2

(1) University of Hawaii at Manoa, Botany Department, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (2) University of Washington, Department of Biology, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105

Pandanus tectorius Parkinson (senso lato), is a widespread small tree found in the tropics, in coastal strand habitats and sometimes inland on low elevation slopes of moderately wet to wet valleys up to about 600 meters. Its native range extends from Australia through parts of mainland and insular Southeast Asia into both Near and Remote Oceania. This species is one of the most useful trees to most Pacific Islanders with widespread ethnobotanical relationships involving its roots, trunk, limbs, leaves and fruit. As a keystone species in the cultures of many Pacific Islanders, this multipurpose plant played a crucial role in the early voyages and dispersal of humans in the tropical Pacific and continues to be a significant source of woven products, building material, medicine, and food. Its importance, particularly on atolls is demonstrated by the hundreds of named cultivars that have been developed from this species, many of which are now being forgotten due to the loss of traditional knowledge. Today the continued existence of the species is impacted by rising sea level, urbanization, changing diets, and introduced pests. This review compares the relative cross-culture importance of this versatile species in the past, present and future in a variety of Micronesian societies. Issues of cultural biodiversity, cultivar conservation, food security, and traditional ethnobotanical knowledge are discussed.

Session Theme 4: How can island conservation contribute to human wellbeing? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Impacts of climate change on Puerto Rico’s coral reef fisheries from a stakeholder perspective: Investigating potential for more participatory approaches for conservation and management TARSILA SEARA1, KARIN JAKUBOWSKI1, RICHARD POLLNAC2

(1) University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT 06516 (2) University of Rhode Island, 1 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881

Healthy coral reef ecosystems are essential to the people of Puerto Rico as organisms that inhabit and depend upon them sustain the livelihoods of many by providing income and employment opportunities, while also playing a crucial role in food security. Assessments of socio-economic impacts of climate change are critical for understanding and addressing challenges associated with fisheries management, coral reef conservation, as well as social resilience and well-being under new climate future scenarios. The study uses surveys and interviews in four different regions in Puerto Rico including nine different communities to investigate perceptions of fishers and other stakeholders with regard to current and potential impacts of environmental change, with a focus on climate change, on coral reef fishery resources and resource users. Aspects of individual and community well-being and resilience are also investigated. Understanding subjective perceptions of different stakeholders will elucidate potential opportunities for collaboration in managing and conserving coral reefs and its valuable resources. Participatory approaches to fisheries management are associated with more successful conservation policies for they create opportunities for self-regulatory strategies and community empowerment. This research provides knowledge that is essential for developing innovative strategies for safeguarding the sustainability of island fishery resources, particularly under uncertain future scenarios.

Session Theme 5: How are islands dealing with the challenge of balancing development with sustainability? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Islands: balancing development and sustainability? JOHN CONNELL1

(1) University of Sydney – School of Geosciences, Sydney, NSW2006, Australia This overview explores sustainable development in island contexts. More subtle and complex concepts of sustainable development have become manifest in the Sustainable Development Goals, with tensions between social, economic and environmental objectives at different scales as livelihoods acquire greater flexibility and islands face multiple challenges to development. Islands are part of rapidly changing and wider worlds, while sustainability is complicated by global change, as debates over strategies and time periods are accentuated in constrained island contexts. Development and sustainability have repeatedly acquired new meanings, hence requiring new analytical techniques, planning objectives and effective governance and management. Progress towards sustainable development in islands and island states is hampered by multi-scalar challenges, including limited biodiversity, migration, external interventions and directives, scarce human resources, weak management, inadequate data (and problems of interpretation), social divisions and tensions and simultaneous quests for modernity and conservation. The tourism sector emphasizes how sustainable development is particularly difficult to achieve in small islands where access to adequate livelihoods is important and limited change is possible.

Session Theme 5: How are islands dealing with the challenge of balancing development with sustainability? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Adapting to climate change at the national level in Caribbean small island developing states STACY-ANN ROBINSON1

(1) Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, 91 Waterman Street,

Providence, RI 02912, United States Small island developing states (SIDS) are distinct from other developing countries—they are particularly and comparatively more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Efforts to understand national-level vulnerability in these countries are limited. This paper helps to fill this gap and has two aims. First, it identifies trends in national-level climate change adaptation among SIDS in the Caribbean – one of three regions in which SIDS are located. Second, it identifies the limits to adaptation at the national level in these countries. In applying a resilience lens and using summative content analysis techniques and semi-structured interviews with 26 senior policy-makers, this paper finds that Caribbean SIDS are primarily adapting to changes in hurricane, rainfall and drought patterns. It also finds that most adaptations are being undertaken in the coastal zone and the water and agriculture sectors, and that there are many factors limiting national-level adaptation. The most commonly reported limit is financing, though not all policy-makers agree that financing is a limit. These findings are important for national SIDS governments and international donors and agencies, who will be better able to identify and fill gaps in their adaptation actions and financing. This paper’s findings also highlight the importance of depoliticising climate change and prioritising good governance, improving SIDS’ access to international adaptation financing, and making the road to a climate-resilient future by walking.

Session Theme 5: How are islands dealing with the challenge of balancing development with sustainability? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Greening taxes and subsidies in Pacific Island Countries and Territories RAPHAËL BILLÉ1, JEAN-BAPTISTE MARRE

(1) The Pacific Community (SPC) – BP D5 – 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia As part of its objective to implement innovative financial mechanisms, the RESCCUE (Restauration of ecosystem services and adaptation to climate change) project, coordinated by the Pacific Community, investigates how greening taxes and subsidies can foster greater consistency between development and environnement objectives. Indeed, environmental fiscal and subsidies reform can:

- Reduce perverse incentives, hence reducing pressures on ecosystems and associated funding needs;

- Free up existing but unavailable financial resources, by eliminating harmful subsidies and reallocating funding;

- Generate additional financial resources, by setting up green taxes or removing tax exemptions.

Pacific Island Countries and Territories have taken several international commitments towards environmental fiscal and subsidies reform, e.g. under the Strategic Plan of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the World Trade Organization or the Sustainable Development Goals.

This presentation will share findings of a regional review conducted under RESCCUE, which identifies harmful taxes and subsidies in Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu. The presentation will also analyze potential for reform and discuss opportunities, barriers and best strategies to make change happen on a crucial but politically sensitive issue.

Session Theme 5: How are islands dealing with the challenge of balancing development with sustainability? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Environmental politics and islander innovation JAMES ELLSMOOR1, ELIZABETH HAVICE2

(1) University of the Highlands and Islands, Scotland (2) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA

The governments and citizens of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have become leading figures in the global climate change debate – both in intergovernmental negotiations and civil society discourse. Literature has emerged around SIDS roles in these negotiations examining their leadership and their reframing of the climate change debate, despite being traditionally marginalized entities in international politics. Meanwhile, a growing body of literature is emerging on islander innovation, that frames the geographical nature of islands as a driver of islanders’ creativity and entrepreneurship, including in spheres of governance and policy. This paper brings together these two distinct fields of research to examine the interplay between them to examine the question: How does islander innovation shape SIDS roles in global climate change discourse and negotiations? I argue that SIDS leadership on climate change has been propelled, in part, through innovative practices shaped by island geography. Drawing on specific examples from four SIDS, the analysis suggests that SIDS can use the perceived disadvantages of smallness and isolation to become engines of innovation that create significant impact on climate change politics and mitigation efforts within and beyond their own shores.

Session Theme 5: How are islands dealing with the challenge of balancing development with sustainability? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Intertwining social, economic, and ecological values to track ocean health EVA SCHEMMEL1

(1) Conservation International Hawaiʻi

Hawaiians and other Pacific Island nations have a long history of sustainable resource use. They recognized that their wellbeing and health relied on the status or availability of their resource. Today, the same is true; the health of our island communities and our environment is intertwined. This strong sense of place and mālama ʻāina (care for the land and ocean) drives community conservation in Hawaiʻi and is a model for the rest of the world. These social and cultural values are the foundation for the development of the Hawaiʻi Ocean Health Idex. The index was developed by a diverse group of stakeholders including community members, non-profit groups, private industries, state and federal agencies. It integrates community values, disparate data sets, management priorities, and ecosystem indicators for a more complete assessment of the benefits that our ocean provides the people of Hawai’i. The index was developed to assesses the status of our ocean resources as they relate to sustainability goals that have been defined by the multidisciplinary group of stakeholders. Integrating social, ecological, and economic values into one index enables communities, local businesses, managers, policy makers, and scientists to more holistically understand, track, and communicate the status of our ocean resources and creates a shared vision for the future of our oceans.

Session Theme 6: How can we incorporate the value of island environments into conservation? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Charting progress towards system-scale ecosystem service valuation in islands KIRSTEN OLESON University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Using islands as a model system, this paper seeks to understand how ecosystem service valuation (ESV) has and can move from a monetized, single-service paradigm to an integrated valuation paradigm, a participatory approach that represents a more diverse set of the values of nature, and beyond, to a more fully realized conception of the island social-ecological systems. A systematic literature review of 314 island ESV studies reveals developments in the design, implementation, and adoption of ESV studies over time. We complement the review with three cases where this evolution is happening, thereby offering insights into successful means of translating ESV into information useful for island system-scale management, policy design, and planning. Over the past 30 years, both the number of studies and the number of services addressed per study has steadily grown, and valuation methods have become more inclusive of multiple values. The cases reveal lessons for ESV practice. Insights are that ESV should increasingly: (i) recognize strong interconnections between ecosystems and between human and environmental systems; (ii) move towards more integrated valuation methods that better capture diverse values of nature; and, (iii) be based on an iterative process where knowledge and decision-support tools are co-created with decision makers and stakeholders.

Session Theme 6: How can we incorporate the value of island environments into conservation? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Developing innovative financial mechanisms for Pacific islands conservation: opportunities and challenges RAPHAEL BILLE1, JEAN-BAPTISTE MARRE1

(1) The Pacific Community (SPC) – BP D5 – 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia

The well-known “funding gap”, or low level of public funding currently allocated to island conservation relative to needs, calls for trialing new or under-utilized economic and financial mechanisms such as payments for ecosystem services, biodiversity offsets, marine conservation agreements, user fees etc. That is the logic behind the RESCCUE (Restoration of ecosystem Services and adaptation to climate change) project, which is designed to increase Pacific island societies and ecosystems’ resilience to climate change by implementing integrated coastal management. In addition to its tangible and practical actions at various pilot sites, this project, implemented by the Pacific Community (SPC), also targets a regional learning process grounded in real-life experiments with economic and financial mechanisms. Based on project results from Fiji, French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Vanuatu, this presentation will share Pacific Island-specific lessons learnt. It will assess challenges with setting up innovative financial mechanisms: complexity of marine, watershed and land-sea ecological processes; lack of data to assess ecosystem functions, services and values; often low population densities combined with subsistence economies; legal obstacles; customary land and marine resources tenure and the cohabitation of customary and common law; transaction costs against financial benefits. The presentation will also review opportunities such as the overall good status of coastal and marine ecosystems; the importance of a tourism industry which heavily depends on ecosystem services; climate change funding.

Session Theme 6: How can we incorporate the value of island environments into conservation? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

A demand-driven approach to ecosystem services economic valuation: feeding island conservation in the Pacific JEAN-BAPTISTE MARRE1, RAPHAËL BILLÉ1

(1) The Pacific Community (SPC) – BP D5 – 98848 Noumea, New Caledonia

To achieve island conservation objectives, economic valuation is often presented as an effective tool for decision-makers. Yet social processes leading to decisions call for a pragmatic, demand-driven approach to ensure ecosystem services valuations (ESV) are actually used and do make a difference. RESCCUE (Restoration of Ecosystem Services and Adaptation to Climate Change) is a 5-year project implemented by the Pacific Community. It offers opportunities to use ESV for integrated coastal management and climate change resilience in selected pilot sites spanning four Pacific Island Countries and Territories (Fiji, New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Vanuatu). RESCCUE builds on a three-fold diagnosis: (i) ESV is underutilized in island conservation; (ii) Experience from the Pacific and elsewhere shows both growing interest for economic valuations in support to island conservation, and growing concern over the lack of use of such valuations when they are conducted; (iii) Experience so far has been mainly supply-driven (based on what economists have to offer) rather than demand-driven (based on stakeholders’ needs). This presentation will share case studies and lessons learnt from the project, drawing especially on work conducted in New Caledonia in partnership with local authorities. After summarizing results of ESV conducted in the main island Great South biodiversity hotspot, several uses of these valuations will be discussed (mainly awareness raising, trade-offs and design of economic instruments) after having been put to the test of reality. Wider conclusions on the use of ecosystem services economic valuations in the Pacific will then be suggested.

Session Theme 6: How can we incorporate the value of island environments into conservation? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Comprehensive economic valuation of Waikiki Beach NORI TARUI1, 2, MARCUS PENG1, DOLAN EVERSOLE3

(1) Department of Economics, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa (2) University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization (UHERO) (3) University of Hawai‘i Sea Grant College Program

Waikiki Beach is one of the leading tourism destination around the world, and is a large economic driver of the Hawaii state economy. The beach faces numerous challenges, as an artificial beach it requires ongoing management and intermittent beach re-nourishment, exasperated by climate change and sea-level rise. As part of ongoing and public investment into this valuable recreational resource, it is important to understand the function and value of the beach and its nearshore resources. Waikiki Beach is a recreational site, provides nearshore habitat to a variety of species, is somewhere to enjoy aesthetic views, amongst other benefits. In particular, it is important to examine consumer surplus/willingness to pay values for beach width, length, and crowdedness to inform and justify proposed work. Making use of modern and state of the art valuation methods, we examine beach values with the revealed preference Kuhn-Tucker travel cost method, as well as aesthetic values using the stated preference discrete choice experiment (best-worst scale case 3). Outcomes of this work will inform policy decisions and justify public expenditures for the maintenance and improvement of Waikiki Beach.

Session Theme 6: How can we incorporate the value of island environments into conservation? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Using biocultural approaches to translate place-based values to conservation action JOE MCCARTER1,2, STACY D. JUPITER2, ELEANOR STERLING1

(1) Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park

West, New York, NY 10024 (2) Melanesia Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Ma’afu St, Suva, Fiji

Biocultural approaches are increasingly applied to global conservation challenges. These approaches build on local cultural perspectives and recognize feedbacks between ecosystems and human wellbeing. In doing so, they may offer an opportunity to strengthen the visibility of place-based values in conservation planning and action. In this talk, we introduce the principles of biocultural approaches to conservation; review how these align with the current suite of conservation approaches in Oceania; and discuss the challenges and trade-offs inherent in biocultural approaches. We then present a case study from Western Province, Solomon Islands, where we have used a biocultural approach to assess and support conservation success. Biocultural approaches are highly relevant in Solomon Islands, where management of land and sea is characterized by cultural and biological diversity, strong systems of customary tenure, and the central role of local and indigenous rights holders. We worked at four sites, and began by exploring local needs and priorities, then developed localized indicators of success, assessed indicator baselines, and sought to catalyze appropriate actions. While there are multiple challenges, this approach has fostered discussion and a nuanced understanding of place-based well-being. We conclude that with attention to process, biocultural approaches may allow translation of values between parties and guide appropriate engagement in conservation and resource management issues.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Changing understandings of local knowledge in island environments MATTHEW LAUER1

(1) San Diego State University – Anthropology, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182-0001, USA

Island ecosystems have rich marine biodiversity and high levels of terrestrial endemism, but are potentially the most vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic stressors. To effectively manage environments, scholars and conservation practitioners have increasingly turned their attention to local islander knowledge (LK) and practices. To date, much of the literature treats LK definitionally rather than examining its theoretical underpinnings. This review focuses explicitly on the concept of LK and it describes three discernible phases of research marked by conceptual shifts. Over the 20th century, LK underwent a dramatic reversal from something understood as inferior and deficient to something that is valuable and empirically sound. This shift ushered in widespread acceptance of local islander knowledge as a unique, rich corpus of information that could be tapped by Western science to enhance community-based resource management. Over the last several decades, a third phase of LK research has emerged in which a more dynamic framing has developed, emphasizing LK's hybrid and adaptive dimensions, as well as its constitutive entanglements with other social–ecological processes. This has expanded the scope of inquiry into the strategies islanders employ as they adapt to changing social and environmental milieus, and as they attempt to co-produce knowledge with scientists and conservation practitioners.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Kilo Lani: Reconstructing Climate Patterns in HawaiʻI based on the Hawaiian Language Newspapers ROSANNA ʻANOLANI ALEGADO1, KILIKA BENNETT1, PUAKEA NOGELMEIER1

(1) University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA

Understanding the forces shaping inter-annual rainfall variability is crucial to long-range resource planning and management, particularly for island communities. The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a long-term climate pattern that influences regional inter-annual rainfall. However, assessing ENSO impacts in Hawaiʻi is hampered by the inherently unpredictable nature of high and low ENSO activity in the Pacific, which derive from limitations in the instrument record. The repository of historical Hawaiian language materials is an invaluable cache of cultural and historical knowledge spanning multiple centuries, yet remains inaccessible to most audiences. We developed “fingerprints” of local climatological parameters correlating with potential pre-1950 ENSO events. Next we performed targeted queries of the Hawaiian language newspapers to identify additional non-climate indicators of ENSO, specifically fish recruitment. Utilizing the Hawaiian language repository may inform current climate models and also enable a broader understanding of the societal effects climate events may have on Hawaiian society.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Stewardship, Sustainability, and Hula: Applications for Traditional Knowledge in a Contemporary Context CHAI BLAIR-STAHN1

(1) Hawai‘i Nature Center, 2131 Makiki Heights DriveHonolulu, HI 96822 Using the ʻōlelo noʻeau (wise saying) “I ka wā mamua, ka wā mahope (In the past is the future)” as a guiding principle, this paper considers the interrelationship between environmental stewardship, island sustainability, and traditional ecological knowledge of hula (Hawaiian dance). As a dance form integrally interwoven with nature that evolved with and was shaped by the ecosystems of the Hawaiian Islands, hula contains a wealth of sustainable practices which can help re-solve contemporary environmental issues such as food security, resource management, and negative impacts from invasive species. This paper highlights six practices of hula based on interviews and conversations with hula practitioners and cultural practitioners closely associated with hula (lei makers, musicians), as well as the author’s own experiences as a student of hula. Each traditional knowledge practice is applied holistically with contemporary approaches to re-solve environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. While these traditional practices align with, and in some cases, parallel contemporary sustainable practices, they add an invaluable element, as they are derived from within the Hawaiian worldview and are not bound by the social and economic structures from which sustainable and green innovations typically arise.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Applying local ecological knowledge in the governance of ‘blue carbon’ CAROLINA CONTRERAS-MORALES1, SEBASTIAN THOMAS1

(1) University of Melbourne – Parkville, Victoria, 3010

Mangroves, seagrass meadows, and other coastal ecosystems are key providers of ecosystem services including carbon sequestration, and are referred to as “blue carbon” resources. Despite the importance of blue carbon in the wider functionality of social-ecological systems (SES), they are subject to intense anthropogenic degradation, especially but not exclusively resulting from aquaculture (e.g. shrimp farming). Consequently, the study of blue carbon and its governance is considered an important priority, given the opportunity for mitigation activities funded through international carbon markets that would produce multiple co-benefits such as adaptation to extreme events, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable livelihoods. These initiatives are of particular interest to small island states (SIS) in the Asia- Pacific region. There are more than 1500 partnerships and initiatives currently addressing Sustainable Development Goal #14 (Life Below Water), with blue carbon activities representing a small proportion. An important question is how these initiatives integrate local knowledge, custom, and rights, especially in the vulnerable communities of island states. This study presents an analysis of global blue carbon governance – including market-based instruments, public investment, partnership initiatives, and community-centered management schemes – and evaluates the extent to which these different approaches facilitate or constrain the integration of indigenous and local knowledge. The paper offers valuable insights on the applicability of different blue carbon governance mechanisms to SIS in the Pacific, and their potential to contribute to sustainability outcomes including social-ecological health and environmental justice.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ‘Aha Moku Councils: Collaborative Natural Resource Management Guided by the Application of Indigenous Knowledge DAVID M. FORMAN1

(1) William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2515 Dole Street,

Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 Over the past ten years, Hawai‘i state law has breathed new life into the ‘Aha Kiole (Peoples’ Councils) that can be traced back well before European contact in 1778. Renamed ‘Aha Moku (Island Councils), these bodies act independently on their respective islands, and collectively as an advisory board (‘Aha Moku Advisory Council, or AMAC) to the state’s Department of Land and Natural Resources – an agency that possesses jurisdiction over nearly 1.3 million acres of State lands, beaches, and coastal waters, as well as the fourth longest coastline in the United States. Duly promulgated AMAC administrative regulations incorporate indigenous knowledge to assist the agency with its decision-making processes, consistent with federal consultation requirements under the U.S. National Historic Preservation Act (Section 106) as well as international standards established under the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Explicit recognition of the interests of future generations is likewise consistent with environmental rights enshrined in the Hawai‘i Constitution, and recently drew the attention of international experts in the rights of future generations who are searching for new models of governance in this age of the Anthropocene.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The potential of indigenous agricultural food production under climate change in Hawaiʻi NATALIE KURASHIMA1, LUCAS FORTINI2, TAMARA TICKTIN3

(1) Natural and Cultural Resources, Kamehameha Schools, 78-6831 Aliʻi Drive, Suite 429,

Kailua-Kona, HI 96740 (2) Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 677 Ala Moana Blvd., Suite

320, Honolulu, HI 96813 (3) Botany Department, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, Room 101, Honolulu, HI

96812 The need to promote land use strategies that increase food production while conserving biodiversity is increasingly recognized. This is of particular concern in Hawaiʻi, where development pressure, rates of food importation and threats to native species are among the highest in the world. Many indigenous food production systems are productive, adaptive, culturally essential, and support native species, yet, indigenous agroecosystems have been largely overlooked in terms of their potential to meet current and future needs. In this study, I develop spatial distribution models, using environmental and climatic parameters, of three main Kānaka Maoli (indigenous Hawaiian) agroecosystems under current and three future downscaled climate change scenarios to determine their past extent, production, carrying capacity, and future potential given land-use and climate changes. Results indicate that Hawaiʻi could have sustained >250,000 acres of traditional agricultural systems, potentially producing more than 1 million mt/yr of food, levels comparable to food consumption in Hawaiʻi today. Carrying capacity estimates provide support for hypotheses of large pre-colonial Kānaka Maoli populations (>800,000). Though current development has slightly reduced (-12 %) areas identified by the model, the majority of remaining lands (75 %) are zoned agriculture. Estimations of the effects of climate change on indigenous agricultural production vary, from no change in potential production, to considerable decreases (-23 %) in the driest scenario. This study demonstrates the food producing potential of indigenous agriculture even under land use and climate changes and highlights the value of their restoration into the future to meet sociocultural and conservation goals.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ From the Climate Frontlines: Discussing Indigenous Knowledge and Policy Design CARLOS MONDRAGON1

(1) El Colegio de Mexico

This paper offers a critical overview of a decade-long process, organized by UNESCO, to bring together indigenous knowledge (IK) experts from the climate frontlines of Oceania and the world with the objective of putting IK at the forefront of international climate policy design. As the lead anthropologist in the Oceania section of this project, I was originally charged with presenting an effective set of frames and themes through which nearly twenty indigenous experts from across the Pacific Islands and Australia could best put forward their experiences of climate change and local knowledge. Most of these experts hailed from small island contexts in Tuvalu, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, Marshall Islands, Tonga, Fiji, Samoa, and Yap. Subsequently, some of these Islanders were brought together with indigenous experts from across Africa and the Arctic whose communities are also facing intensified climate challenges. I am interested in highlighting the value of UNESCO’s commitment to 1) elevating IK to a status that is on a par with other -especially scientific- knowledge frames with a clear view to its applicability for policy design, and 2) its emphasis on providing continuity to these discussions across world regions, in view of the inherent value of bringing together indigenous knowledge experts from vastly different contexts. More broadly, will lay out challenges faced and lessons learned thus far.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Ethno-toponomy of Island and Coast Environments in Southeast Alaska: Relating Place Name ʼHotspotsʼ to Biodiversity and Potential Conservation Hotspots THOMAS F. THORNTON1

(1) Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography & the Environment, University of Oxford,

S. Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY This paper presents analyses of an inventory of more than 3000 Tlingit, Haida and other Indigenous geographic names that have been applied to island and coastal environments in the Alexander Archipelago (Lingít Aaní) in Southeast Alaska. A methodology for displaying ʼtoponymic hotspotsʼ in relation to distributions of cultural and ecological keystone, umbrella, and foundation species hotspots across the dwelling space is outlined and illustrated. The results show that these hotspots are not randomly distributed, but rather are concentrated in key eco-cultural landscapes and seascapes. Relevant continuities, discontinuities and correlations between the two datasets are explored and further interpreted through ethnographic inquiry. The utility of identifying place name hotspots is then evaluated in relation to broader cultural and biological conservation and restoration efforts.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ A potential win-win: biodiversity conservation and community resilience in Fijian agroforests TAMARA TICKTIN1, SHIMONA QUAZI1, RACHEL DACKS2, MESULAME TORA3, ASHELY MCGUIGAN1, ZOE HASTINGS1, ALIVERETI NAIKATINI3

(1) University of Hawaii at Manoa, Botany Department, 3190 Maile Way Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (2) University of Hawaii at Manoa, Biology Department, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Hawaii 96822 (3) South Pacific Regional Herbarium and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Applied Sciences,

University of the South Pacific, Private Bag, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji. The need to design and promote agricultural systems that are compatible with the conservation of biological diversity is widely recognized. Pacific Island agroforests have long been recognized for their ability to provide nutritious food while conserving high levels of biodiversity. While these systems have declined over the past few decades, today there is growing interest locally and globally in maintaining and restoring them. However, how best to do so is unclear, as the drivers of biodiversity conservation in these systems today are poorly understood. We identified 1) the role that agroforests play in native plant conservation today and 2) the drivers of biological and biocultural diversity conservation in these systems. We carried out plant surveys of 100 Fijian lowland agroforests across 20 Fijian villages, combined with interviews and social network surveys of associated households. The agroforests hosted 149 tree species, including 95 native tree species, of which close to one-third were endemic. Fifty-eight percent of farms had at least one species considered threatened. The best fit structural equation model (R2=47.8%) showed that social variables important for community resilience — local ecological knowledge (LEK), social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity — had direct and indirect positive effects on native tree species richness. LEK was also positively correlated with total plant richness and negatively correlated with cover of invasive species. Joining efforts to build community resilience, specifically by increasing LEK, social network connectivity, and livelihood diversity, can be a key strategy for conservation agencies to help conserve the rapidly declining biodiversity in the region.

Session Theme 7: How can indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) be used to improve island environmental futures? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 5:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ From another land: Using Māori knowledge and perspectives to understand pest species and pest control in Aotearoa, New Zealand MAHURU WILCOX1

(1) Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Gate 10 University of Waikato Campus, Silverdale Rd,

Hamilton 3126, New Zealand Mātauranga Māori (Māori knowledge and perspectives) is critical for understanding the past and planning for the future of our native species and natural resources in New Zealand. The New Zealand Government is supporting an ambitious initiative, to rid our island nation of damaging exotic species by the year 2050, targeting four species of mammalian predators (possums, Shiprats, Norway rats and stoats). One approach being explored for potential to control and reduce predator numbers, is gene-drive technology to spread genes through populations that reduce breeding success. But what is the Māori perspective on such genetic control tools? As indigenous people, and Treaty partners, Māori need to be included as research partners in this process to develop ethical approaches aligned with a Māori world view. To understand the potential impacts for Māori, we need to understand Māori belief systems, ethics and tribal aspirations for the environment. This includes an in-depth understanding of Māori concepts such as whakapapa (geneology and inter-relatedness). Whakapapa is a critical concept that links Māori to their tribal homelands, to each other, their atua (deities) and to native plants and animals. Having strong whakapapa and connection is linked to good health and wellbeing. Pests and invasive species diminish these connections. Our initial research involves exploring whakapapa and connection, and working with our iwi partners to develop an understanding of Māori perspectives on invasive species and evaluate and comment on various pest control techniques.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ How can island communities deal with environmental hazards and hazard drivers, including climate change? ILAN KELMAN1

(1) University College London, Institute for Global Health and Institute for Risk & Disaster

Reduction, London, UK and Universitetet i Agder, Kristiansand, Norway This paper provides a critiquing overview of how island communities deal with environmental hazards and hazard drivers, including climate change. The key activity is disaster risk reduction including climate change adaptation, for which many concepts and techniques have emerged from island studies. Although these concepts and techniques are not exclusive to island contexts, this paper focuses on island communities in order to illustrate the importance of human actions in causing and dealing with disasters involving environmental hazards. This point is demonstrated by examining key human and physical geography characteristics representing ‘islandness’: population, area, geomorphology and connectedness. The characteristics are not mutually exclusive, but island stereotypes emerge as small and static populations, small resource areas, highly volatile and changing geomorphology and limited connectedness. In exploring exceptions and diversities amongst islands, stereotypes are sometimes seen and sometimes not seen in reality. Advantages and disadvantages are demonstrated for different island settings dealing with environmental hazards and hazard drivers.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Large-scale Climatic Effects on Traditional Hawaiian Fishpond Aquaculture DANIEL MCCOY1, MARGARET A. MCMANUS1, KELIʻIAHONUI KOTUBETEY2, ANGELA HIʻILEI KAWELO2, CHARLES YOUNG1,5, BRANDON D’ANDREA1, KATHLEEN C. RUTTENBERG1,3, ROSANNA ʻANOLANI ALEGADO1,4

(1) Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America

(2) Paepae o Heʻeia, Kāneʻohe, Hawaiʻi, United States of America (3) Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi,

United States of America (4) Sea Grant College Program, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of

America (5) Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaiʻi Mānoa, Honolulu,

Hawaiʻi, United States of America Aquaculture accounts for almost one-half of global fish consumption. Understanding the effects of climate fluctuations and climate change on aquaculture is therefore critical for the sustainability of this important food resource. Our objective was to understand the role of the 2009 El Niño in tropical coastal estuarine environments in the context of aquaculture practices in Heʻeia Fishpond, Oʻahu Island, Hawaiʻi. This was the first study examining climate effects on traditional aquaculture systems in the Hawaiian Islands. Data from two adjacent weather stations were analyzed with in situ water quality instrument deployments spanning a 12-year period (November 2004 – November 2015). We found correlations between two periods (May and October 2009) with extremely high fish mortality (i.e., ‘fish kills’) at Heʻeia Fishpond and slackening trade winds in the week preceding each fish kill event, as well as elevated sea surface temperatures (SST), 2-3 °C higher than background periods (March-December 2009). We posit that lack of trade wind-driven surface water mixing promoted enhanced surface heating and stratification of the water column, leading to hypoxic conditions and stress on fish populations. Impact on fish was amplified because they were contained within net pen enclosures. Elevated SST and interruption of trade winds have been previously linked to the onset of El Niño in Hawaiʻi. Our results provide empirical evidence regarding El Niño effects on the coastal ocean as well as on aquaculture. These findings can inform resource management efforts about potential impact of climate variation on aquaculture production.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Comprehensive modeling of physical processes to identify local coastal hazards under future sea level rise in the Hawaiian Islands TIFFANY ANDERSON1, CHARLES FLETCHER1, MATTHEW BARBEE2, BRADLEY ROMINE3, SAM LEMMO4, JADE DELEVAUX1, SHELLIE HABEL1

(1) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1680 East-West Road, POST Room 721, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

(2) Department of Geography, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, 90014 Oulu, Finland (3) University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822,

USA (4) Office of Conservation and Coastal Lands, Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural

Resources, 1151 Punchbowl St., Room 131, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA Before we can build truly resilient communities, it is crucial that we first identify what specific impacts climate change, and other environmental hazards, will have at the local level. This is especially important for island communities, which are particularly susceptible to climate-related increases in water levels given the density of people and infrastructure located in proximity to the shoreline. In response to this potential problem, the Hawaii State Legislature proactively created the Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Commission. This provided an opportunity for our research team at the University of Hawaii to investigate the comprehensive impact of physical processes under future sea level rise (SLR) on the Hawaiian islands. We used mathematical models to identify the spatial distribution of static coastal and groundwater flooding, and dynamic processes such as coastal erosion and wave run-up and overtopping. Since all modeled processes are site-specific, we model at specific locations to identify hazards that are unique to each area, in light of fringing reefs, geologic structure, and other unique and challenging aspects presented by island settings. The models show that different regions in the islands experience each process (erosion, wave, groundwater/static flooding) in differing ways, though all collectively contribute to the overall impact attributable to SLR. For this reason, modeling all different physical processes is necessary to gain a comprehensive picture of the impacts of SLR. This can allow us to empower communities to identify and prioritize what they believe is important, balancing preservation and development.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The Politics of Disaster Relief NEHALI ANUPRIYA1

(1) University of Cambridge, Centre of Development Studies, 7 West road, CB3 9DP, UK

With climate change multiplying the intensity and frequency of natural disasters, they are becoming increasingly displacing of development, particularly for small-island developing states such as Fiji. It is vital for the development process that disaster relief is considered part of and not a hindrance to development. As part of an academic trend to study the potential policy changes to facilitate the Sustainable Development Goals, this paper examines differentials in access to and quality of disaster relief after Tropical Cyclone Winston in Rakiraki, Fiji. Under a case study methodology, this paper is founded on an ethnographic mix of surveys and semi-structured interviews to triangulate the lived experiences of the disaster relief process with the managerial and logistical difficulties from an institutional perspective. In doing so, this paper maintains that differentials in disaster relief experiences are derived from differentials in long term vulnerabilities which in turn are based on the social power relations specific to an individual disaster context.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Increasing ecosystem and society resilience to climate change, through Integrated coastal zone management: sharing a concrete experience from French Polynesia MAHÉ CHARLES1, ONYX LE BIHAN2, JEAN-BAPTISTE MARRE3

(1) French Bioidversity Agency, French Polynesian office. Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia (2) Moorea municipality. Afareaitu, Moorea, French Polynesia (3) The Pacific Community (SPC)

The RESCCUE project aims at increasing ecosystem and communities resilience to climate change through integrated coastal management. In Gambier and Moorea islands (French Polynesia), climate change is not considered as the primary cause of the socioeconomic and environmental issues faced by populations who are rather exposed to policies and processes that have not always been able to integrate different development objectives. However, climate change is clearly exacerbating threats to biodiversity and existing challenges of sustainable development. Its effects are beginning to be felt, and will increase calling for both immediate and long-term responses. Managing strong non-climate stressors such as mechanical erosion, destruction of habitats, invasive alien species, erosion of biodiversity etc. is part of RESCCUE’s strategy to strengthen ecosystems resilience to climate change and to sustainably secure the supply of ecosystem services to local populations. The proposed presentation aims at sharing some experiences about tangible actions led on the field. Among the large array of initiatives, the presentation proposes to focus on coastal management components and to discuss their integration into local public policies: costal management planning, governance and sustainable financing. Diverse management actions to limit pressures and improve management will be presented to the audience, such as coastal erosion control, abatement of land run offs, improving waste management, and controlling invasive species. The presentation will also provide the opportunity to discuss the use of vulnerability analysis to the effects of climate change at local scale, and the relevance of perception analysis of local population to climate change effects.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Impacts of Changing Climate on Water Resources: A CMIP5-model-based Perspective for the U.S-Affiliated Pacific Islands RASHED CHOWDHURY1

(1) Pacific ENSO Applications Climate Center, Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2525 Correa Road, HIG 350, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA

This exploratory research examines the impacts of changing climate on water resources, which face inexorable climate change during the 21st century, in the vulnerable U.S-Affiliated Pacific Islands (USAPI) from the perspective of IPCC-Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) coupled GCMs. Despite uncertainties in GCMs projections, we note that both the global and USAPI region will continue to see considerable increases in temperature, limited increases in rainfall, and continued existence of El Niño for the coming century. Increased temperatures and evaporation coinciding with reduced precipitation are expected to impact both drinking water supplies and irrigation water for crops, which will increase the likelihood of drought. In contrast, some islands are expected to receive heavier downpours, which can cause flooding and overload water infrastructure systems. The rising trend of sea level and coastal erosion may also reduce water availability by inundating land with saltwater, contaminating freshwater and preventing recharge of the freshwater supply. In addition, the increasing variability of ENSO in the future may further enhance its remote impacts as the climate variability in the USAPI region is highly sensitive to ENSO—dry during El Niño and wet during La Niña. For better water resources management, we recommend for a climate-information-based comprehensive management approach with regular monitoring of key climate information, projections, and impacts for developing real-time response plan.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Building Resilient Pacific Island Food Production Systems and Communities in the Face of Climate Change PATRICIA FIFITA1, CLAY TRAUERNICHT1

(1) University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental

Management (NREM), 1910 East-West Road, Sherman Laboratory 101; Honolulu, HI 96822 Global climate changes in the Pacific Islands affect food security and local livelihoods in adverse and complex ways. Addressing food security requires a broad range of strategies that both reduce island vulnerability to climate change and increase the adaptive capacity and resilience of island food production systems. For this project, we engaged a community based participatory approach to address food security by increasing access to climate information and resources relevant to the sustainability of Pacific Island food production systems. By increasing climate literacy and integrating locally relevant information into existing community-based organizations, such as the Cooperative Extension Services (CES) located within Pacific Island Land Grant Institutes, we aimed to contribute to the development and implementation of locally based climate adaption strategies. Given the well-established relationships with local communities and expertise across diverse programs and topics related to agriculture and food production, CES personnel are ideally situated to facilitate the implementation of climate adaptation strategies that are responsive to the needs of the community. To push these efforts forward, we held a series of climate knowledge exchange forums for CES in Hawaii, Guam, CNMI, and American Samoa (scheduled for early 2018) aimed at 1) increasing access to climate information that assists local farmers and fishers with planning for potential climate stressors and hazards, and 2) providing accessible climate information and resources to assist CES with the development of local climate adaptation opportunities that address food security, and together help build resilient island communities in the face of climate change.

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Building stormwater resilience: biofiltration swales design optimization for urban island communities Lelemia Irvine1, Albert S. Kim1

(1) University of Hawaii at Manoa

Flooding is a serious environmental hazard. Stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces and hard infrastructure in cities is a well-documented and urgent problem in sustainable urban hydrology. The effects of pollutant and sediment transport of stormwater runoff severely threatens receiving ocean bodies which is a potential cause of algal blooms, coral bleaching, and sedimentation. In engineering practice, bioretention systems (BRS) are a type of low-impact development (LID) technology used to treat on-site and to attenuate stormwater volume towards pre-development conditions. Biofiltration swales (BFS), a type of BRS, is an engineered process to convey, control, and store stormwater and to improve urban depollution through infiltration, sedimentation, and media filtration in the geo-engineered soil matrix. The current engineering literature significantly lacks fundamental analyses and underlying transport mechanisms of BFS. This study will present findings of computation fluid dynamics simulations using open-source OpenFOAM software to optimize BFS design to improve performance for stormwater runoff volume attenuation and pollutant transport. BFS response to impacts of climate change are examined. This study is useful to both practitioners and policy-makers as a guide to build more efficient and resilient island communities for the application of BFS, BRS and LID in stormwater management.   

Session Theme 8: How can we build island communities that are resilient to the impacts of climate change and environmental hazards? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Farmer Innovation in Solomon Islands in Response to Uncertainties of Agricultural Farmers AARON KAMA1

(1) University of Queensland, School of Agriculture & Food Sciences, Gatton Campus, QLD Australia

Conventional government-run agricultural extension services have notably failed to deliver improved agricultural productivity in rural Solomon Islands. In 1998, the single agricultural research station for the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock was destroyed in an intercultural conflict. As a consequence, the centralized agricultural research activities and the extension system associated with it, collapsed. Emerging drivers such as climate change, agronomic factors, social norms, culture, pests and diseases, populations and technologies have caused uncertainties to farmers. This reduce subsistence food production and income to rural Solomon Islanders. During the period when farmers were greatly affected by the civil unrest, farmers were compensating by introducing their own innovations without technical or extension support. Based on this flat form, this research investigated farmer innovation process in Solomon Islands covering drivers, uncertainties, farmer experimental process, climate-smart agriculture practices and indigenous communication channels. Case studies were conducted in four of the larger islands. A multi-stage sampling was used to randomly select case study locations and number of participants. Preliminary data indicated a number of drivers impacted uncertainties to farmers. Such uncertainties triggers farmers to innovate by engaging in informal experiments. Farmers then go through a number of steps in their experiments. As a result, farmers developed a number of climate-smart agriculture practices which are adapted due to their positive characteristics including sustaining food security, resilient to climate change and reduce GHGs emissions. Finally, a number of indigenous communication channels were used by farmers to disseminate their findings.

Session Theme 9: What role can the humanities play in island conservation?

Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Islands, the Humanities and environmental conservation GARRY W. TROMPF1,2

(1) Emeritus Professor in the History of Ideas, Department of Studies in Religion, School of Letters,

Art and Media, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia (2) Adjunct Professor in Peace and Conflict Studies, School of Social and Political Sciences,

University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia

This paper concerns itself with the contributions that the Humanities make to the understanding of islands and their bettered environmental conservation. Most distinctively, the Humanities comprise Literary Studies, Studies in Art and Culture (including Indigenous and Gender Studies) and Philosophy (with Aesthetics and the History of Ideas), but they also encompass Archaeology, History, Linguistics, Studies in Religion and, of late, Media and Communication Studies, even though members of this latter cluster frequently deploy methods from the social sciences. The goal here is to explore many of the implications such Human Studies and their sub-branches may have for island conservation, above all informed by the History of Ideas, in order to introduce the relevant key issues and inter-relationships and offer the most judicious illustrative materials. Variances in the reach and special attention of all these branches of knowledge are vast and intricate, while complex relativities apply both in the types of island situations and in expectations about what can or should be conserved. Since the mass of apposite discussions in the literature cannot possibly be summarized here, this article circumvents the difficulties by means of a special double-edged review. It ranges over the history of human consciousness of insular worlds, as reflected in mythic, legendary and historical materials, yet en route it uncovers how Humanities research can elucidate the human responses to islands through known time and shows how developing meaning-making has generally enhanced the appeal of sea-locked environments as worth conserving.

Session Theme 9: What role can the humanities play in island conservation?

Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The island effect: What island biogeography can teach us about islandness – and vice versa LAURIE BRINKLOW1

(1) Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE Canada C1A

4P3 With the publication of David Quammen’s groundbreaking book, Song of the Dodo (1996), the topic of island biogeography was brought into the public’s consciousness — and became required reading for students of Island Studies. We learned concepts of giantism, dwarfism, endemism, species fragmentation, and adaptive radiation, and how the isolation of islands factored in to species evolution and distribution – in other words, the “island effect.” Now, in exploring island cultural development, there is a case to be made for applying these same concepts to island cultures and identities and the overarching concept of “islandness.” Islanders generally perceive themselves as set apart, strong, stoic, independent, and resilient. In this age of globalization and cookie-cutter culture, it is still possible to find cultural practices that are unique to islands, are exaggerated beyond what would be thought possible when considering an island’s small size and/or importance on the world stage, or which have maintained their origins. But is it possible to come full circle, to cycle the concepts of islandness back to the world of island biogeography? Drawing on the writings of Baldacchino, Clark, DeLoughery, Gillis, Hay, Quammen, and Royle, as well as on the work of various island writers and artists (e.g., Newfoundland literature; Faroese musical practices; Tasmanian visual art), this paper explores the effects of remoteness and boundedness on the creation, evolution, and survival of island cultures and identities through the lens of island biogeography – and vice versa.

Session Theme 9: What role can the humanities play in island conservation?

Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Past and Present Semiotic and Iconic Perceptions of Ursus maritimus: The Polar Bear, Environmental Communication and Island Conservation in the Arctic LIZANNE HENDERSON1

(1) University of Glasgow, School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Rutherford-McCowan Building,

Crichton University Campus, Dumfries, Scotland, DG1 4ZL The polar bear has long been symbolic of the North. In recent years it has also become iconographic of human-accelerated climate change and the associated devastation upon the arctic’s fragile ecosystem. The archetypal function and diverse “ways of seeing” Ursus maritimus, throughout time and across cultures, lies at the heart of this proposed paper, which will specifically focus on how polar bears have been pictured, imagined and described in the past and how they are depicted today. What can these various artistic, literary, scientific and iconic manifestations of the bear reveal about our changing attitudes and relationships with the natural world, particularly in a time of widespread habitat loss and concerns about global warming? What impact have visual representations, stories and folktales had on the actual, living, breathing bears? Can present day images and stories alter our own behaviours toward the bear now and in the future? Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this paper will explore the cultural constructions, folkloric interactions and complex relationships between humans and the polar bear, within historical and present-day contexts, with reference to the arctic and sub-arctic island contexts of Svalbard, Greenland and Baffin Island. From the days of the early Arctic explorers, to the impact of adventure tourism, or environmentally-themed children’s literature in modern times, as well as Inuit exploitation and conservation measures, this paper aims to reevaluate our past and present understandings and interpretations of this northern icon and assess its potential as a educative conservation tool towards the protection of this critically endangered species and its island habitats.

Session Theme 9: What role can the humanities play in island conservation?

Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Community-based Art Making and Environmental Conservation in Hormoz Island, Iran NEDA MOAYERIAN1

(1) Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24060, VA

Development and globalization forces have increased the rate of environmental degradation all over the world. This is more prevalent in case of islands which due to their unique resources are perfect destinations for mass tourism and multinational corporations. While some believe that waves of internationalization are inevitable, many argue that engaging local/indigenous residents in development processes can lead to more sustainable localized solutions and will mitigate the harsh effects of globalization. This said, the question nonetheless remains of how and through what mechanisms one can actively engage residents in making and implementing decisions for their surrounding environment. Among many existing participatory approaches, “community cultural development” (CCD), with its arts-centered activities, is believed to contribute to the sustained advancement of human dignity, health, environmental awareness and/or productivity within a community. During the last few decades, community cultural development has been used as a tool to engage populations and help them consider fresh alternative to their dominant, and for many, increasingly hopeless, ways of knowing, in many parts of the world. This study tries to explore the relation between community-based cultural activities and residents’ attitude towards environment conservation. This research adopts a single case-study methodology to explore how a cultural-based non-governmental organization (NGO) in Hormoz Island, Iran has engaged residents in public environmental art-making projects and through which processes these practices have influenced local community’s awareness and agency for preserving and improving their environment’s quality.

Session Theme 9: What role can the humanities play in island conservation?

Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Beyond numbers - Perspectives and debates about the association of quantitative and qualitative approaches in humanities SOPHIE CAILLON1, MATHIEU SALPETEUR2, CATHERINE SABINOT3

(1) National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) - Center for Functional and Evolutionary

Ecology (UMR 5175 CEFE), 1919 route de Mende, 34093 Montpellier (2) Institute of Research for Development (IRD), UMR 208 "Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance",

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57, rue Cuvier - CP 51, 75231 Paris cedex 05 – France (3) Institute of Research for Development (IRD), Centre IRD Anse Vata, BPA5 98848 Nouméa

Cedex, New-Caledonia The increasing use of quantitative methods in Humanities since the 90s raised important debates between the proponents of qualitative and quantitative approaches, debates that deal with epistemology and heuristics, research design and the everyday practice of social scientists. Quantitative methods have proven very useful in island conservation, as a means to match with classical scientific standards (i.e. the hypothetico-deductive method) and to ease the connection with other disciplines such as ecology and conservation biology. However they are also criticized for not allowing the understanding of the complex dynamics that underlie the studied phenomena (such as social change). A step forward has been made recently with the introduction of mixed-methods designs, that propose to take advantage of the two approaches. In this paper we propose to think about the relevant ways to combine quantitative and qualitative approaches, about the stages of the research process where these methods can be applied, about the caveats and advantages of this association. We build on examples from ethnobiology which are making use of a large set of research tools and data collection methods. The audience will hear about a range of tools that could be mobilized in their own research. How can we find a balance between single- and multiple-cases studies, local- and meta-analysis, qualitative and quantitative data and analysis? In this regard Pacific islands offer a challenging environment, as the low human-density raises specific issues for statistics-based approaches.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Toward a Framework to Support Coastal Change Governance in Small Islands ANNETTE BRECKWOLDT1

(1) Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research

Small islands can guide visualizing the diverse information requirements of future context-relevant coastal governance. On small marine islands (<20,000 km2) negative effects of coastal challenges (e.g., related to population growth, unsustainable resource use, or climate change) can develop rapidly, with high intensity and extreme impacts. The smallest and most remote islands within small island states and small islands in larger states can be threatened by intrinsic governance factors, typically resulting in access to fewer resources than larger islands or administrative centres. For these reasons, efforts to support coastal change governance are critical and need to be targeted. We propose a conceptual framework that distinguishes key governance-related components of small island social-ecological systems (SESs). To prioritize areas of vulnerability and opportunity, physical, ecological, social, economic, and governance attributes are visualized to help show the ability of different types of small island SESs to adapt, or be transformed, in the face of global and local change. Application of the framework to an Indonesian archipelago illustrates examples of local rule enforcement supporting local self-organized marine governance. Visualization of complex and interconnected social, environmental and economic changes in small island SESs provides a better understanding of vulnerabilities and opportunities related to context-specific governance.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Water governance and the influence of island networks on systems change AIDA ARIK1, GREGORY CHUN2, PETER ADLER3, LEAH BREMER4, KIMBERLY BURNETT5, NICK REDDING5, CHRISTOPHER WADA6

(1) SSRI/UHERO; 2424 Maile Way, Saunders Hall 540; Honolulu, HI 96822 (2) SSRI/Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; 2424 Maile Way; Honolulu, HI 96822 (3) The Accord 3.0 Network; 2471 Manoa Road; Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 (4) UHERO/WRRC; 2424 Maile Way; Honolulu, HI 96822 (5) UHERO; 2424 Maile Way; Honolulu, HI 96822 (6) Ulupono Initiative; 999 Bishop Street, Suite 1202; Honolulu, HI 96813

Sustainability in resource management is a forward-looking concept that spans environmental, economic, social, and governance dimensions, and as such can be vague and difficult to implement. Hawai‘i is no exception. With its unique environment and culture sculpted by its island geography, it is especially important that sustainable practices be implemented effectively and immediately in Hawai‘i. We draw on 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with key county and state water-related agencies and entities to conceptualize the structure of the water management network in Hawai‘i, and to identify barriers or gaps to a more sustainable water management. Unlike other U.S. states, Hawai‘i’s State Water Code treats both surface water and groundwater as being in the public trust. However, a segregated top-down regulatory structure in the water management network segregates water quality and water quantity, and surface water and groundwater. Implementing systems change in water management will require crossing jurisdictions within the management network to reach greater inter-agency coordination. Other key, cross-cutting findings from the interviewing process that create opportunities for improvement include: long-term planning is stifled by election cycles and trepidation over the potential of years-long litigation, the current water governance structure is not designed nor behaves in a way that allows for learning across agencies and over time, and there is a paucity of data and no central place to find legacy and current water data.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Law and governance for the coastal fisheries of the Future: challenges and potential in the Pacific RUTH DAVIS1

(1) Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of Wollongong,

NSW 2522 AUSTRALIA Many islands in the Pacific rely upon coastal fisheries for food security and the provision of livelihoods for coastal communities. The governance framework for conservation and management of coastal fisheries has often been overlooked while regulatory attention has focused largely on oceanic fisheries. Increasingly, coastal fisheries are under threat from insufficient management, rising populations and external threats such as climate change. Recognizing these issues, the strengthening of coastal fisheries governance, and in particular the support for community based approaches to fisheries management (CBFM), has become a priority for national governments and regional organizations. For example, the 2015 Noumea Strategy (‘A New Song’) identifies the central role of a strong and up-to-date legal framework in the sustainable development of coastal fisheries. This presentation will briefly assess the ability of current fisheries governance structures to support sustainable development of coastal fisheries in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTS) in the light of current and predicted challenges. The presentation will then consider certain variables, such as history, political organization and traditional tenure systems, which may constrain the effectiveness of coastal fisheries governance in a selection of island communities. The analysis will support the development of a way forward to provide appropriate legal support for the New Song roadmap and for improving the effectiveness of coastal fisheries governance across the region.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Levels of Environmental Conservation - from Central to Village: Reflections from the Field LUCIANO MINERBI1

(1) Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Hawaii, Saunders Hall, 2424 Maile

Wai, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI , USA 96822 Reflection on participatory pilot projects to glean lessons from the field: testing the UNSO Framework for the organization of environmental statistics in Fiji (1980); land planning and design for the State of Airai, Republic of Palau (2009); small island conservation in Aunu'u (2003); and district eco- planning in Alofau Village, Territory of American Samoa (2016). Use of frameworks for environmental planning at the central island level would enable local planning to be informed and inspired to harmonize environmental conservation with human settlement planning. The driving force would be a place based ecological understanding able to steer participation and decision-making by local leaders toward scenario planning for the benefits current and future generations. There is a need for innovative enabling legislation, government enforcement and provision of incentives for the communal and private sectors to buy-in and to move from small pilot projects of village planning to management practices and agreements among stakeholders. If local village planning materializes, negotiations and agreements across villages within districts may materialize to provide for inter-district equitable arrangements to implement island-wide planning (179 words). To move in this direction government can help by setting up processes for facilitation, negotiation and mediation.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Innovating bicultural environmental governance for our future island nations LARA TAYLOR1

(1) Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640

This research considers how collaboration between researchers, policy makers, indigenous peoples and interested parties can support and enable improved governance through a philosophical change that increases our capacity to care for our oceanic (and wider) environments. We assume a need to challenge and change the status quo of current policy and legislation through innovative, collaborative and culturally appropriate solutions. The research argues that future policy and legislation needs to be holistic, interconnected, ecosystem-based and culturally based. Planning needs to be prospective, considering indigenous knowledge, rights, interests and values from the outset. Planning must be underpinned by indigenous values frameworks and partnership approaches between indigenous and non-indigenous peoples. This is particularly important in the face of climate change, and the need for proactive resilience planning and policy. Indigenous peoples can and will make significant contributions to building resilience in our communities to natural and anthropogenic hazards and changing climatic conditions. Case studies of current policy and legislative frameworks in New Zealand illustrate the confused, uncoordinated and adhoc nature of our planning and management system at this time. While mechanisms and tools for devolution of power and enabling of mātauranga (Māori knowledge) and tikanga (Māori protocols and practices) Māori exist within current legislation, institutional arrangements remain colonial. The agencies that maintain authority generally fail to achieve management that recognises and empowers tangata whenua (people of the land) as rightful Treaty partners. However, Māori are beginning to challenge and reshape policy and legislative frameworks through Treaty negotiations between the Crown (government) and Iwi / hapū (Māori tribes and sub-tribes). The evolved and sophisticated frameworks that are emerging are holistic, integrated, and innovative and empower Māori and other communities within hybrid spaces. While these frameworks are specific to particular peoples, locations and ecosystems (related to iwi/hapū territory for which they apply), important lessons can be learnt and built on for national and international planning, policy and legislation, and bicultural management and governance more generally.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Legal arrangements for the protection and provision of ecosystem services in Tasmania JOHN TISDELL1

(1) University of Tasmania, Hobart 700. Tas Australia

Tasmania is an island state consisting of 823 terrestrial reserves which equates to 2.9 million hectares or 42% of the land area. It also has 35,400 hectares in Marine Protested Areas (MPAs). In total a combined protected area of 50.1% of the state. The island, by its nature and location has unique ecosystem services. This paper explores the legal arrangements for the protection and provision of ecosystem services in Tasmania. It finds that Protection of ecosystem services requires a combination of international agreements, Federal and State laws and governance, and political will.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Disaster risk management in coastal tourism destinations. A Case Study of Ishigaki Island Japan DAVID N. NGUYEN1, FUMIHIKO IMAMURA2, KANAKO IUCHI2

(1) University of Tokyo, Rm 334, Building of Environmental Studies, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa

City, Chiba 277-8563 JAPAN (2) Tohoku University. Aramaki Aza-Aoba 468-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845 JAPAN

Many coastal destinations are vulnerable to a variety of natural hazards such as high winds, tsunamis, landslides, flooding, and many others. In particular, islands and isolated areas face additional challenges in dealing with potential inaccessibility during the recovery phase, with tourists stranded at the destination. Despite such risks, tourism operators seek to promote an image of safety and stability to tourists. In this case study we look at post 2011 disaster Japan. Although hotels are acknowledged as a major stakeholder in disaster management in tourism literature, very few were used during the 2011 disasters. We look at Ishigakijima, an island in Okinawa that is vulnerable to large tsunamis and was devastated by the 1771 Meiwa Tsunami. Although not physically impacted by the 2011 disasters, tourism declined after the tsunami. More importantly, it forced tourism planners to re-examine disaster management planning. In this presentation, we argue that many of the collaborative planning processes developed in Ishigakijima and Okinawa could be applied to elsewhere in Japan (especially isolated areas) as well as beyond.

Session Theme 10: How does environmental governance on islands currently operate and what forms of governance produce the best outcomes? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Keoni Auditorium +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Kaua`i Kakou: Building Climate Change Resilience into the General Plan RUBY PAP1, MICHAEL DAHILIG2, MARIE WILLIAMS2

(1) University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, 2525 Correa Rd., HIG 236, Honolulu, HI

96822 (2) County of Kaua`i Planning Department, 4444 Rice St., Ste. A473, Lihue, HI 96766

The Island of Kaua`i, HI is subject to a variety of coastal hazards, including flooding, erosion, hurricanes, and tsunamis, all of which are exacerbated by climate change. Due to its island setting, much of the physical development for its approximately 100,000 combined resident and visitor population is concentrated along the vulnerable coastline, including homes, businesses, resorts, and associated infrastructure. Addressing issues of community resiliency to natural hazards must involve planning for and managing future growth as well as making major decisions about communities’ already in harm’s way. To address these resiliency issues, the County of Kaua`i has forged new directions in its 2035 General Plan Update. The General Plan guides action concerning land use and development regulations, urban renewal programs, and expenditures for capital improvements. While previous plans did not address climate change or natural hazards in a substantial manner, the draft 2035 Update “Kaua`i Kakou,” emphasizes climate change mitigation, adaptation, and overall hazards resiliency. Based on thorough technical analysis and public outreach, the draft Plan contains goals and policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 and to plan for at least 3 feet of sea level rise by the latter half of the century. Achieving these goals require meaningful community participation and planning information based on the best available science. The draft Plan lays the groundwork for this by calling for community based SLR vulnerability assessments that incorporate SLR hazard exposure data for flooding, wave inundation, and erosion; and developing a Climate Action Plan.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Opportunities and constraints for implementing integrated land–sea management on islands STACY D. JUPITER1, AMELIA WENGER2,3, CARISSA J. KLEIN3, SIMON ALBERT4, SANGEETA MANGUBHAI5, JOANNA NELSON6,7, LIDA TENEVA8, VIVITSKAIA J. TULLOCH9, ALAN T. WHITE10, JAMES E.M. WATSON3,11

(1) Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, 11 Ma'afu St, Suva, Fiji (2) Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook

University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia (3) School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland

4072, Australia (4) School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (5) Wildlife Conservation Society, Fiji Country Program, 11 Ma'afu St, Suva, Fiji (6) The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA 22203, USA (7) The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (8) Conservation International, 7192 Kalaniana‘ole Hwy, Honolulu, HI 96825, USA (9) Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of

Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia (10) Tetra Tech, Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (SEA) Project, Jakarta, Indonesia (11) Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, 2300 Southern Boulevard,

Bronx, NY 10460, USA

Despite a growing body of literature on integrated land–sea management (ILSM), very little critical assessment has been conducted in order to evaluate ILSM in practice on island systems. Here we develop indicators for assessing 10 integrated island management principles and evaluate the performance of planning and implementation in four island ILSM projects from the tropical Pacific across different governance structures. We find that where customary governance is still strongly respected and enabled through national legislation, ILSM in practice can be very effective at restricting access and use according to fluctuations in resource availability. However, decision-making under customary governance systems may be vulnerable to mismanagement. Government-led ILSM processes have the potential to design management actions that address the spatial scale of ecosystem processes and threats within the context of national policy and legislation, but may not fully capture broad stakeholder interests, and implementation may be poorly coordinated across highly dispersed island archipelagos. Private sector partnerships offer

unique opportunities for resourcing island ILSM, although these are highly likely to be geared towards private sector interests that may change in the future and no longer align with community and/or national objectives. We identify consistent challenges that arise during island ILSM planning and implementation and offer recommendations for improvement. Remembering what we once knew – managing land and sea as one KELLEY ANDERSON TAGARINO1,2

(1) University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, 2525 Correa Rd., HIG 236, Honolulu, HI

96822 (2) American Samoa Community College, PO Box 2609, Pago Pago, AS 96799

American Samoa is an unorganized, unincorporated US Territory in the South Pacific that consists of five islands and two atolls. As an unincorporated Territory, American Samoa retains its traditional land tenure system, which is an integral part of the fa’aSamoa or the Samoan way. Land can only be owned by Samoans through their chiefly titles, and land ownership extends to the reef crest. Each village has a village council made up of a high chief, talking chiefs, and family chiefs. By engaging the village councils in conservation efforts we can directly reach the decision makers for each village. Current conservation efforts include a strengthened anti-litter law, an associated education and outreach campaign, and trash catchment nets at stream mouths that are maintained by various village groups. The majority of American Samoa’s marine debris is self-produced, thus we hope one outcome of this effort will be a reduction of marine debris in our waters. Another major conservation effort currently is repairing and upgrading old unsealed on-site disposal systems such as septic tanks and cesspools. Recent studies have shown these to be a major contributor to nearshore nitrification that is contributing to the coral/algal phase shift on American Samoa’s fringing reefs. Another recently identified concern in American Samoa’s streams and nearshore waters are harmful chemicals from pesticides; relevant village councils are being educated them on which pesticides are illegal and appropriate pesticide application.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Informing sustainable development and conservation actions to promote coral reef resilience through scenario planning with linked land-sea models JADE M.S. DELEVAUX1, STACY JUPITER2, KOSTANTINOS A. STAMOULIS3, LEAH L. BREMER4, ROBERT WHITTIER5, ALAN M. FRIEDLANDER6, AMELIA WENGER7, MEHANA BLAICH-VAUGHAN8, KAWIKA WINTER9, KIMBERLY BURNETT10, PETER GARROD11, TAMARA TICKTIN12

(1) School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA

(2) Wildlife Conservation Society, Melanesia Program, Suva, Fiji (3) Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA (4) University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization & University of Hawaiʻi Water Resources

Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA (5) Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, 919 Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814 (6) National Geography Society, Washington, DC, USA & Fisheries Ecology Research Lab,

University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA (7) School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD,

Australia (8) Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Sea Grant College Program

& Hui ʻĀina Momona, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA (9) Limahuli Garden and Preserve, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hā`ena, Hawaiʻi, USA (10) University of Hawaii Economic Research Organization, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu,

Hawaiʻi, USA (11) Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi,

Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA (12) Department of Botany, University of Hawaiʻi, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, USA

Around the Pacific, effective ridge-to-reef management requires improved understanding of land-sea linkages and decision-support tools to simultaneously evaluate the impacts of terrestrial and marine drivers on coral reefs. We developed a linked land-sea modeling framework based on remote sensing and empirical data, which combines sediment and groundwater models with coral reef models at fine spatial resolution, to assess the effects of land cover change, marine closures, and climate change scenarios on coral reefs. We calibrated and applied this framework in Hā‘ena and Ka‘ūpūlehu, located at opposite ends of the Hawaiian Archipelago, and Kubulau District in Fiji, where local livelihoods are based both on

practice subsistence fishing and small-scale agriculture. In order to inform sustainable development and promote coral reef resilience, we applied our linked land-sea framework to evaluate the outcomes of different coastal development, forest logging, agricultural expansion, and marine closures, in terms of changes in nutrient and sediment delivery to coral reefs and linked these to marine indicators of interest to the local communities. Our results indicated that septic tanks systems, forest conservation, and community-led marine closures can result in a significant increase in benthic habitat quality and fish biomass across all study sites. By coupling spatially explicit land-sea models with scenario planning, we identified priority areas on land where upgrading cesspools and protecting native forest can promote coral reef resilience in the face of projected climate change impacts. ICM approach as a solution to improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management: Ra Province, Fiji experience ISOA KOROVULAVULA1

(1) Institute of Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific Island conservation initiatives have been both a success and failure. The move to protect coral reef and inshore fisheries areas have been successful through initiatives such as the locally managed marine area network (LMMA) but has placed enormous pressure on land based resources particularly in island communities where there is limited arable land area for agriculture. The participation of all key stakeholders in addressing conservation is critical. Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) approach brings together key stakeholders that are involved in marine and terrestrial conservation and development initiatives collectively to develop goals, objectives and practical actions that would ensure the sustainability of community livelihood and supporting ecological system. The development and the implementation of the Ra Province ICM plan in Fiji has been a very effective means of improving island system conservation.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Tracing surface-groundwater pathways of anthropogenic contaminants in Kāneʻohe Bay Watershed, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi TRISTA MCKENZIE1, HENRIETTA DULAI1, BRIAN N. POPP1, ROBERT WHITTIER2

(1) University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Department of Geology & Geophysics, 1680 East-West Road,

Honolulu, HI, 96822 (2) Hawaiʻi State Department of Health, 919 Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814

Pacific islands water resources are particularly vulnerable to contamination because the islands typically have small watersheds, permeable geologic substrates, and short subsurface pollutant residence times, all resulting in minimal natural remediation. We have applied a multi-tracer source-tracking approach in Kāneʻohe Bay watershed, located on the windward side of Oʻahu, which has been subject to persistent stream and coastal water pollution from wastewater and agricultural sources. Radon, δ15N and δ18O values of nitrate, and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in combination were used to identify sources and pathways of anthropogenic contaminants in three sub-watersheds of varying land-use (e.g., cesspool density, agriculture, urbanization). Groundwater fluxes to streams and the coastline were determined using a natural isotope of radon. δ15N and δ18O values of nitrate were used to determine the potential origins (e.g., wastewater, agriculture). These data were coupled with selected CEC concentrations (including pharmaceuticals and lifestyle compounds such as caffeine) and their degradation properties to establish locations of contaminated groundwater inflow to surface waters. We present results for stream and coastal water quality, and associated nutrient and CEC fluxes across surface-groundwater interfaces. We demonstrate that CECs in combination with other more commonly used wastewater tracers are effective in island settings to discern between human and other sources of contamination. These results will not only establish the presence and ideally locate pollution sources, but also have broader implications for environmental management, such as wastewater treatment and disposal, on high volcanic islands.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Reviving terrestrial and marine ecosystems through the Guam Restoration of Watersheds (GROW) Initiative AUSTIN J. SHELTON III1,2, LAUREN SWADDELL1, ELSE DEMEULENAERE2

(1) University of Guam Sea Grant, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923 (2) University of Guam Center for Island Sustainability, UOG Station, Mangilao, Guam 96923

Poor land-use practices accelerate land erosion and degrade the health of downstream coral reefs. The Guam Restoration of Watersheds (GROW) Initiative at the University of Guam tests and develops vegetative and engineered tools to reduce erosion and restore watershed ecosystems. The GROW Initiative previously demonstrated success in trapping 112 tons of sediment on eroding hillsides using acacia auriculiformes tree seedlings and sediment filter socks over a 21-month period. To expand the toolbox of effective watershed restoration tools, the GROW Initiative is currently testing the capacity of native savannah plant seeds to grow in degraded badland soils. A goal of the GROW Initiative is to eventually package native plant seeds into seedballs and broadcast them into eroding hillsides via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in order to promote reforestation. As shown in other high islands, coral reefs are resilient and can recover after sedimentation stress is reduced. Participation and engagement of the local community is facilitated through extension and outreach activities, as well as a National Science Foundation INCLUDES STEM training initiative for native Pacific Islanders.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Seascape models reveal places to focus coral reef fisheries management KOSTANTINOS A STAMOULIS1, JADE MS DELEVAUX2, MATTHEW POTI3, MARY K DONOVAN2, JOEY LECKY4, BRYAN COSTA3, MATTHEW S KENDALL3, IVOR D WILLIAMS4, SIMON J PITTMAN3, LISA M WEDDING5, ALAN M FRIEDLANDER6

(1) Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley WA 6102, Australia (2) University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA (3) NOAA National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, 1305 East West Highway N-SCI-1, SSMC 4,

9th Floor #9232, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA (4) NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd. Building 176, Honolulu, HI

96818, USA (5) Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Room 193, Stanford, CA

94305, USA (6) National Geographic Society, 1145 17th Street NW Washington, D.C. 20090, USA

To design effective marine reserves and support fisheries, better information on fishing patterns and impacts, as well as key habitats for fished species are needed. However, fishing impacts vary geographically and are difficult to disentangle from other factors that influence targeted fish distributions. We developed a set of fishing effort and habitat layers at high resolution and employed machine learning techniques to create regional-scale seascape models and predictive maps of biomass and body length of targeted reef fishes for the main Hawaiian Islands. Spatial patterns of fishing effort were shown to be highly variable and seascape models indicated a low threshold beyond which targeted fish assemblages were severely impacted. Topographic complexity, exposure, depth, and wave power were identified as key habitat variables which influenced targeted fish distributions and defined productive habitats for reef fisheries. While high targeted reef fish biomass and body length were currently found in areas not easily accessed by humans, model predictions when fishing effort was set to zero showed these high values to be more widely dispersed among suitable habitats. By comparing current targeted fish distributions with those predicted when fishing effort was removed, areas with high recovery potential were revealed with average biomass recovery of up to 136% and mean body length increases as much as 45%. Spatial protection of these areas would aid recovery of nearshore coral reef fisheries.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Island wide projections for potential shoreline armoring as sea level rises on O’ahu, Hawai’i KAMMIE TAVARES1, CHIP FLETCHER1, MATTHEW BARBEE1, TIFFANY ANDERSON1, JAKE BURSTEIN2

(1) SOEST, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2500 Campus Rd Honolulu, HI 96822 (2) University of South Carolina 712 Main Street School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment

Columbia, SC In Hawai’i, protecting beach resources helps to preserve a high quality of life for residents, is critical to our tourism-based economy, and preserves an important coastal environment that is crucial for a number of endangered endemic and indigenous species. However, narrowing and loss due to shoreline armoring continues to threaten Hawaiian beaches. Additionally, sea level rise accelerates erosion and may also accelerate the hardening of shorelines throughout the state. Thus, modeling future beach vulnerability to armoring provides important data for developing resource management plans. Using MATLAB and ArcGIS we model future erosion for 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.92 meters of sea level rise for the entire island of Oʻahu. Results show near-term sea level rise of 0.15 to 0.3 m triggering a cascade of seawall applications, risking sensitive beach resources. We conclude that current and near-term sea level rise, not future sea level rise, poses the greatest threat to critical habitat and therefore the greatest priority for management planning exists now.

Session Theme 11: How can we improve island conservation through integrated marine and terrestrial management? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 3:00 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Supporting marine spatial planning in data-limited situations: case studies from two Caribbean islands JASON FLOWER1, LENNON R. THOMAS1, SARAH E. LESTER2, ANDREW J. ESTEP3, KATHRYN MENGERINK3, ROBIN RAMDEEN3

(1) Sustainable Fisheries Group, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106

(2) Department of Geography, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-2190, USA (3) Waitt Institute, La Jolla CA 92038, USA

Small islands often lack both data and capacity for long-term planning and management of their marine environment. In this talk we present two examples from the Blue Halo Initiative in the Caribbean of how these challenges can be overcome, and the need for adaptability in the approaches. The Blue Halo Initiative is a partnership between the Waitt Institute (an international NGO) and island governments, in collaboration with local and international scientists and organizations, to develop and implement comprehensive sustainable ocean policies, including ocean zoning and scientifically-informed fisheries management. Each of the islands where Blue Halo is active is at different stages of ocean zoning and policy reform. Here we present case studies from Montserrat and Curaçao which are both in the process of reforming ocean laws and engaging in marine spatial planning. 1) From Montserrat, we show a method used for selecting priority conservation areas in this data-limited context, and how the output from this process is being used by the steering committee in charge of marine spatial planning. 2) For Curaçao, we present an index to evaluate the relative conservation value of the major bays around the island. These two case studies illustrate some of the simple approaches that can be used to inform marine policy and spatial planning in the data-limited context, and how international partnerships can help overcome some of the local capacity shortfall on small islands.

Session Theme 12: What is the current state of knowledge of island extinctions and how can this be used to set baselines for restoration? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 12:30 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Island extinctions: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration JAMIE R. WOOD1, JOSEP A. ALCOVER2, TIM M. BLACKBURN3,4, PERE BOVER2, RICHARD P. DUNCAN5, JULIAN P. HUME6, JULIEN LOUYS7, HANNEKE J.M. MEIJER8, JUAN C. RANDO9 and JANET M. WILMSHURST1,10

(1) Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand (2) Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avançats (CSIC-UIB), 07190 Esporles, Illes Balears, Spain (3) Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Centre for Biodiversity & Environment

Research, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK (4) Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK (5) Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia (6) Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Akeman St, Tring, Herts HP23 6AP, UK (7) Department of Archaeology and Natural History, School of Culture, History and Languages, The

Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia (8) Department of Natural History, The University Museum, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (9) Departamento de Biología Animal (UDI Zoología), Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna,

Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (10) School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142,

New Zealand Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss and the introduction of invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement and caused declines of endemic island species. Later settlement by European colonists brought further land development, a different suite of predators and new drivers, leading to more extinctions. Extinctions alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects for islands through the loss of ecosystem processes, functions and interactions between species. Reintroduction of extirpated species can help restore ecosystem function and processes, and can be guided by palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider the cultural, social and economic needs of humans now inhabiting the islands and ensure resilience against future environmental and climate change.

Session Theme 12: What is the current state of knowledge of island extinctions and how can this be used to set baselines for restoration? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 12:30 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Scaling-up restoration to protect Hawai‘i Island birds from the spread of invasive diseases and habitat degradation due to climate change PAULO BANKO1

(1) U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center

Hawaiian forests have become severely degraded and many bird species have become extinct or endangered due to human activity, yet threats from invasive species and climate change continue to grow. Forest birds are vulnerable to the spread of mosquito-borne avian malaria into upper montane habitats due to climate warming. Additionally, the keystone tree species, ‘ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha), is threatened on Hawai‘i Island by disease (Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death - ROD) and other factors. Although forest bird conservation largely depends on mitigating the effects of climate change and ROD in ‘ōhi‘a-dominated watersheds, restoring bird populations in subalpine habitats offers another conservation option. All extant Hawai‘i Island forest birds were found historically in subalpine habitats, where ‘ōhi‘a is uncommon and transmission of avian malaria will likely remain low for decades. The iconic subalpine bird, palila (Loxioides bailleui), provides a starting-point for scaling-up restoration from species to community levels and from local to landscape levels. At the species level, the palila can be restored using a metapopulation approach whereby birds respond to different habitat conditions at multiple sites. Restoration can be scaled-up to the metacommunity level by facilitating dispersal and seasonal movement between sites; increasing the diversity of interspecific interactions through species reintroduction; reintegrating seabirds and other non-passerines into the regional bird community; and enhancing ecosystem services by bolstering nectarivore and frugivore populations. Watershed management programs provide a model for restoring bird communities at large geographic scales and across management jurisdictions, but conservation leadership and sustained funding are critical to success.

Session Theme 12: What is the current state of knowledge of island extinctions and how can this be used to set baselines for restoration? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 12:30 PM) Asia Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Ice Age Songbirds in the Bahamas JANET FRANKLIN1 AND DAVID W. STEADMAN2

(1) Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 94521 (2) Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611

On tropical islands, extensive extirpation of birds and other vertebrates occurred during the Holocene, following human arrival. Much less is known about pre-Holocene extirpation on islands. On low islands or island groups such as the Bahamas, surrounded by shallow oceans, Quaternary glacial-interglacial changes in climate and sea level had major effects on terrestrial plant and animal communities. We examine the paleoecology of two species of songbirds (Passeriformes) recorded as Late Pleistocene fossils on the Bahamian island of Abaco --- the Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis) and Hispaniolan Crossbill (Loxia megaplaga). Each species lives today only outside of the Bahamian Archipelago, with S. sialis occurring in North and Central America, and L. megaplaga endemic to Hispaniola. Unrecorded in the Holocene fossil record of Abaco, both of these species probably colonized Abaco during the last glacial interval but were eliminated when the island became much smaller, warmer, wetter, and more isolated during the last glacial-interglacial transition from ~15 to 9 ka. Today’s warming temperatures and rising sea levels, although not as great in magnitude as those that took place from ~15 to 9 ka are occurring rapidly and may nevertheless contribute to considerable biotic change on islands by acting in synergy with direct human impacts.

Session Theme 13: How well are island conservation issues addressed in international conventions and agreements? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 12:30 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Island conservation issues in international conventions and agreements ARTHUR LYON DAHL1

(1) International Environment Forum, 12B Chemin de Maisonneuve, CH-1219 Châtelaine, Geneva,

Switzerland In this review, I look at governance beyond the national level and consider how well island conservation issues are addressed in international conventions and agreements, both global and regional. I focus primarily on small island developing states (SIDS) and look at conventions to which they are parties, in which their needs are specifically mentioned and which have actions directly targeted to SIDS. I also discuss the evolution of international soft law in agreements and action plans to respond to island issues, the role of the secretariats that have been set up by international conventions to support SIDS conservation action and the protection and recognition provided to island protected areas listed under international conventions. The review shows that international governance has increasingly responded to island needs for biodiversity conservation, often with the active participation of SIDS themselves. However, the multiplication of international agreements and their requirements has often surpassed the capacity of island countries to implement them, requiring further adaptations in order to address this problem. The regional organizations of SIDS help to provide an interface with global conventions and international organizations. There remain a number of gaps and challenges that still need to be addressed in order to halt the erosion and hopefully encourage the restoration of island biodiversity.

Session Theme 13: How well are island conservation issues addressed in international conventions and agreements? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 12:30 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Small Islands Facing Hard Choices: How International Law Encourages Unsustainable Responses to Sea Level Rise ELIZABETH MENDENHALL1

(1) University of Rhode Island, Department of Marine Affairs, 215 Coastal Institute, 1 Greenhouse

Road, Kingston, RI 02881 This paper concerns the international legal context in which small island developing states are making decisions about the potential loss of terrestrial space due to sea level rise. I argue that lack of clarity regarding the conditions of statehood and the requirements for claiming maritime jurisdiction and sovereignty zones encourages island states to pursue unsustainable and extremely costly methods of replenishing and armoring their coastlines. I discuss three international legal issues. First, there is uncertainty regarding the ‘law of baselines,’ or the starting point for calculating territorial seas and exclusive economic zones. The Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) is ambiguous about whether the baseline moves inward when the water level rises, thereby reducing the extent of maritime claims. Second, the legal concepts of “island” and “rock” in LOSC are uncertain regarding whether one can change to the other. If a small uninhabited island in a large archipelago becomes submerged, the maritime claim of an island state may be vastly reduced. These two issues encourage states like the Maldives to dredge and build seawalls in order to maintain their claims over ocean space. Third, lack of clarity regarding the requirements of statehood has encouraged some island leaders to bargain for citizenship or purchase territory elsewhere. Depending on trends In the conceptual conditions of statehood, these strategies may be counter-productive. The overall argument is that short-term conservation of islands and beaches themselves becomes paramount, to the detriment of more ecological and sustainable strategies for responding to sea level rise.

Session Theme 13: How well are island conservation issues addressed in international conventions and agreements? Monday, April 16, 2018 (10:30 AM - 12:30 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Financing mechanisms for MEAs and capacity needs of Pacific small island developing states MASANORI KOBAYASHI1

(1) Ocean Policy Research Institute and Sasakawa Peace Foundation

Small island countries are the custodians of large oceans. They play a key role in safeguarding marine biodiversity. At the same time, they are vulnerable to climate change impacts and natural disasters. Pacific island countries strive to promote the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable use of biological resources under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). They also tackle climate change impacts in pursuance with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. The adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015 and its entry into force in November 2016 have raised the momentum for facilitating actions towards tackling climate change. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) established in 1992 is a principal financing mechanism for CBD and UNFCCC. The GEF has provided US$17 billion for projects including those addressing biological conservation and climate change. The Adaptation Fund set up in 2001 supports the parties to the Kyoto Protocol of UNFCCC and has delivered US$462 million since its establishment. The Green Climate Fund set up in 2010 channels funds to climate change mitigation and adaptation and 10 billion UD dollars were pledged as of February 2018. While small island developing states (SIDS) are considered as a priority in their portfolios, the extent to which SIDS succeed in receiving funds from the financing mechanisms and the scope of funded projects differ from a country to a country. It also requires analysis regarding whether the funded projects help countries addressing their priority policy issues and facilitate actions towards achieving policy objectives and improving the livelihood of local peoples. The paper intends to clarify the gaps and challenges in utilizing catalytic funding of MEA funding mechanisms for achieving MEA objectives and help advancing SDGs particularly Pacific SIDS.

Session Theme 14: What have we learnt about invasive species on islands and what are the best strategies for dealing with them in the future? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Invasive alien species on islands: impacts, distribution, interactions and management JAMES C. RUSSELL1,2,3, JEAN-YVES MEYER4, NICK D. HOLMES5, SHYAMA PAGAD6

(1) School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New

Zealand (2) Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New

Zealand (3) Zero Invasive Predators, c/o Zealandia Sanctuary, PO Box 9267, Wellington 6141, New Zealand (4) Délégation à la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynésie Française, BP 20981, Papeete, Tahiti,

French Polynesia (5) Island Conservation, 2100 Delaware Ave Suite 1, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA (6) IUCN ISSG, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand

Invasive alien species (IASs) on islands have broad impacts across biodiversity, agriculture, economy, health and culture, which tend to be stronger than on continents. Across small-island developing states (SIDSs), although only a small number of IASs are widely distributed, many more, including those with greatest impact, are found on only a small number of islands. Patterns of island invasion are not consistent across SIDS geographic regions, with differences attributable to correlated patterns in island biogeography and human development. We identify 15 of the most globally prevalent IASs on islands. IAS impacts on islands are exacerbated through interactions with a number of other global change threats, including over-exploitation, agricultural intensification, urban development and climate change. Biosecurity is critical in preventing IAS invasion of islands. Eradication of IASs on islands is possible at early stages of invasion, but otherwise is largely restricted to invasive mammals, or otherwise control is the only option. Future directions in IAS management and research on islands must consider IASs within a broader portfolio of threats to species, ecosystems and people's livelihoods on islands. We advocate for stronger collaborations among island countries and territories faced with the same IASs in similar socio-ecological environments.

Session Theme 14: What have we learnt about invasive species on islands and what are the best strategies for dealing with them in the future? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

For the recovery of the Tahiti monarch (Pomarea nigra), a critically endangered island bird with low productivity, rat and introduced bird controls were both necessary CAROLINE BLANVILLAIN1, THOMAS GHESTEMME1, SUSANA SAAVEDRA2, MARC O’BRIEN3

(1) Société Ornithologique de Polynésie Française, Manu, BP 7023, Taravao, TAHITI (2) INBIMA Invasive Bird Management P. O Box 6009, 38008 S/C de Tenerife, España (Spain). (3) BirdLife International Pacific Partnership Secretariat, GPO Box 18332, Suva, Fiji

The Tahiti monarch is a critically endangered bird species endemic to the island of Tahiti, French Polynesia. In 1998 when a conservation program started, its range was thought restricted to 4 valleys, with an estimated number of 25 birds. A remote population, located upstream of a series of waterfalls in one of these four valleys, was progressively discovered, with an estimate of additional 33 birds in 2002. The first management actions focused on Rat control. This stopped the species from going extinct - but other factors meant that there was no significant increase in numbers. Two introduced birds: the common myna and red-vented bulbul were identified as additional threats. Their control was initiated in 2009 but became intensive from 2012 with the help of a network of local inhabitants living near the valley entrance. Introduced bird control coincided with a population increase - affecting, in particular, nestling and post fledging success of Monarchs. The total population is minimum 66 birds in 2017. Next steps are to continue to increase the population to reduce immediate risk, to identify a possible location for translocation and, ultimately, to establish a population secure from the threat of black rat and introduced birds.

Session Theme 14: What have we learnt about invasive species on islands and what are the best strategies for dealing with them in the future? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Management of Crown of Thorns outbreaks in the National Park of American Samoa BERT FUIAVA1, IAN MOFFITT1, PAOLO MARRA-BIGGS1, VICTORIA BARKER1

(1) National Park of American Samoa, MHJ Haleck Bldg, 2nd Floor, Pago Pago, AS 96799 Crown of Thorns Seastars (COTs) are a corallivorous echinoderm native to the South Pacific. In large numbers they can devastate coral reef ecosystems and are considered invasive. COTs are broadcast spawners, and their larvae are thought to have increased survivability in more eutrophic waters. Large outbreaks are often documented near areas with increased anthropogenic input. The island of Tutuila in American Samoa was hit by a tsunami in 2009 that is thought to have been the trigger of a primary COT outbreak. By 2011, a high densities of COTs were documented on the South side of the island. By 2013, the outbreak had spread island wide. The National Park of American Samoa has been actively managing the outbreak since 2013, killing over 26,000 on the North side of the island in and around Park waters, using SCUBA and rebreathers. NPSA divers identified primary and secondary outbreak cohorts by sizing individuals, and have begun work on a gonadosomatic index to identify spawning time. NPSA continues to monitor the North side of Tutuila for COTs using towboards. In recent months we have recorded no outbreaks. Ongoing research interests include better understanding outbreak dynamics, and optimizing eradication efficiency by concentrating efforts before a spawning event. A thorough understanding of local current patterns and offshore mesophotic reefs will help to elucidate how these outbreaks spread.

Session Theme 14: What have we learnt about invasive species on islands and what are the best strategies for dealing with them in the future? Monday, April 16, 2018 (1:30 - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The invasive tree Miconia calvescens, a global threat to tropical island forest ecosystems worldwide: mapping its current and potential distribution JEAN-YVES MEYER1, ROBIN POUTEAU2, MÉLANIE LIBEAU3, RAVAHERE TAPUTUARAI4

(1) Délégation à la Recherche, Government of French Polynesia, B.P. 20981 Papeete, 98713 Tahiti,

French Polynesia (2) Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien, Nouméa, New Caledonia (3) AgroParisTech, Montpellier, France (4) Association Te Rau Ati Ati a Tau a Hiti Noa Tu, Tahiti, French Polynesia

Miconia calvescens (Melastomataceae) is a small tree native to Central and South America. A very popular plant in horticulture, it was propagated in many botanical gardens in the Tropics, and has subsequently become a dominant plant invader in lowland and montane rainforests of many tropical islands. Miconia is currently locally naturalized or invasive in 16 oceanic and continental islands of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as in the Queensland region of Australia, with invaded areas reaching 61,000 ha in Hawai’i and 80,000 ha in Tahiti (Society Islands). By forming dense monospecific stands, Miconia constitutes a direct threat to native and endemic floras, and to forest ecosystem services as it promotes soil erosion and landslides on steep slopes. In order to assess the potential spread of Miconia in the Marquesas Islands, where the species is in an early stage of invasion, we built an array of species distribution models based on occurrence data from its native and introduced ranges, large-scale Worldclim climatic variables (e.g. rainfall and temperature, wind speed) as well as fine-scale topographic variables (e.g. elevation, slope steepness, solar radiation, topographic wetness index). Results from all model show that Miconia has the potential to spread over large areas (e.g. 46% of Nuku Hiva). Without a program to prevent its introduction in new islands, an early warning system, strong biosecurity measures, and appropriate control strategies in areas where it is already present or naturalized, Miconia calvescens could become a global threat to tropical island forests worldwide.

Session Theme 15: What is the role of environmental education on islands? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Archipelagos of learning: environmental education on islands DAVID SELBY1 and FUMIYO KAGAWA1

(1) Sustainability Frontiers, The Linden Barn, Weston, Sidmouth, EX10 0PH, UK This article appreciatively reviews environmental education practice on islands through the lens of four key strands of environmental education discourse: biodiversity, conservation and science-framed education; place-based, indigenized and bioregional education; climate change and disaster risk reduction education; and education for sustainable development. Arising from these strands and their interface, six questions are asked of the examples of island practice reviewed. A final section asks what is distinctive about environmental education on islands and comes up with five principal findings. First, it is observed that environmental education initiatives on islands are markedly eclectic in their rich blending of practice from within the different strands. Second, it is noted that environmental education practice on different islands, especially in the Pacific, is marked by a return to indigenous, community-based learning. Third, the emergence of a distinctive pedagogy is remarked upon, especially the greater weighting given to relational, socio-affective and action-orientated learning. Fourth, the paucity of inter-island cosmopolitan dialogue is noted and questions are asked about how to ensure island learners steeped in learning about place can be brought to connect with the global environmental problematic. Fifth, the frequency of cross-curricular, interdisciplinary, even trans-disciplinary framing of environmental education initiatives is identified as bringing distinctiveness to island practice.

Session Theme 15: What is the role of environmental education on islands? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Plastic pollution on island beaches – a teachable moment SAVANNAH FRANKLIN REY1, JANET FRANKLIN2, SERGIO REY3

(1) Hawaii Pacific University, 1 Aloha Tower Dr. Honolulu HI 96813 (2) Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 94521 (3) School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, CA 94521

The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris is now widely recognized as a significant threat globally. Plastics also make up a significant proportion of debris on beaches. These come primarily from coastal sources but on islands can also arrive from distant sources. Beach pollution receives a large amount of attention because of extensive outreach to and education of the general public regarding this pollution problem that they can help solve. Studies targeting microplastics have found that the majority of coastal debris is composed of these small plastic fragments. Island communities are particularly affected by marine and coastal plastics and other debris because these pollutants may affect the ocean productivity on which people depend for food, as well as aesthetics of coastal landscapes that are the focus of tourism. We propose that beach clean ups, focusing on plastics, offer a powerful opportunity for formal and informal environmental education about ocean pollution problems and solutions, aimed at residents and visitors alike. The story of ocean plastics pollution illustrated global telecoupled human-environmental systems (interactions between distant places with implications for sustainability). We provide examples from Hawaii and The Caribbean.

Session Theme 15: What is the role of environmental education on islands? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Exploring attitudes to forest conservation amongst domestic and international visitors to forests in Mauritius PRICILA IRANAH1, PANKAJ LAL1

(1) Dept. Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Ave., Montclair, NJ 07043

Small island developing states are faced with the challenge of navigating pressures of economic and social development on critical ecosystems within a small geographic reach. Mauritius presents an uncommon scenario where past conservation successes contrast with existing knowledge and understanding of biodiversity conservation issues and how conservation management operates. We used factorial analysis and regression models to assess trends in attitudes and perceptions of visitors to forest areas across mainland Mauritius. Results suggest that domestic visitors have limited knowledge of the roles of forests In providing ecosystem services and are not able to distinguish between invasive and native species. They do however express high level of interest in participatory management of national parks and nature reserves. International visitors have a better sense of the impact of degraded forests on the island’s economy, likely making the link to viability of local nature-tourism activities. Study findings provide an indication of loopholes In current environmental education and public awareness campaigns with regards to biodiversity conservation in Mauritius. We also use the study findings to explore information campaigns on ecosystem conservation in light of growing trends in international tourist visitors to the island, comparing with similar island states in the region.

Session Theme 15: What is the role of environmental education on islands? Thursday, April 19, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Inspiring and Entertaining: Is there evidence that leveraging mascots promote fish abundance and coral habitats in marine conservation campaigns? DIVINA HOJAS – LADE1, FEL CEASAR CADIZ1, ROQUELITO MANCAO1, MICHAEL ATRIGENIO2, DANA MANOGAN2, RAQUEL TIRONA1

(1) Rare Inc, Cebu City, Philippines (2) University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute, Quezon City, Philippines

In the Philippines, the history of coastal resource management efforts is long and extensive. The earliest Marine Reserves established in the Philippines were Sumilon Marine Reserve in 1974 and Apo Island Marine Reserve in 1982 became models of success and blue prints for coastal conservation and management. Behavioral change strategies in coastal and fisheries management by applying Pride methodology and social marketing techniques to inspire the communities to protect and conserve their fisheries resources was introduced in the Philippines starting in 2010. A social marketing campaign called ‘‘Pride campaign’’, uses mascots of flagship species, anthropomorphized into fun, relatable, characters to act as ambassadors for the social marketing intervention. In the context of marine conservation, many environmental threats are seen as outcomes of behaviors of local communities. Mascots were chosen on participatory manner with fishers using the following screens: habitat, geographical uniqueness/endemism, ecological importance, threatened status, relevance, marketability/charisma, social/cultural significance, and economic significance. Here, we show the impact of these campaigns using 3 campaign sites out of 37, with varying length of campaign duration. The results buttress our contention that inspiring and entertaining fish mascots help increase the biomass and abundance of mascot species within the duration of the campaign.” Despite the different start dates of the campaigns, all three (3) sites leveraged the power of campaign mascots that is well-utilized and wisely integrated in all campaign strategies and interventions. The contribution of the mascots to conservation results was measured by a combination of techniques including fish visual census (FVC), fish catch reporting, and perception surveys. We posit (or conclude?) that these positive impacts may be attributed to the change in attitudes and behavior of the community regarding utilization and protection of fishery resources, pre- campaign condition of the marine habitat of the campaign site, the level of engagement rolled-out in the sites involving the campaign mascots. The lessons of this investigation will inform future decisions on flagship species campaigns and entertainment education strategies in marine conservation.

Session Theme 16: How is climate affecting patterns of island migration? Tuesday, April 16, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Local knowledge and gender issues in Vanuatu: thinking the cyclone Pam through the dynamics of economic migrations MANON GARCIA1, CATHERINE SABINOT2

(1) Master’s degree in “Etude comparative du développement” at Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) – 54 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris

(2) Institut de recherche pour le développement. Centre IRD Anse Vata – BPA5 98848 Nouméa Cedex – Nouvelle Calédonie

New bilateral programs have strengthen economic migrations between Vanuatu and New- Zealand (the “Recognised Seasonal Employer” program) and between Vanuatu and Australia (the “Seasonal Worker Programme”), since 2008 / 2009. These programs lead Vanuatu inhabitants (Ni-Vanuatu) to work there for a period up to seven months. This should be viewed in a context of working force scarcity in the horticulture and wine industries, combined to the pacific islands’ wishes to join the labor market. However, these migrations have taken a new dimension when cyclone Pam, a category 5 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale, hit the archipelago in March 2015. On the North-Est of Efate Island, surprisingly, the cyclone didn't restrain the men's migration. To some extent, it encouraged it. This talk will focus on the aftermaths of those departures which include letting a part of the village reconstruction behind, as well as an excessive workload for women (gardening work, house and water management). Furthermore, we will discuss the use of the money collected during those months abroad. During this time, money spending have evolved on various ways, from daily survival necessities for some, to ways of reaching new life standards for others. Moreover, we will question the way cyclone Pam has (re)activated the desire to build a “good house” (gudfala haos), the shift in perception at stake regarding building materials and the transmission of local knowledge. Finally, we will clarify how migration, local knowledge, and social space have been modified by this particular event; creating new inequalities.

Session Theme 16: How is climate affecting patterns of island migration? Tuesday, April 16, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Resilience in a time of Uncertainty: Indigenous Knowledge and Climate Change LESLEY IAUKEA1

(1) University of Hawai‘i Mānoa, American Studies Program, 1890 East-West Road, Moore Hall

324, Honolulu, HI 96822-4733 My work focuses on the Island Nation of Tokelau because of their past and imminent need to relocate due to Sea Level Rise. While living away from the homeland, the need to reconnect and reclaim one’s identity becomes a necessity in ensuring cultural ties. This population has been able to implement a pathway to ensure continuity of culture while in the diaspora due to the initial migration to New Zealand. Through that process, I highlight the cultural ramifications that were associated with living in the diaspora and what was done to smooth the transition for the population. By the time the second wave of migration started, the community new what to expect and how to deal with the changes of living away from their homeland. This community has managed to use Indigenous traditional knowledge as a foundation to integrating solutions in dealing with forced relocation and has shown resilience in their attempt to perpetuate the Tokelauan lifestyle in the diaspora. The cultural foundation brought the community closer together and aided in the success of the community leaders. In doing so, leaders created pathways to show agency in the educational and government sectors which improved their communities and proved successful in policies regarding Tokelauans.

Session Theme 16: How is climate affecting patterns of island migration? Tuesday, April 16, 2018 (8:30 AM - 12:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Post-Island Futures: Tuvaluan atoll archipelagoes ex-situ ELIZABETH YARINA1, MIHO MAZEREEUW1

(1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA Existing resiliency discourses in regards to atoll states emphasize in-situ adaptation solutions such as ecosystem-based adaptation, sea walls, or housing elevation. However, in response to concerns about rising seas as well as the pressures and desires instilled by modernity, atoll denizens are already migrating in large numbers to high-ground nations, even where visa restrictions make migration difficult. An estimated 1/3 of Tuvaluans (including visa overstayers) already live in Aotearoa New Zealand. In 2017, Tuvalu conducted a constitutional review process, and formal meetings occurred not only in the atolls but also in the diaspora communities of Wellington, Auckland, and Suva. Migration has traditionally played an important role in adaptation for Tuvaluans and other atoll-dwellers, who moved around and between islands as resources became scarce. Contemporary nation-state boundaries have limited migration as an adaptation option, interrupting the cross-Pacific relationship of New Zealand Maori and their Polynesian cousins. Contemporary migrations can be see as part of this lineage of a “sea of islands.” This presentation explores the present and future of atoll-archipelagoes translated into the urbanized environments of Aotearoa New Zealand from a spatial perspective. For Tuvaluans, ex-situ settlement decisions rely on existing kinship and fenua (island-identity) ties. Many desire a future where they can translate more of the spaces and structures from their islands to Aotearoa. Furthermore, they would prefer to do so as manuhiri (guests) in relation to Maori rather than as patrons of the New Zealand state. Interview and workshop data suggests that some in-situ adaptation funding in Tuvalu could be traded off to support the physical spaces of ex-situ cultural translation, embracing an indigenous history of migratory adaptation.

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

My island home: place-based integration of conservation and public health in Oceania AARON JENKINS1,2, PIERRE HORWITZ2 and KERRY ARABENA3

(1) Sydney School of Public Health, Edward Ford Building (A27), The University of Sydney, NSW

2006, Australia (2) Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup

Drive, Joondalup 6027, WA, Australia (3) Indigenous Health Equity Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The

University of Melbourne, 3010, Victoria, Australia Oceania can be characterized by a richness of culture, biodiversity and natural resources and a particular future that the changing climate will bring to islands, livelihoods and ecosystems. We reviewed literature detailing the limitations of siloed approaches to public health and conservation action for regional sustainability, highlighting opportunities for regional integration as place-based, through activities that are locally relevant, innovative engagement across a broader variety of sectors and working with indigenous peoples’ knowledges. We present three case studies that extend and redefine the boundaries of the fields of public health and conservation, enabling collaborators to better respond to complex issues impacting biodiversity and human health. These case studies make explicit the links between nutrition, catchment management, water resources, fisheries, marine protected areas and communicable and non-communicable diseases. Public health and conservation are more meaningfully connected in place-based, reciprocal and compassionate activities, using common language to draw on the well-developed instruments of both sectors. These will include health impact assessments and combine health and ecological economics, which together will contribute to responding to an emergent set of challenges, namely human population increase, urbanization, overfishing and more severe aspects of climate change.

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Traditional Hawaiian agriculture and wetland restoration as complimentary strategies to build resilient communities KIM FALINSKI1, KANEKOA KUKEA-SHULTZ1, LEAH BREMER2, KIMBERLY BURNETT2, GREGORY CHUN3, SARAH MEDOFF2, JADE DELAVAUX2, CHRISTOPHER WADA2

(1) The Nature Conservancy, Hawaii Marine Program (2) University of Hawaii at Manoa Economics Research Organization, Honolulu, HI 96822 (3) University of Hawaii at Manoa, School of Hawaiian studies

Coastal wetlands provide important ecosystem services and are key buffers to climate change for island ecosystems and communities. Wetlands filter land-based pollutants, mitigate flooding risks, and reduce coral reef vulnerability to climate change. Historically, management of wetlands included integrated crop and freshwater aquaculture production, while also providing for habitat for native fish and bird species. Today, however, most lowlands have been converted to other forms of agriculture or urban development. Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), hau (Hibiscus tiliaceus), and guinea grass (Urochloa maxima) thrive in what wetlands remain. In 2007, O’ahu-based non-profit Kākoʻo ʻŌiwi partnered with The Nature Conservancy and the Ko’olaupoko Hawaiian Civic Club to restore land in He‘eia watershed to taro cultivation for the benefit of both ecosystem and community. In the process, the restoration connects historic irrigation channels and streams from mountain to sea, and removes invasive vegetation that inhibits native birds, fish and vegetation. Here, we examine the multiple benefits of restoration over time in terms of environment, economics, and community benefits. Specifically we quantify food production anticipated as the project expands to its full capacity. We estimate relative sediment and nutrient retention benefits of invasive species removal and the establishment of taro lo’i, and link the changes on land to to coastal ecosystem health. We also employ participatory methods to evaluate the perceived benefits for local families participating in restoration. We find that restoration provides a suite of environmental and food production benefits, but that the relational and community benefits are of equal importance and demonstrate a path forward for community-based resilient food production in Hawaiʻi.

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Achieving Food System Resilience and Equity in Hawai‘i ALBIE MILES1

(1) University of Hawai'i, West O'ahu. 91-1001 Farrington Highway, Kapolei, Hawai'i 96707

Anthropogenic climate change poses an ever-increasing risk to the stability of global climate, threatening human welfare, biodiversity and social stability. The analysis summarizes the state of the science on anthropogenic climate forcing, and clarifies the anticipated impacts of climate change on agriculture, food production, food pricing and food security. Key strategies for climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience in the food and agricultural system will be presented along with a range of actionable strategies to promote equitable access to healthy food. In conclusion, a range of public policy strategies are articulated to support climate change mitigation and food system resilience and equity for Hawai‘i.

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Integrative approaches to the land-water-health nexus in islands: Developing next generation geospatial tools within an Environment, Community, Health Observatory (ECHO) Network MARGOT W. PARKES1, SCOTT EMMONS2, JOSEPH GOTHREAU3, BARRY BOOTH4

(1) School of Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, Canada

(2) GIS Lab, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, Canada (3) Natural Resource and Environmental Studies Graduate Program, University of Northern British

Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, Canada (4) Integrated Watershed Research Group, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University

Way, Prince George, Canada

Islands help focus attention on interrelationships among environment, community and health. Ecological and social flows and processes are connected within landscapes and waterways, and conservation and governance efforts have a combined influence on the land-water-health nexus. In these settings “upstream” and “downstream”determinants of health can be usefully understood within integrated Mountains-to-the-Sea systems: Ki Uta Ki Tai in Aoteraoa; Ahupua'a in Hawai’; and in island catchments and watershed across the planet. Despite long-standing recognition of these relationships – especially in Indigenous cultures – tools and processes to understand and respond to the land-water-health nexus are often lacking, reflecting siloed disciplinary, sectoral and organisational systems, that struggle with the complex pathways by which environment influences health, including living systems, livelihoods, lifescapes and lifestyles. This presentation will profile integrative approaches to the land-water-health nexus, using web-based, open-source geospatial tools that enhance options to profile the connections between human heath and social-ecological systems, especially in the context of the ECHO Network, an international “Environment, Community, Health Observatory” research project. We will emphasise application in island catchments and communities, also recognising the relevance to “inverse-islands” such as wetlands and lakes within larger landscapes. Examples will examine the role of integrative geospatial tools to support conservation efforts, whereby locally-based practices and lived experiences can be valued alongside other forms of research, monitoring and evaluation, and organizational knowledge. We will discuss the portal as a tool that strengthens capacity to take notice of the cumulative impacts of social-ecological change, and to support collaborative action that protects environments, communities and health.

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Environmental hazards and local ecological knowledge in Thio upstream and downstream tribes: dealing with climate change, mining industry and subsistence activities in New-Caledonia CATHERINE SABINOT1, LUCIE GOSSET1, A-TENA PIDJO1, ELISABETH WORLICZEK1

(1) Institute of Research for Development, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre IRD, Anse Vata, BPA5 98848 Nouméa Cedex, New-Caledonia

On the main island of New Caledonia, inhabitants often perceive cyclones as benefit events that “clean the coral reef ecosystem”; fishers for example welcome them. Nevertheless, in the region of Thio on the East coast of the island, cyclones have started to be associated to the polluting character of mining activities as they cause mudflows and red-colored water since the cyclone Alison in 1975. More recently, in 2013, heavy rainfall events lead to severe flooding, impacting activities and houses of the inhabitants. Consequently, people adapted to the situation through finding new spots for fishing, renewing ties with the family and clan in order to ensure horticulture practices or for relocating their houses in other places within or outside the local community’s land. In this paper, based on anthropological fieldwork conducted during the last three years with inhabitants from upstream and downstream tribes/villages of the Thio region, we (1) describe the various perceptions people have of environmental hazards and cyclones in the context of a long history of mining; and (2) we analyze how local ecological knowledge and networks are successfully mobilized in order to maintain identitary practices and to continue to thrive in transformed environments.

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Psychological impacts of climate change in Fiji's coastal communities BRANDAN SHAMSHER1

(1) The University of the South Pacific, DMCA Office, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji Islands

Per a report released by the American Psychological Association in March earlier this year, “Climate Change also takes a significant toll on mental health.” This revelation has truly made experts rethink the direct effect climate change has apart from the conventional environmental and physical health impacts. It is interesting to note that the impacts of climate on mental health are not synonymous to natural disasters alone and have a more substantial mental health impact from long-term climate change. It is seen that climate change affects agriculture, infrastructure and live-ability which in turn has an impact of overall quality of life and many at times causes people to migrate which leads to loss of personal identity, loss of social structures, loss of a sense of control and brings about feelings of helplessness, fear and fatalism. This paper identifies “building resilience” as the potential key in combating the negative psychological impacts of climate change in supporting and promoting the mental health of individuals and communities. Building psychological resilience can be achieved by guiding individuals maintaining their social networks. Researchers have found that “higher levels of social support during and in the aftermath of a disaster are associated with lower rates of psychological distress.” Finally, this report also suggested the adoption of environmentally friendly policies and “green” lifestyle choices would not only decrease the stress, anxiety and worry brought about by Climate Change but also “reduce mental health and stress-related & depressive illnesses, regardless of socioeconomic status, age or gender.”

Session Theme 17: What are the links between human health and environmental conservation on islands? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:10 PM) Pacific Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Nutritional impacts of a climate change-mediated increase in pelagic fish consumption in tropical Small Island States COLETTE C.C. WABNITZ1, LOUISE S.L. TEH1, JOELLE ALBERT2, JOEY BERNHARDT1, TIFF-ANNIE KENNY3, WILLIAM W.L. CHEUNG1, FRANCK MAGRON4, MECKI KRONEN5

(1) Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries | AERL | 2202 Main mall | Vancouver | B.C. V6T 1Z4 | CANADA

(2) WorldFish, PO Box 438, Solomon Islands (3) Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Canada (4) The Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia (5) GIZ, Eshborn, Germany

In many coral reef countries, growing demand for fish, depleted coastal fisheries resources, and

climate change impacts threaten future food security. This is particularly relevant for Small Islands States throughout the Pacific where 50–90% of the animal-sourced protein consumed among rural populations comes from mostly reef fish. It is suggested that within 15 years an additional 115,000 tonnes of fish will be needed across the Pacific region for good nutrition. To help fill this gap recent studies have recommended an increase in the consumption of tuna from industrial fisheries and small-scale fishing around Fish Aggregating Devices, as well as an increase in the intake of small pelagics. While the sustainability implications of a shift from inshore to offshore fisheries has been considered, the health implications of a shift towards greater consumption of pelagic fish remain unknown. This study investigates the nutritional implications of increased consumption of pelagic species vs inshore reef species in Small Island States worldwide. Specifically, we assess the nutritional and health impact in terms of protein, mercury, essential fatty acids and micronutrient intake from such a shift in consumption habits. We make suggestions in terms of the quantity and types of fish that would contribute to a nutritious diet and support individuals’ needs to balance food security and nutrient adequacy. This study’s results provide important information to jointly promote ecosystem and human health in a rapidly changing environment with important implications for policies on health, food security, and fisheries sustainability.

Session Theme 18: How do island sovereignty and conservation relate to each other? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Sovereignty, Conservation, Sovereignty, and Ecological Futures ALEXANDER MAWYER1, JERRY JACKA2

(1) University of Hawai‘i Mānoa, Center for Pacific Islands Studies, Honolulu, USA (2) University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Anthropology, Boulder, USA

In this paper, we puzzle the way that sovereignty has been a sketchily present dynamic in conservation discourses. In the case of the world’s many island communities whose colonial histories extend into the present in virtually every domain, silences around sovereignty in conservation contexts are particularly notable for the way they suggest the enduring domination of local communities by distant metropoles. In this article, we provide a review of several critical issues in Pacific Islands’ contexts--biosecurity, food security, intellectual and material property rights, and protected areas--that highlight the importance of conceptualizing sovereignty beyond the state to better enhance conservation outcomes. The novel approach we take in regards to these problems is to encourage conservation practitioners to more deeply engage with the “ecological futures” that indigenous and local island communities are weaving in a period of active (re)articulations of sovereignty in conception, legal constitution, and everyday engagements with island environments.

Session Theme 18: How do island sovereignty and conservation relate to each other? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Overcoming the tyranny of distance? Implications of the information and communication revolution for the conservation and sustainable management of Pacific Island fisheries BROOKE CAMPBELL1

(1) Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security (ANCORS), University of

Wollongong, NSW, 2522 Australia The information and communication revolution has reached the Pacific Islands, but what does this mean for the sustainability of the region’s fisheries resources, and for the people who rely on these fisheries for their social, economic, and environmental well-being? Advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) such as improved availability and connectivity of mobile phone and internet, navigation tools, electronic monitoring and reporting, and new software architectures are already transforming resource governance in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries around the world. However, the implications of ICT for island countries, particularly in the context of supporting sustainable fisheries governance, remain virtually unassessed. This has particular consequences for developing Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs), which are geographically remote both within and between States, and which are home to some of the most fisheries-dependent people in the world. This presentation provides an overview of current and emerging trends in fisheries-related ICT in the Pacific region, and identifies some of the challenges and opportunities that these innovations may present to fisheries managers and government policy-makers in context. The presentation then briefly considers the ability of current fisheries governance structures to identify and support positive ICT innovations in Pacific Islands and to prepare, respond and adapt to the risks. This analysis contributes to the limited knowledge base about fisheries-related ICT impacts in the Pacific region and supports the development of more adaptive and sustainable fisheries management policies.

Session Theme 18: How do island sovereignty and conservation relate to each other? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Provisioning Crows: Ecologies of Hope in the Mariana Islands THOM VAN DOOREN1

(1) School of Historical and Philosophical Inquiry, University of Sydney Now extinct on the island of Guam, the Aga or Mariana Crow can only be found on the small island of Rota. There too, its numbers are in serious decline, driven by a range of factors including habitat loss and introduced predators. But direct and deliberate persecution by local Chamorro people is also a major component of this story. Driven both by frustration and a practical desire to keep crows off their lands—to avoid the conservation restrictions on livelihoods and land practices that are now bound up with these feathery bodies—many local people have taken to killing aga, or at the very least removing their nesting and food trees. As one Chamorro man succinctly put it to me in an interview: “Our development has been held back because of these issues.” Another added: “We’re living in a primitive age again.” Taking the Aga as a guide, this paper explores these interfaces of development and conservation on Rota through a specific lens, that of hope. Tracking some of the many modes of imagining and enacting futures that local people and the crows themselves are taking up, this paper offers an understanding of hope as an ecological and worldly proposition, crafted in and through specific webs of understanding and relating that enable possibilities to take root, and perhaps even thrive, in the world.

Session Theme 18: How do island sovereignty and conservation relate to each other? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Island Life at the Edge of an Empire: The Biopolitics of Disaster Response in Puerto Rico SARAH MARIE WIEBE1, JENNIFER LAWRENCE2, ASTRID V. PÉREZ PIÑÁN3

(1) University of Hawai‘i, Mānoa, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA (2) Virginia Tech, 531 Major Williams Hall 0130, 220 Stanger St. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA,

24061, USA (3) Faculty of Social and Human Development, University of Victoria, Lekwungen Territory, School

of Public Administration, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada

When hurricane Maria tore through Puerto Rico on September 20th 2017, systemic conditions of environmental violence and settler-colonialism were unveiled. Puerto Rico’s invisible geography within America was thrust into public view, inviting an assessment of the collision of disastrous governance and ongoing slow violence that complicate conceptualizations of core-periphery relations in the colonial present (Wiebe 2016, Nixon 2011). A “biopolitical disaster” lens (Lawrence & Wiebe 2017) illuminates how Puerto Rico is constructed as a socio-technical site: conceptualized as an island at the edge of American empire, foundational to the governing objectives of the state, while simultaneously excluded from its provisions. Discussing disaster management as a technology of governance, we examine political speech and media coverage to interrogate how Hurricane Maria has been discursively framed as an exceptional, spectacular, and catastrophic event (Foucault 1981, 2000; van Dijk 2001). In contention with predominant narratives that Puerto Rico simply suffers from “bad infrastructure,” “owes Wall Street money,” and as troubled due to its geopolitical location as “an island in the middle of the ocean,” we demonstrate how these speech acts reveal asymmetrical power relations and facilitates settler-colonialism (Coulthard 2014). Bridging scholarship on disaster studies, biopolitics,, and science and technology studies (Fortun 1998, Kimura, A. 2017; Kimura S. 2016; Knowles, 2014; Kullberg 1989, Petryna 2013; Rose 2007), we document the biopolitics of disaster as a legacy of American imperialism, which affect and shape the conditions experienced in Puerto Rico (Moore 2017). After introducing Puerto Rico’s relationship to the United States, we demonstrate how a biopolitical disaster framework reveals the underlying conditions that structure disastrous events through administrative entanglements of life and death, which include assemblages of gender, knowledge, and security. Our conclusion engages counternarratives of those resisting the predominant portrayals of Puerto Rico and envisions alternative ways to imagine island relations and decolonial futures.

Session Theme 18: How do island sovereignty and conservation relate to each other? Tuesday, April 17, 2018 (1:30 PM - 5:00 PM) Koi Room +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Kīpuka Kuleana: Restoring Reciprocity and Responsibility to Land Tenure and Resource Use in Hawai’i MEHANA VAUGHAN1

(1) University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 1910 East-West RoadSherman Laboratory 101, Honolulu, HI

96822 How are relationships with land and resources built upon obligations to care for, restore, and protect them? On the rural Hawaiian island of Kauaʻi, native Hawaiian community fishing practices and land tenure were based on principles of mutual care taking, reciprocity, and sharing in interacting with nature as family. Building upon two decades of interviews with sixty Hawaiian elders, community leaders, fisher men and women, this research focuses on communities’ struggles to perpetuate and practice these principles in contemporary times. The first struggle is commodification and loss of access to coastal lands where these communities have lived for generations. Second is reasserting local governance based on ancestral values despite centralized state management which conflicts with these values. Despite these struggles, Hawaiian families on the north coast of Kauaʻi are resisting dispossession by finding creative ways to continue to exercise responsibilities that come with being of a place. I share ways in which families perpetuate connections to areas where they no longer own land by returning to harvest, hold reunions, care for the resting places of their ancestors, serve as guardians and pass on stories and lessons of home to their own children. In one area community, families have negotiated a stewardship agreement to restore taro patches their families once farmed on state park lands and to create local level fishing rules based on ancestral norms of responsible harvest. While community actions do not negate ongoing loss and injustice, these stories offer possibilities for restoring lost connections, growing new ones, and building models of local level governance and access that emphasize care taking rather than ownership. This research argues that sustainability is found not in technological solutions, but in sustained ability of communities to perpetuate relationships with and fulfill responsibilities to the beloved places that nourish them.