2009 AZA Giraffe Studbook - animaliaalouattasen.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/5/6/8956452/giraffestudbook2009... · 2 Introduction for the 2009 North American/Global Giraffe Studbook This

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2009 Giraffe Studbook

Giraffa camelopardalis

North American Regional / Global

Compiled by:

Laurie Bingaman Lackey Int'l Species Information System

With support from Disneys Animal Kingdom

+1 828 693-4336

+1 952 432-2757 fax [email protected]

Data current as of 31 Dec 2009

mailto:[email protected]

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Introduction for the 2009 North American/Global Giraffe Studbook

This is the seventh edition of the Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis, North American Regional Studbook, with additional data comprising an global dataset. Data from 1824 to December 2009 are included. All nine giraffe subspecies are included in the studbook data. Seven of the nine subspecies are currently in a collection. Living camelopardalis and thornicrofti are not currently represented in zoos. I would be grateful to hear of new data, additional historical data or mistakes in the data. Sections Available Include: Introduction and Analysis, page 2

Data Sources Natural History & History in Captivity Studbook Headings Reproductive Parameters (oldest, youngest, most offspring, twinning) Rearing & Viability Analysis Effect of inbreeding on calf mortality Weights Longevity records Research (AI, DNA, Contraception)

Regional counts page 27 All living animals, by location 29 Historical Studbook 327 Location Glossary 996 Bibliography 1053 Disclaimer 1072 Other information is included on the WAZA/ISIS Studbook library DVD.

o Survey of Facilities as of 1992 by Sally K. Petrella, Detroit Zoo o Research paper: Giraffe Hoof Maintenance at the Cameron Park Zoo o Rod Easts IUCN report o Giraffe physiological references o Giraffe vocalization .wav files, courtesy of Tony Barthel, Disneys Animal

Kingdom

Please print this only in unusual circumstances!

2009 AZA Giraffe studbook

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Data Sources: Data was compiled using the following resources:

International Species Information System (ISIS) Data provided by institutions, entered into ISIS' Animal Record Keeping

System (ARKS) Historical data in the form of ledgers, newspaper clippings, annual reports

and letters Marvin Jones, Registrar Emeritus, San Diego Zoo, who provided invaluable data

from the logbook from the USDA Quarantine Station, Clifton, NJ (August 1958 - September 1978).

The European/EAZA studbook keeper: Mr. Tim Rowlands, Chester Zoo, England. [email protected] Formerly Mr. Marc Damen of the Zodiac Zoo group in Overloon, Netherlands.

The Japanese/JAZGA studbook keeper, Mr. Masato Yoshihara of Tama Zoo, Tokyo. [email protected] Formerly Mr. Shigemi Shichiri, Mr. Mizuki Karasawa of Tama Zoo, Tokyo.

The Australasian/ARAZPA studbook keeper, Mrs. Lorraine Jolly of Victorias Open Range Zoo, Werribee. [email protected]

Data was assembled using the ISIS SPARKS studbook software, version 1.56. If discrepancies existed between the information available from institutions, notes were entered into the Special Data section for the animal in question. Notes on Subspecies Identification The subspecies noted in the studbook are based on the founder animals subspecies designation determined by the importing zoo. Some of this information has been disproved by DNA analysis. Rothschildi: Hemmingford's 636 Brigit, 642 Louise, 643 Wrinkles, 644 Graf and 681 Lucky were all imported to North America from Longleat, England. They are currently considered to be founders, although provenance and parentage are unknown. Rockton's 680 Tom and 630 Teresa were imported to North America from Woburn, England. They are currently considered to be founders, although provenance and parentage are unknown. NY Bronx's 1.2 founders, 449 Alfie, 448 Penelope and 450 Gertrude, were originally recorded by the zoo as rothschildi. However, the USDA logs for the Clifton quarantine facility as well as the PPEQ forms at Bronx report these animals as reticulata. Pictures from NY Bronx confirm these animals to be rothschildi (Dec 96). Camelopardalis: Houston's 1.1 founders 239 Hi-Cecil and 243 Hi-Cecilia were originally recorded by the zoo as camelopardalis. However, the USDA logs for the Clifton quarantine facility report these animals as reticulata. PPEQ forms are not available. Analysis of pictures supports identification as reticulata. As of July 96 these animals are considered to be reticulata. The USDA quarantine facility at Clifton, New Jersey, had 210 giraffe pass through it. In all but the above 5 cases, the Clifton logs, the PPEQ forms (when available) and the institution records match in regards subspecies.

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Natural History

Systematics Giraffe are in the Order Artiodactyla, Suborder Ruminantia, Infraorder Pecora, Family Giraffidae, sub-family Giraffinae. There are two living giraffids, the okapi, Okapi johnstoni and the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis. Based primarily on patterns of trunk spots and association with a particular geographic region, there are currently nine recognized subspecies (Ansell, 1968.) Disagreement remains to the extent to which these are genetically distinct. Nubian giraffe - G. c. camelopardalis - type locality Ethiopia. Distribution -

eastern Sudan and Eritrea. West African giraffe - G. c. peralta - type locality near Lokija, at and

probably north of the Niger and Benur Rivers in Nigeria (Happold, 1969.) Distribution - northern Nigeria.

Kordofan giraffe - G. c. antiquorum - type locality south of Senaar, Sudan (Allen, 1939.) Distribution - western Sudan.

Reticulated giraffe - G. c. reticulata - type locality the Loroghi Mountains in Kenya. Distribution - northeastern Kenya, Ethiopia, and Somalia.

Rothschild's (Baringo) giraffe - G. c. rothschildi - type locality west of Lake Baringo, Kenya (Lydekker, 1908.) Distribution - western Kenya and eastern Uganda.

Masai giraffe - G. c. tippelskirchi - type locality Tareta, Kenya. Distribution - Tanzania and southern Kenya.

Thornicroft giraffe - G. c. thornicrofti - type locality Petarke, Eastern Province, Northern Zambia. Distribution - Luangwa Valley.

Angolan giraffe - G. c. angolensis - type locality by the Cunene River 240 kms. southwest of Humbe, Angola. Distribution - southern Angola.

South African giraffe - G. c. giraffa - type locality Cape of Good Hope. Distribution - southeastern Zimbabwe, southern Mozambique.

Status and Distribution of Wild Populations Giraffe are widespread in Africa south of the Sahara, in open woodlands and wooded grasslands wherever browse is available. Although they ranged over all Africa 10,000 years ago, giraffe became extinct in North Africa and the Sahara as the climate changed and most of the region became the desert it remains today. Rock paintings demonstrate that giraffes were once widespread in what is now total desert (Kingdon, 1979.) They vanished from Egypt more than 4,000 years ago and Morocco about 1,400 years ago.

They did, however, continue to flourish in sub-Saharan Africa until recently and are still relatively common in East and South Africa, although their distribution in West Africa has been fragmented by poaching (Pellew, 1984.) Although not currently listed in CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) nor by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, they are protected in most countries of occurrence. As modern weapons replace traditional forms of hunting, they are considered vulnerable to human exploitation and increasing populations. The Nubian subspecies (G. c. camelopardalis) is considered to be rare (Calle and Bournmann, 1988) and Rothschild's (G. c. rothschildi) has a restricted range and relatively


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small number (Burton and Pearson, 1987.) According to a recent IUCN report, there are currently approximately 95,000 giraffe in Africa in the countries of Kenya (>40,000), Tanzania (30,700), South Africa (>7900), Zambia (>1000), Chad (820+), Republic of Congo (280), Mali (


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dominant bull present will readily displace any subordinate male, usually by facing or walking toward him. Breeding occurs throughout the year, though there is often a peak associated with seasonal nutritional variation that differs according to geographic location (Hall-Martin et al., 1975.) Gestation is approximately 14.5 months with an average interval between births of about 20 months (Pellew, 1984.) During the first year of life, calf mortality is as high as 75% due to predation (Foster, 1977.) Calves are generally weaned at 15 months (male) and 17 months for females (Pellew, 1984.) Giraffes are primarily active in the hours just after dawn and just before dusk but can spend 16 to 20 hours per day feeding, with the hot midday spent ruminating and resting. Activity at night is dependent on the phase or brightness of the moon, more activity occurring on brighter nights. A wide variety of plant foods is eaten, depending on local and seasonal availability. Generally, fresh foliage is preferred and, in season, seedpods, vines and fruits may also be eaten. Giraffes are often associated with species of acacia and mimosa and, though capable of surviving without fresh water for several days, do need water to live.

Recent distribution of the giraffe in sub-Saharan Africa, within historic times (outlined with dotted lines, after Krumbiegel, 1939), at present (outlined with solid lines), and at three fossil sites (marked X). Type localities of the nine recognized subspecies are shown by triangles: A, G.c. camelopardalis; B, G.c. antiquorum; C, G. c. peralta; D, G.c. reticulata; E, G.c. rothschildi; F, G.c. tippelskirchi; G, G.c. thornicrofti; H, G.c. angolensis; and I, G.c. giraffa.

(From Dagg, A.I. 1971. Giraffa camelopardalis. Mammalian Species 5:1-8)


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A short history of giraffes in captivity Giraffes have been in captivity for a very long time - haltered figures appear among the art adorning Tutankhamen's tomb constructed in the 14th century BC. One of the earliest written accounts dates to 525 AD and concerns the King of Ethiopia's pets. Giraffes, in the form of state gifts, began appearing outside continental Africa over 500 years ago. One animal, presented to the third emperor of China in 1414 AD, walked over 3000 miles from East Africa. The modern history of the giraffe in captivity began in 1826 when the Pasha of Egypt presented a two year old Nubian apiece to the King of France, the Emperor of Austria and King George IV of England, accompanied by retinues of keepers and milk cows. Further animals to Europe followed. The first calf in Europe was born in London in June, 1839. Rufus Welch of New Berlin, New York imported the first two giraffes in the United States in March 1837. They were brought into the port of Boston and subsequently appeared in the travelling menageries that were so popular in this age. They each lived for four to five years. These animals were followed by a few others over the next decade. The first giraffes in North American zoos were 0.0.3 imported for the Central Park menagerie in 1872, 1.5 for the Philadelphia Zoo in 1874, and 1.1 for the Cincinnati Zoo in 1878. The first birth of a giraffe in North America occurred on 20 October 1889 at the Cincinnati Zoo. This calf lived only five days as the dam would not nurse it. Further births occurred there in 1900 and 1910. In March 1914, a female Nubian was born at the winter quarters of the Barnum & Bailey Circus in Bridgeport, Connecticut, followed by births there in 1914 and 1916. From 1920-1950, 30 additional calves were produced at the Bronx, Detroit, Brookfield, San Diego, National, Milwaukee, Columbus and San Antonio Zoos.


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STUDBOOK HEADINGS Stud#: Animal's permanent studbook number. For the first edition of the studbook, these were assigned chronologically. Subsequent numbers are assigned as animals are made known to the studbook keeper. Each institution should enter these into ARKS for all animals that they have held. Animals are assigned a studbook number according to their first region. Additional studbook numbers are listed below the first one, if others exist.

AZA studbook numbers are pure numbers. EAZA studbook numbers follow the pattern of x-xxxx Japanese studbook numbers are preceded by the letters A - G Australasian studbook numbers are preceded by the letters AS. Animals that do not yet have a permanent number are preceded by an X.

Sex: M for male, m for castrated or vasectomized male, F for female, f for contracepted female, U for unknown sex. Birthdate: Animal's birthdate. A tilde mark, '~', before a date indicates that it is approximate. '??' indicates that the date is unknown. All imported animals are considered to be 1-2 years of age at import, depending on the time of year at import. Exceptions are those with specific capture information or those with height/weight data. Sire and Dam: Studbook numbers for the animal's sire and dam. 'UNK' if unknown. 'MULT' if several candidates have been identified. Details appear in the Comments section. Location: The institution that has acquired the animal. If the animal is no longer traceable by the studbook keeper, 'ltf' (lost-to-followup) will appear to the right of the last known location. Date: The date on which an animal arrived at a location. A tilde mark, '~', before a date indicates that it is approximate. '??' indicates that the date is unknown. Local ID: The location's local ID, often its ISIS number or house name. Event: Birth, Transfer (physical move with corresponding ownership change), Loan (physical move without ownership change), Ownership (ownership change without physical move), Death. Name: Animal's house name(s), in the order in which they were given. If several animals at one institution have had the same name, an identifier has been added to avoid confusion. Ex: Jim 1, Jim 2, Jim 3. Subsp: Best knowledge of an animals subspecific designation. DNA analysis for the North American population has shown that animals formerly labeled reticulata or rothschildi are actually a mixed population. They are currently managed as a retic/roth complex. Hybrid animals may have been imported in the 1950s-1980s and/or some animals were mis-identified at importation.


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Notes on reproductive parameters Average gestation period of 450 days (range of 400-488) Youngest sires at calfs conception: *-0057: Adam at Copenhagen, at 1 year, 2 months, 17 days 5-3505 Nio at Dvur Kralove, at 1 year, 9 months, 6 days 3040 at 1 year, 7 months, 30 days 2-0560: Badyl at Poznan, at 1 year, 8 months, 5 days *-3082: Rais at Saarbrucken at 1 year, 9 months, 20 days *-3521: Kim at Le Pal, at 1 year, 10 months 949: John at Columbia, at 1 year, 10 months, 16 days A419: Haruni at Tama, at 1 year, 10 months, 16 days Youngest dams at first birth: A242: Masako at Tama, at 2 years, 3 months, 10 days. Conceived at

15 months. Gave birth to 2 months premature calf. 5-1012: Helle at Aalborg, at 2 years, 6 months, 21 days.

Conceived at ~1 years, 5 months. 4-3652: Julie B at Dvur Kralove, at 2 years, 8 months, 15 days.

Conceived at ~1 year, 7 months. 362: Hedy at Colorado Springs, at 2 years, 11 months, 22 days.

Conceived at ~1 year, 10 months. 0-0426: Astra II at Roma, at 3 years, 1 month, 5 days. Conceived

at ~1 year, 11 months. A266: Tamahime at Tama, at 3 years, 1 month, 7 days. Conceived at

~1 year, 11 months. 0-2334: Ida at St Petersburg, at 3 years, 1 month, 24 days.

Conceived at ~1 year, 11 months. Oldest sires to have sired a calf (at conception): 4-0240: Malchik at St Petersburg, at ~26 years 5-0895: Cornelius at Lyon, at 25 years, 10 months, 14 days 5-1820: George at Kronberg, at ~25 years 1-0815: Lamy at Paris, at ~25 years A45: Takao at Osaka, at ~25 years 1271: Henry at West Palm Beach, at ~25 years B1: Takao at Sapporo, at ~25 years 5-0844: Zaire at Budapest, at 24 years, 10 months, 14 days Oldest dams to have given birth: 174: Pet at Colorado Springs, at ~32 years 205: Bonnie at Dallas, at ~30 years A53: Harukaze at Tama, at ~29 years 236: Rosie at Dallas, at ~29 years 506: Ginger at SD-WAP, at 29 years, 2 months 204: Harriet at Honolulu, at 29 years, 1 month, 18 days 235: Sue at Dallas, at ~29 years 480 Mombassa at Oakland, at ~29 years


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Largest number of offspring:

Males

438: Camelo at Colorado Springs had 59.35 (94) calves with 15 females

5-0626: Caesar at Arnhem had 36.26 (62) calves with 14 females A38: Takatarou at Tama had 29.29.1 (59) calves with 11 females 706: Bill II at Denver had 30.20.1 (51) calves with 6 females 1448: Badala at SD-WAP had 23.24.1 (48) calves with 9 females A112: Kikutaka at Tama had 28.17 (45) calves with 13 females 1340: Ellis at Busch had 19.23.1 (43) calves with 12 females A304: Taitahiru at Tama had 20.21 (42) calves with 16 females 1-0815: Lamy at Paris had 21.18.1 (40) calves with 8 females A127: Nyukenia at Misaki had 17.21 (39) calves with 6 females 1274: Laikipia at Colo Springs had 20.17 (37) calves with 13

females

Females

1-1290: Lama at Paris had 7.9.1 (17) calves (1 stillborn, 5 died 1 year 506: Ginger at San Diego had 6.10 (16) calves (1 stillborn, 2

died


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TWINNING There have been 6883 single births and 26 sets of twins (0.4% of pregnancies).

134 & 135: Stillborn male and female on 21 Aug 1943 at San

Francisco. 877 & 878: Male and female on 28 Mar 1975 at Hemmingford, male

lived 10 years, female ltf. 1-1278 & 1-1279: Premature females born 24 May 78 at Paris (to

Gouda). 1391 & 1392: Premature males on 12 Oct 83 at Colo Springs. 1680 & 1681: Males born on 19 Aug 88 at Busch Tampa. Lived

until 2 Oct 88 and 21 May 89. 4-2120 & 4-2121: Unknown sex calves on 14 Nov 88 at Dvur

Kralove. X1984 & X1985: Male and female on 2 Jun 86 at Paris (to

Gouda). Male lived 8 years, female ltf. 1-2169 & 1-2170: Male and female on 24 Jul 89 at Paris (to

Gouda). Male stillborn, female still living. 5-2245 & 5-2246: Premature male and female on 2 Jul 90 at

BerlinTP AS216 & AS217: Males born on 6 Aug 90 at Auckland. Lived 0, 4

days. A577 & A578: Male and female on 27 Jun 92 at Saitama Childrens

Zoo, died same day. 4-2545 & 4-2546: Males on 26 Apr 94 at Duisburg, sent to Wuhan

China. A638 & A639: Males on 20 Dec 94 at Morioka, died same day. 5-2609 & 5-2610: Male and female on 6 Mar 95 at Augsburg. Male

still living, female stillborn. AS250 & AS251: Stillborn male and female on 27 Dec 95 at Dubbo

(to Mutangi). X4252 & X4255: Female and unknown sex on 31 Aug 97 at Yong In. AS271 & AS272: Premature unknown sex on 25 May 1999 at Dubbo (to

Mutangi).. 5-2990 & 5-2991: Male and female on 21 Sep 99 at Olomouc, still

living. 5-3071 & 5-3072: Stillborn male and female on 29 Aug 2000 at

Belfast. X4343 & X4344: Stillborn male and female on 23 Mar 2002 at

Johannesburg. 5-3368 & 5-3369: Males on 27 June 2002 at Arnhem, died same day. *-3329 & *-3330: Male and female on 15 Jul 2003 at Marwell. *-3554 & *-3555: Males on 19 June 2005 at Marwell, stillborn,

lived 1 day. 2-3764 & 2-3765: Male and female on 27 Feb 2007, still living. 3161 & 3162: Premature males on 9 Apr 2007 at Brownsville. 3372 & 3373: Premature unknown sex on 6 Oct 2007 at Caldwell.


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REARING AND VIABILITY

Viability: Lived Died Died > 1 year < 1 year < 30 days

Rearing: Parent 4715 78% 509 8% 802 13%

Hand 221 55% 57 14% 122 31% Foster 7 58% 2 17% 3 25% Supplemental 9 90% 1 10% 0 0% None (stillborn) 437 100%

Unknown 49 100%

---------- --------- ---------

Average 4953 72% 569 8% 1413 20%

Males begin breeding at age 3 and can continue until age 26, although most breeding occurs between the ages of 8-20. Male calves that survive the 1st year of life have a 12 year life expectancy at that point. 75% of males will live 16 years. Females begin breeding at age 3 and can continue until age 32, although most breeding occurs between the ages of 6-25. Female calves that survive the 1st year of life have a 16 year life expectancy. 75% of females will live 22 years.


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Effects of inbreeding in giraffe on 1st year and 30-day mortality Jan 1960 June 2001

Effects of inbreeding on

European giraffe (N = 2403)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

F =

0

>0 a

nd =.1

25 a

nd =.2

5 an

d =.3

75

inbreeding level

mor

talit

y ra

te

1st yearmortality(males)

1st yearmortality(females)

30 daymortality

Effects of inbreeding on North American giraffe (N = 2392)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

F =

0

>0 a

nd =.1

25 a

nd =.2

5 an

d =.3

75

inbreeding level

mor

talit

y ra

te



30 daymortality

Effects of inbreeding on Japanese giraffe (N = 1056)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0 >0 and=.25

inbreeding level

mor

talit

y ra

te



30 daymortality

Effects of inbreeding on Australasian giraffe (N = 220)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

0 >0 and=.25

inbreeding level

mor

talit

y ra

te



30 daymortality


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Giraffe weights

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30 40

Age

kilo

gram

s

malesfemales

Laurie Bingaman LackeyNorth American giraffe studbook

Neonatal giraffe weightsfor 29.20 calves

3732

6357

89 90

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Males Females

kilogr

ams

maximum

minimum

average


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LONGEVITY RECORDS

Oldest males (dead) F1 Takao Ueno ~29 years WB in captivity ~28 years 318 Topper San Diego 28 years WB in captivity ~27 years 1002 Tano Dallas 28 years, 5 months, 27 days CB 5-0895 Cornelius Lyon 27 years, 9 months, 3 days CB 1120 Mort W Palm Beach 27 years, 6 months, 20 days CB 4-0240 Malchik St Peters ~27 years WB in captivity ~24.5 years 1299 Ajax Detroit 27 years, 23 days CB 1-0815 Lamy Paris ~27 years WB in captivity ~26 years 519 Vagabond Fresno ~26 years WB in captivity ~25 years Oldest males (living as of Dec 2009) 5-1820 George Kronberg ~27 years WB G41 Daisaku Tohoku Pk 25 years, 6 months CB 0-3387 Rocco Roma ~24 years WB 5-1885 Kimali Raperswil 24 years CB 1535 Clancy GardenCity 23 years, 9 months 1585 Stretch Dickerson 22 years, 11 months CB 1591 Mike NY Bronx 22 years, 10 months CB 5-1982 George Hannover 22 years, 8 months CB 1597 Akeem Portland 22 years, 8 months CB Oldest females (dead) 254 Sexta Metrozoo ~40 years WB in captivity ~37 years 236 Rosie San Antonio ~37 years WB in captivity ~34 years AS23 Tiny Perth ~36 years WB in captivity 36 years 255 Dutchess II Seattle ~36 years, 5 months WB in captivity ~33 years 561 Jane Colo Springs ~35 years WB in captivity for ~33 years 174 Pet Colorado Sp ~35 years WB in captivity ~32 years 266 Cleo San Fran ~35 years WB in captivity for ~32 years 235 Sue Dallas ~35 years WB in captivity for ~32 years 205 Bonnie Dallas ~34 years WB in captivity for ~33 years 808 Hildy Dallas 33 years, 11 months, 2 days Oldest females (living as of Dec 2009) 887 Clara Bronx 34 years, 7 months CB 988 Julie Asheboro 32 years, 10 months CB 992 Daisy San Antonio 31 years, 7 months CB A250 Takako Okinawa Z 30 years, 8 months CB A275 Takako Higashi M 29 years, 6 months CB 0-1501 Molly Kristians ~28 years WB 1218 Becky Colo Springs 29 years 1783 Nuby Puebla 28 years, 9 months

CB=captive born, WB=wildborn


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RESEARCH

Artificial Insemination: A female calf was produced by artificial insemination at the B-Seven Ranch Wildlife Research Center in Texas in July 1993. She lived until November 1994. A second calf was reported to have been produced. Research request for study material: Nikos Solounias, PhD Chair, Dept of Anatomy The New York College of Osteopathic Medicine The New York Institute of Technology Old Westbury, Long Island, NY 11568 USA phone (516)626-6944 x6966 FAX (516)626-6936 E-mail [email protected] Dr. Solounias is a vertebrate paleontologist working on the evolution of the giraffe and its relationship to extinct giraffids and the okapi. He would like to dissect, on site, the deep musculature and ligaments of a giraffe neck, diaphragm and thorax. Contact him if material may come available or euthanasia is scheduled so that he may arrive at your institution in a timely fashion.

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DNA: Several research projects looking at giraffe DNA have been completed. These were based at the London Zoo, Omaha Zoo, California State University at Hayward (results below), and the University of California at Los Angeles. DNA Project Summary March 2000 Chris Baysdorfer, PhD, California State University at Hayward Caveats: The population sampled was limited to captive North American animals, but also included several European

and South American animals. All results are applicable to tested animals only - a wide sampling of animals in the wild would change some, but not all, aspects of the results.

The results refer only to an analysis of mitochondrial DNA - a useful stretch of DNA to work with but not reflective of all of the diversity in a population.

The analysis assumes accurate pedigrees and accurate identification of subspecies at time of import. The tree is a graphic representation of genetic relationships between organisms. The closer you are on the tree, the tighter the relationship. So, for example, Group B ret and Group C roth are both at the end of the same branch and have exactly the same sequence. These two, in turn, are related to animals on a branch that contains Groups A and E ret as well as other samples. There are 9 sequence differences between these. The branches on this tree are highly supported (bootstrap values all above 90%) meaning that the reliability is pretty good. To assess the reliability of this work, I included "duplicate" samples. These are different animals from the same maternal lineage that should have exactly the same sequence of DNA. For 11 of these this was true but for 3 this was not true. For example, 2449 had a different sequence than either 2331 (his mother) or 1932 (his aunt). Potential explanations for this include mixed-up samples, contaminated PCR reactions, or an incorrect pedigree. These animals are being re-collected and will be re-run. Weve identified several additional uncollected maternal lines and will be contacting zoos for this material. Results: For the animals tested, angolensis is genetically distinct. For the animals tested, most or all masai are genetically distinct. There is a real problem with their diversity.

"Group A tip" contains 5 different maternal lineages, tracing to 3 imports that occurred in 1961, 1966 and 1984. Yet they all have the same sequence. There is only one other confirmed masai lineage.

For the animals tested, retics are a reasonably diverse lot. There are 6+ major groups from the first subset of animals tested. More lines will be tested.

For the animals tested), roths are not genetically distinct for the DNA tested from retics. This is easily seen in the Group B ret/Group C roth branch, these animals have exactly the same sequence. This is also seen in the branch containing the rest of the roths (Group A,B) together with other retics.

Interpretation at this point: Masai are probably genetically distinct from retics, but this will take more analysis, especially of wild animals, to confirm. The genetic "distinctness" between this group and the others is not out of line with those found between "subspecies" of other mammals. Captive roths are indistinct genetically from retics and are a recent offshoot from one group of retics. This doesnt mean that there are no phenotypic or genetic differences between these, its just that the DNA differences are not major. While it is possible that wild roths could be found that form a separate group, the fact is that the captive ones do not. Should these be considered a different subspecies? I would say that here it is up to the individuals who feel they should be maintained separately to make the case, not the other way around. [ Note that the level of sequence difference on the tree for okapi is actually in the 150 range]


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Okapi 476

1358 ret

Group A roth

Group B roth

1557 tip

Group C ret

Group D ret

1994 ret

1796 ret

Group E ret

2449 tip

Group A ret

Group B ret

Group C roth

2236 tip

Group A tip

1406 ang

Group A ang5 changes

33

17

5 1

1

13

18

9

8

2

1

3

9

28

2

22

4

3


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Summary of Research Report: Subspecific Assessment of Giraffe in the North American Captive Population

Compared to Extant Giraffe Populations across Africa Using Nuclear Genetic Marker Analyses

R. A. Brenneman, PhD

Omaha Zoo March 2004

Approximately 25% of the North American captive giraffe population (n = 125) was compared to a large data set of wild-sampled giraffe (n = 403) from 28 national parks, refuges, and protected areas in Africa. The wild-sampled individuals are a part of a larger collaborative study being conducted by the International Giraffe Working Group (IGWG) towards the resolution of questions regarding the evolution, population genetics, ecology, behavior, census, and ranges of extant populations of giraffe throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. The samples were screened across a battery of 16 published microsatellite loci (Huebinger et al., 2002) and one novel locus (unpublished). Population genetic parameters were estimated using GenePop v.3.2 (Raymond and Roussett, 1995) and FSTAT v.2.9.3 (Goudet, 1995; 2001). Population assignment analyses were performed using two programs possessing different statistical philosophies: WHICHRUN v.4.1 (Banks and Eichert, 2000), a maximum likelihood-based populations assignment algorithm, and STRUCTURE v.2.1 (Prichard et al., 2000), a Bayesian population assignment and admixture assessment algorithm considering posterior probabilities. The results obtained from both methods were consistent in their assignments. Based on the sampling of the captive population, the samples received and classified as Maasai are in agreement with the Maasai populations of southeastern Kenya. The results show that the Reticulated and Rothschilds giraffe subspecific representatives in the captive population are largely not in agreement with the pure subspecies based on the genetic architecture of the populations as sampled today across the accepted ranges of these giraffe subspecies in Africa. There is little genetic differentiation overall and substantial misclassification based on genetic analyses among captive Reticulated, Rothschilds, and those classified by pedigree as hybrids between these two subspecies. From the population assignment and admixture analyses, the captive animals classified as Reticulated, Rothschilds, and hybrids between the two, should in general be considered hybrids of the Reticulated and Rothschilds subspecies as seen today in Kenya. The sources of the suspected error are most likely in the subspecific misclassifications assigned to some founders of the captive population based on but not limited to 1) assignment prior to the complete taxonomic classifications we recognize today (Dagg and Foster, 1976), 2) incomplete capture location records relative to accepted subspecies ranges, 3) subjective pelage pattern assessment, or 4) captures taken from natural hybridization zones. Any founder that was misclassified to a subspecies and used in strict mating plans towards the development of todays captive population would produce hybrids as would the resulting progeny. There is ample evidence that this sort of error is not a reflection on todays Giraffe Studbook (Bingaman


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Lackey and Larue, 1997) or the holders of animals that by pedigree have been designated unambiguously pure subspecific representatives. References: Banks, M.A. and W. Eichert. (2000) WHICHRUN (Version 3.2) a computer program for

population assignment of individuals based on multilocus genotype data. J. Heredity. 91:87-89.

Bingaman Lackey, L. and R. LaRue. (1997) North American Regional Giraffe Studbook. North American Giraffe Species Survival Plan.

Dagg, A.I. and J.B. Foster. (1976) The giraffe: its biology, behavior and ecology. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company, Inc., Malabar, Florida 32950.

Goudet, J. (1995). FSTAT, a computer program to test F-statistics. J. Hered. 86:485-486. Goudet, J. (2001) FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices

(version 2.9.3). Available from http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html. Updated from Goudet (1995)

Huebinger, R. M., D. J. Pierson, T. W. DeMaar, D. M. Brown, R. A. Brenneman and E. E. Louis, Jr. (2002) Characterization of 16 microsatellite marker loci in the Maasai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi). Mol. Ecol. Notes. 2:531-533.

Prichard, J. K., M. Stephens and P. Donnelly. (2000) Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 155:945-959.

Raymond M. and F. Rousset. (1995) GENEPOP (version 1.2): population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J. Heredity, 86:248-249.

http://www.unil.ch/izea/softwares/fstat.html


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Contraception Please contact the Wildlife Contraception Center based at the St Louis Zoo.

Sally Boutelle [email protected] +1 (314) 646-4595 Fax: +1 (314) 646-5534

http://www.stlzoo.org/animals/scienceresearch/contraceptioncenter/ Summary at http://www.stlzoo.org/downloads/Artiodactyl.pdf Contact them for details.

ARTIODACTYL - UNGULATES Recommendations

(1) MGA implant (F) (2) MGA in feed (F)

(c) for giraffes and Nile hippos: 2.0-3.0 mg/day/animal (3) MGA liquid (daily doses as for MGA feed above) (F) (4) PZP vaccine (short term: 2-3 consecutive years) (F) (5) Depo-Provera injection (F)

Giraffe dose: 450 mg every 6 weeks; if estrus occurs, increase by increments of 100 mg;

NOTE: Establishing a correct dosage is hampered by unavailability of body weight measures for individual giraffe and hippos

(6) GnRH Agonists - Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonists are considered the safest reversible contraceptives, but dosages and duration of efficacy are not well established for all species; side effects are generally similar to those associated with gonadectomy, especially the potential for weight gain unless diet is controlled; they have not been effective in male artiodactyls (F)

Suprelorin (deslorelin) Implants (F) Lupron Depot Injection (F)

Cautions (1) Synthetic progestins may cause endometritis, pyometra and hydrometra (2) PZP may not be reversible after long-term use (>3 consecutive years) (3) Pregnant artiodactyls contracepted with progestins may be especially susceptible to

suppression of uterine contractions; progestins should only be administered to animals CONFIRMED not pregnant.

(4) Depo-Provera may be a particular problem in pregnant females, since length of efficacy is so variable (approximate range: 2-24 months)

(5) GnRH agonists are not effective in male bovids; effectiveness unknown for other artiodactyls (6) MGA feed and MGA liquid not recommended for suids; dose required for efficacy associated

with side-effects. The PZP Vaccine is not effective either, because it will not elicit an immune response in suids.

Research and Monitoring

(1) PZP with Freunds Incomplete Adjuvant, modified (2) SurveillanceSurveillance for deleterious effects

Contraception Survey Tissue Submission Form Pathology Adverse Reactions Report

THE USE OF ANY CONTRACEPTIVE IN NON-DOMESTIC ANIMALS IS CONSIDERED EXPERIMENTAL

(M=MALE-DIRECTED, F=FEMALE-DIRECTED METHOD)

mailto:[email protected]://www.stlzoo.org/animals/scienceresearch/contraceptioncenter/http://www.stlzoo.org/downloads/Artiodactyl.pdf


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THE AZA WILDLIFE CONTRACEPTION CENTER at the ST. LOUIS ZOO & THE CONTRACEPTION ADVISORY GROUP ANNOUNCE A NEW CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD, AVAILABLE AS PART OF AN EXPERIMENTAL TRIAL, IN COLLABORATION WITH PURINA

MILLS The Product The progestin melengestrol acetate (MGA) added to Mazuri ADF-16 Herbivore pellet for oral contraception of captive, exotic ungulates. This product provides an alternative contraceptive method particularly for ungulates housed and fed in mixed species/mixed sex herds. Two MGA concentrations will be offered to allow for delivery of the appropriate MGA dose to a variety of ungulate species. Recommended Use This product is considered suitable for species in the families bovids, giraffes, cervids, camelids and hippos. There is considerable historical data on the efficacy of oral MGA as a contraceptive method for domestic cattle, sheep and deer and recent data from use in a variety of captive bovids and cervids. Data from domestic species suggest that males and prepubertal animals are not harmed by MGA consumption at these levels. Information on Safety to Humans When used as directed, this product poses no health risk to humans. Domestic cattle are 240 times more sensitive to MGA than are humans, i.e., a human would have to ingest a dose 240 times higher than that ingested by cattle to have the same effect. The doses being recommended for exotic ungulates are within the range used for cattle. Purina Mills, Inc. believes its wet and dry feed products are not hazardous materials according to the OSHA Hazard Communications Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200 or the EPA Community Right-to-Know regulations. Therefore no Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) have been produced. If you have any questions about the Purina Mills MSDS program, please call Mr. Paul Luther at 314-768-4630. Information on Safety to Treated Animals As with all contraceptives used for exotic species, the oral administration of MGA to exotic ungulates must be considered experimental. MGA has been fed to domestic cattle for decades without untoward effects, which suggests that it should be generally safe for ruminants. However, exotic species have not been treated for more than 5 years, so possible longer term effects are not known. Also, species differences may apply. For these reasons, it is critical that records be kept on which feed product is used, amount of feed offered per day, date started, date ended, presence of male(s) in herd, signs of estrous behavior, birth dates of any offspring born, abortions, date of death if an individual dies and any other pertinent observations. These include results of any reproductive tract examinations or liver enzyme analysis of either MGA-treated and untreated animals, females and males. Records must be included annually in the Contraception Advisory Group Survey. The resulting data will form the basis of the FDA reports. Failure to submit the annual survey will result in suspension from the trial. Complete reproductive tracts are needed from contracepted (treated) and non-contracepted (control) females and males to determine whether there are any deleterious effects associated with the contraceptive. Reproductive tracts (collected during ovariohysterectomy, castration or necropsy) can be fixed in buffered formalin by immersion of the entire tract for 72 hrs if an incision is made in each horn or in the testis or ovary, making sure there is a ratio of 1 part tissue to 10 parts formalin. If sending the entire tract is impractical, send a description (or photos) of necropsy results, samples of all lesions (if any), 2 endometrial samples (be sure to include both caruncles and inter-caruncular areas) and both ovaries. We also request liver samples fixed in formalin. A brief summary of the reproductive history of each animal should be included Tissue samples (reproductive tract and liver) should be sent to Dr. Linda Munson at Dept.VM-PMI, 1126 Haring Hall, 1 Shields Ave, University of California, Davis, CA 95616. Phone: 530-754-7567, Fax: 530-752-3349. Latency to effectiveness and to reversal Keep females separate from males during the first week of feeding. Time to reversal is highly individual, but could be as little as two days, if the feed is not available or is not consumed.


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Use during pregnancy or lactation Because progestins can block uterine contractions, progestin contraception is not recommended for pregnant animals. However, progestins are believed to be safe for lactating females. Recommended doses The two concentrations are (product code): Mazuri ADF-16 0.1MA (#5ZA4), containing 0.1 mg MGA/lb Mazuri ADF-16 0.5MA (#5ZA5), containing 0.5 mg MGA/lb Either concentration alone or in combination may be used to achieve the recommended daily MGAdose/animal for your individual feeding program. If you would like assistance in determining an appropriate feeding plan please contact Jan Dempsey, St. Louis Zoo Nutritionist, at [email protected] or 314-781-0900 ext. 205. The following daily MGA doses are recommended: 0.5 mg MGA/day/animal - for species with body size smaller than an adult, female banteng. 1.0 mg MGA/day/animal - for species with body size similar to or larger than an adult, female banteng (about 800 lbs). NOTE: The maximum safe dose is considered to be more than 3 times that recommended here. Although progestin contraception can often be effective even when ovulation is not blocked, to ensure efficacy we recommend that the dose be sufficiently high to suppress estrous behavior. Please report observations of estrous behavior in treated animals to Cheryl Asa at [email protected], 314-768-5488 or fax: 314-768-5454, so that a higher dosage can be arranged. Amount to feed The amount of pellet and choice of concentration depends on the species, the body size and on your particular feeding program. The MGA herbivore pellet is intended to replace the regular herbivore pellet in your current diets. The pellet should still be fed in conjunction with hay, in an amount that meets the recommended minimum daily MGA dose while still meeting the nutritional needs of the animals. In general, ruminant herbivores have a daily diet intake of 1.5 4.0% body mass (BM), with larger species consuming food at a smaller percentage of BM than medium or small species. The amount of herbivore pellet to feed is based largely on the quality of hay fed, and the pellet is intended to correct the nutrient imbalances or deficits that might occur on a diet of only hay. Regular analysis of the nutrient content of your hay is highly recommended. It may be necessary to make adjustments in your current feeding regimens in order to deliver the appropriate dose of MGA via the new herbivore products. Current recommendations from zoo nutritionists suggest that medium to large size ruminant herbivores should receive 30-40% of the diet (by weight, as fed basis) as a nutritionally complete herbivore pellet and 60-70% of the diet (by weight, as fed basis) as hay. The type of hay(s) used (i.e., legume or grass hay, species of hay) in the diet is dependent on the nutrient content of the hay, the species being fed and hay types available in your area. The following chart provides examples using the two MGA concentrations with consequent MGA dose delivered for a variety of species. This is intended as an example only; the amount and which MGA concentration to feed may vary for your institution. If you would like assistance in determining an appropriate feeding plan, please contact Jan Dempsey, St. Louis Zoo Nutritionist, at [email protected] or 314-781-0900 ext. 205.

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Feed Chart Example Species

Sex

Amount of Herbivore pellet currently fed

Amount of 0.1 MGA feed to substitute

Amount of 0.5 MGA feed to substitute

0.1 mg/lb in feed

MGA dose per animal

0.5 mg/lb in feed

MGA dose per animal

Cuviers gazelle M 2.0 lbs. -- -- 2.0 lbs. 1.0 mg F 1.5 lbs. -- -- 1.5 lbs. 0.75 mg Arabian oryx M 2.5 lbs. -- -- 2.5 lbs 1.25 mg

F 2.5 lbs. -- -- 2.5 lbs. 1.25 mg Addax* M 5.0 lbs. 5.0 lbs. 0.5 mg -- -- F 4.0 lbs. 3.0 lbs. 0.3 mg 1.0 lbs 0.5 mg Bongo M 7.0 lbs. 7.0 lbs. 0.7 mg -- -- F 6.0 lbs. 6.0 lbs. 0.6 mg -- -- Bactrian camel M 8.0 lbs. 8.0 lbs. 0.8 mg -- -- F 7.0 lbs. 7.0 lbs. 0.7 mg -- -- Banteng* M 8.0 lbs. -- -- -- -- F 5.0 lbs. 3.75 lbs. 0.375 mg 1.25 lbs. 0.625 mg Giraffe M 25.0 lbs. 25.0 lbs 2.5 mg -- -- F 20.0 lbs. 20 lbs. 2.0 mg -- --

*Total MGA dose per female addax is 0.8 mg/day and per female banteng is 1.0 mg/day Keep females separated from males for the first week of feeding MGA, to be certain that the contraceptive has become effective. NOTE: Once you begin using MGA treated herbivore (either concentration) diet, you MUST feed it continuously, i.e., every day. If you miss feeding it for as few as two days, estrus and ovulation may occur. (A primary use of oral MGA in cattle is to synchronize estrus and ovulation upon its withdrawal). To Participate in the Study All participants will be required to submit annual Contraception Advisory Group surveys that will form the basis of the reports to FDA. The product will continue to be made available for purchase only to those institutions that submit surveys. Research Opportunities If your institution can collect feces weekly from known individuals for hormone analysis, please contact Dr. Joan Bauman, Saint Louis Zoo Endocrinologist, at [email protected] or 314-781-0900 ext. 762. If you are interested in participating in a feed consumption study, please contact Jan Dempsey, Saint Louis Zoo Nutritionist, at [email protected] or 314-781-0900 ext 205. Pricing Information The purchase price to your zoo is estimated at $19 - $22 per 50 lb. bag (depending on exact dealer pricing), which includes $1.00 per bag donated to the AZA Wildlife Contraception Center to support administrative and reporting costs. Ordering Information and Distribution Before placing your first order, you must register with the Wildlife Contraception Center (see attached registration form). The Center will then notify Purina Mills, Inc. that you are an approved buyer, so you will be able to make the purchase through your regular Purina product dealer.

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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REGISTRATION FOR PARTICIPATION IN AZA WILDLIFE CONTRACEPTION CENTER TRIALS OF MAZURI ADF-16 HERBIVORE PELLET WITH MELENGESTROL ACETATE (MGA) FOR CONTRACEPTION OF BOVIDS, CERVIDS, CAMELIDS, GIRAFFES, AND HIPPOS Date : Contact person: (Person who will be responsible for reporting) Institution:_____________________________________________________________________ Address: City ____________________________________________State______Zip Code____________ Purina Mills, Inc./Mazuri product dealer: Dealer Phone: Proposed Feeding Regimen and Species: Species_____________# of animals__ Product code____ Amount of feed/head By this application, the participating institution agrees to feed the contraceptive product only to approved species at the recommended dosage, and also agrees to submit annual surveys with information on animals that were treated during the preceding year, including scientific name, common name, ISIS #, birth date, sex, feed product code, amount of feed offered per day, date started, date ended, presence of male in herd, estrous behavior observed, birth dates of any offspring born, abortions, and date of death if individual dies. Submit this form to: Karen DeMatteo AZA Wildlife Contraception Center Saint Louis Zoo 1 Government Drive St. Louis, MO 63110


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Living Population


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2009 Regional Counts for Giraffe

Facilities Total M F Southern Africa

Kenya 1 2 1 1 South Africa 3 6 4 2 Tunisia 1 1 0 1 Zimbabwe 1 2 2 0 2009 - 4 countries, 6 facilities, 10 (5.6) animals

North America

Canada 9 37 13 24 United States 120 563 230 333 2009 - 2 countries, 129 facilities, 600 (243.357) animals

Europe

Austria 2 7 3 4 Belgium 5 22 9 13 Cyprus 1 2 2 0 Czech Republic 8 87 25 62 Denmark 7 44 13 31 France 26 149 69 80 Germany 27 136 52 84 Greece 1 3 3 0 Hungary 4 10 6 4 Italy 5 17 10 7 Kazakhstan 1 6 3 3 Latvia 1 4 4 0 Lithuania 1 2 2 0 Netherlands 8 62 19 43 Norway 1 4 2 2 Poland 8 36 20 16 Portugal 2 12 5 7 Russia 4 7 2 5 Serbia 2 5 2 3

Facilities Total M F Slovakia 1 3 3 0 Slovenia 1 5 5 0 Spain 12 37 22 15 Sweden 3 14 2 12 Switzerland 2 11 3 8 Turkey 1 1 1 0 Ukraine 1 2 2 0 2009 - 26 countries, 135 facilities, 688 (289.399) animals

Great Britain/Ireland

England 18 106 41 65 Ireland 2 15 4 11 Northern Ireland 1 6 1 5 Scotland 1 3 1 2 Wales 1 3 3 0 2009 - 5 countries, 23 facilities, 133 (50.83) animals

Far East

China 3 9 7 2 Indonesia 1 2 0 2 Japan 54 153 58 95 Malaysia 3 25 9 16 Singapore 1 6 2 4 South Korea 4 20 8 12 Taiwan 1 5 2 3 Thailand 4 17 7 10 Vietnam 1 2 1 1 2009 9 countries, 72 facilities, 239 (94.145) animals


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Facilities Total M F Middle East/India

India 3 6 2 4 Israel 4 19 8 11 Saudi Arabia 1 3 2 1 Sri Lanka 1 5 1 4 United Arab Emirates

5 37 11 26

2009 - 5 countries, 14 facilities, 70 (24.46) animals Central and South America

Argentina 1 2 1 1 Brazil 7 16 5 11 Chile 1 2 1 1 Costa Rica 1 6 3 3 Guatemala 1 3 2 1 Mexico 9 39 19 20 Peru 1 1 0 1 Puerto Rico 2 4 1 3 2009 - 8 countries, 23 facilities, 73 (32.41) animals

Australia/New Zealand

Australia 11 63 33 30 New Zealand 5 18 12 6 2009 - 2 countries, 16 facilities, 81 (45.36) animals

2009 Total 61 countries, 422 facilities, 1900 (783.1117) animals

GIRAFFE Studbook Page 29 (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Report ordered by: birth date... Status: Living on 31 Dec 2009 Report ordered by: current/last location (geographic) ================================================================================================================ Stud # | Sex | Birth Date | Sire | Dam | Location | Date |Local ID| Event |Name |Subspecies ================================================================================================================

Compiled by: Laurie Bingaman Lackey thru International Species Information System Data current thru: 31 Dec 2009 - North American regional + global Printed on 15 Dec 2010 using Sparks v1.56

Zoologischer Garten Schmiding, Krenglbach, Upper Austria, Austria 5-2877 M 23 Jul 1998 5-1809 5-1807 LIBEREC 23 Jul 1998 650022 Birth SET/KLAUSI rothschildi SCHMIDING 20 Apr 1999 930001 Transfer 5-2933 F 12 Mar 1999 5-2292 5-2540 OLOMOUC 12 Mar 1999 5030 Birth NATALKA rothschildi SCHMIDING 18 Apr 2000 930002 Transfer 5-3856 F 23 Oct 2007 5-2877 5-2933 SCHMIDING 23 Oct 2007 930971 Birth LISA rothschildi Totals: 1.2.0 (3) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Schnbrunner Tiergarten GmbH, A1130 Wien, Niedersterreic, Austria *-2474 M 22 Jun 1993 *-1469 5-1058 EMMEN 22 Jun 1993 225028 Birth KIMBAR hybrid VIENNA 7 Aug 1995 M1038 Loan to 0-2937 F 27 Mar 1999 5-2233 0-2373 DVURKRALV 27 Mar 1999 075197 Birth CARMEN generic VIENNA 3 Oct 2006 M1397 Transfer 0-3506 F 26 Sep 2005 5-2616 0-2937 DVURKRALV 26 Sep 2005 075228 Birth RITA rothschildi Czech 369 VIENNA 3 Oct 2006 M1407 Transfer 0-3846 M 12 Sep 2007 MULT 0-2937 VIENNA 12 Sep 2007 M3315 Birth AKASHA rothschildi Totals: 2.2.0 (4) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Zoo of Antwerp, Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium *-2775 F 10 May 1997 5-2028 *-2038 BELFAST 10 May 1997 2681 Birth DANA hybrid ANTWERP 13 Jun 2008 M10861 Loan to *-3790 F 23 Jul 2007 5-2621 *-2775 BELFAST 23 Jul 2007 5713 Birth BALLYSALLAGH rothschildi ANTWERP 13 Jun 2008 M10860 Loan to *-3829 F 2 Aug 2007 4-2837 *-2706 BERLINZOO 2 Aug 2007 ______ Birth BUNA generic ANTWERP 16 Sep 2008 M10881 Transfer 0-3685 F 30 Oct 2006 5-2751 0-2772 LESNA-GOT 30 Oct 2006 206302 Birth CLEA generic ANTWERP 18 Jul 2008 M10868 Loan to Totals: 0.4.0 (4) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Wild Animal Park Mechelen Planckendael, Mechelen (Muizen), Antwerpen, Belgium *-3028 F 31 Mar 2000 1-2195 2-1793 ANTWERP 31 Mar 2000 M10205 Birth BARBIE hybrid PLANCKNDL 9 Jun 2008 465004 Transfer *-3305 F 20 Jun 2002 1-2195 2-1793 ANTWERP 20 Jun 2002 M10468 Birth DIAMANT hybrid PLANCKNDL 10 Jun 2008 465006 Transfer 1-3299 M 30 Mar 2002 1-2552 1-2601 SIGEAN 30 Mar 2002 ______ Birth BARIDI antiquorum ANTWERP 10 Jul 2007 M10813 Loan to PLANCKNDL 10 Jun 2008 465005 Loan to 2-1793 F 5 Jan 1985 2-0778 2-0923 WASSENAAR 5 Jan 1985 ______ Birth MAJI antiquorum ANTWERP 5 May 1986 M8454B Transfer PLANCKNDL 10 Jun 2008 465002 Transfer 2-2354 F 21 Nov 1991 2-1821 2-1793 ANTWERP 21 Nov 1991 M9271 Birth SARAH antiquorum PLANCKNDL 9 Jun 2008 465003 Transfer 2-3991 M 3 Mar 2009 1-3299 *-3305 PLANCKNDL 3 Mar 2009 465007 Birth KAREGA antiquorum 2-3992 F 6 Mar 2009 1-3299 *-3028 PLANCKNDL 6 Mar 2009 465008 Birth KIANGA antiquorum Totals: 2.5.0 (7) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parc Paradisio S A, Cambron-Casteau, Hainaut, Belgium *-3240 M 25 Oct 2003 *-2809 *-2359 NYIREGYHA 25 Oct 2003 M00086 Birth KONGO hybrid CAMBRON 6 May 2005 7148 Transfer *-3302 M 1 Mar 2002 *-2625 *-2878 FOTA 1 Mar 2002 3111 Birth FIONN generic CAMBRON 1 Apr 2004 6886 Loan to 5-3774 M 26 Apr 2007 UNK 5-2399 ARNHEM 26 Apr 2007 613791 Birth JOB rothschildi CAMBRON 29 Apr 2009 8253 Loan to 5-3833 M 29 Aug 2007 5-2951 5-2843 ARNHEM 29 Aug 2007 614132 Birth FOKKE rothschildi CAMBRON 29 Apr 2009 8254 Loan to Totals: 4.0.0 (4) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monde Sauvage Safari Sprl, Aywaille, Liege, Belgium *-3109 F 17 Jan 2001 5-2211 *-2215 EMMEN 17 Jan 2001 225049 Birth MAKULA hybrid AYWAILLE 4 Sep 2003 030105 Transfer *-3835 M 28 Nov 2007 *-2639 *-3109 AYWAILLE 28 Nov 2007 070113 Birth hybrid




0-3520 F 5 Jul 2005 4-2916 0-2070 OSNABRUCK 5 Jul 2005 1304 Birth generic AYWAILLE 29 Oct 2007 070081 Transfer 5-2363 M 19 Jan 1992 5-1905 5-0591 AALBORG 19 Jan 1992 GIR50 Birth rothschildi CHRISTENS 10 Jun 1993 ______ Transfer AYWAILLE 10 Jun 1993 930002 Transfer 5-3814 M 15 Dec 2007 5-3220 5-1577 DVURKRALV 15 Dec 2007 075239 Birth VILEM rothschildi CZECH 405 AYWAILLE 12 Aug 2009 090138 Transfer Totals: 3.2.0 (5) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bellewaerde Park, Jeper Zillebake, West Flanders, Belgium 5-3540 F 1 Nov 2005 5-2951 5-3170 ARNHEM 1 Nov 2005 613010 Birth SIMONE rothschildi IEPER 24 Jun 2008 M0118 Loan to 5-3623 F 6 Jun 2006 5-2951 5-3149 ARNHEM 6 Jun 2006 613332 Birth GHONDA rothschildi IEPER 24 Jun 2008 M0119 Loan to Totals: 0.2.0 (2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Pafos Bird Park (jsk Bird Park Ltd), Peyia, Pafos, Cyprus *-2762 M 30 Mar 1997 *-2085 4-2204 RAMAT GAN 30 Mar 1997 970031 Birth DANDALAK generic PAPHOS BP 1 Aug 2004 GIRM1 Transfer *-3307 M 21 Mar 2003 *-2085 4-2204 RAMAT GAN 21 Mar 2003 200834 Birth hybrid PAPHOS BP ~ Aug 2004 GIRM2 Transfer Totals: 2.0.0 (2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ree Park - Ebeltoft Safari, Ebeltoft, Arhus, Denmark *-2945 F 24 Apr 1999 4-2614 *-1868 BANDHOLM 24 Apr 1999 GICA08 Birth FREDERIKKE generic GIVSKUD 15 Jun 2000 GIR5 Transfer EBELTOFT 11 Dec 2008 GIR005 Transfer *-3281 F 22 Jul 2002 4-2614 *-1868 BANDHOLM 22 Jul 2002 GICA15 Birth GRACIA/SIGNE generic ODENSE 30 Sep 2003 GIR10 Transfer EBELTOFT 27 Oct 2008 GIR003 Transfer *-4114 F 19 Sep 2009 5-2663 *-2945 EBELTOFT 19 Sep 2009 GIR008 Birth AMIRA generic 0-2403 F ~ Apr 1991 UNK UNK BANDHOLM ~ Apr 1991 ______ Birth FRK. CHARLOTTE generic GIVSKUD 1 Jul 1992 101579 Transfer EBELTOFT 11 Dec 2008 GIR004 Transfer




0-2919 F 27 Jan 1999 5-2075 0-2403 GIVSKUD 27 Jan 1999 GIR3 Birth TANJA/TANYA hybrid BANDHOLM 15 Jun 2000 GICA07 Transfer EBELTOFT 13 Mar 2009 GIR006 Transfer 0-2976 F 30 Jul 1999 5-2083 0-1263 ODENSE 30 Jul 1999 GIR7 Birth THIMSE generic EBELTOFT 27 Oct 2008 GIR002 Transfer 0-3405 F 17 May 2004 0-2350 5-2677 LODZ 17 May 2004 9144 Birth SAWANNA generic EBELTOFT 27 Aug 2008 GIR001 Transfer 0-4023 M 15 Apr 2009 5-2663 0-2403 EBELTOFT 15 Apr 2009 GIR007 Birth generic Totals: 1.7.0 (8) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark 4-3425 F 1 Jul 2003 4-2337 4-2482 MUNICH 1 Jul 2003 137005 Birth GISELLA/DUMELA reticulata COPENHAGE 15 Oct 2005 GIR014 Transfer 4-3601 M 31 Mar 2006 4-2970 4-2166 ROTTERDAM 31 Mar 2006 107389 Birth MARCO reticulata AMERSFOOR 14 Nov 2008 M3688 Loan to COPENHAGE 20 Jul 2009 GIR019 Transfer 4-3608 F 19 Jul 2006 4-3147 4-3183 AMSTERDAM 19 Jul 2006 M06069 Birth JEANET reticulata COPENHAGE 15 Feb 2008 GIR016 Transfer 4-3686 F 6 Aug 2006 4-3147 4-1910 AMSTERDAM 6 Aug 2006 M06081 Birth LIEN reticulata COPENHAGE 14 Feb 2008 GIR017 Transfer 4-3994 M 24 Feb 2009 4-2249 4-3425 COPENHAGE 24 Feb 2009 GIR018 Birth reticulata Totals: 2.3.0 (5) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Odense Zoologiske Have, Odense, Fyn, Denmark 4-2925 M 15 Feb 1999 4-2063 4-1163 STUTTGART 15 Feb 1999 7407 Birth KADARI reticulata ODENSE 29 Oct 2008 GIR13 Transfer 4-3689 F 17 Nov 2006 4-2970 4-3411 ROTTERDAM 17 Nov 2006 107495 Birth ESTA reticulata ODENSE 13 Mar 2009 GIR14 Loan to 4-3841 F 25 Jun 2007 4-2916 4-2948 OSNABRUCK 25 Jun 2007 2125 Birth KANGA reticulata ODENSE 14 Apr 2009 GIR15 Loan to Totals: 1.2.0 (3) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Aalborg Zoo, Aalborg, Nordjylland, Denmark 5-2579 F 15 Sep 1994 5-1905 5-1808 AALBORG 15 Sep 1994 GIR56 Birth CAMILLA rothschildi 5-2644 F 8 Sep 1995 5-1905 5-1092 AALBORG 8 Sep 1995 GIR58 Birth JONNA rothschildi 5-3060 F 18 Jul 2000 5-2557 5-2057 AALBORG 18 Jul 2000 GIR66 Birth NANNA rothschildi 5-3128 M 24 Mar 2001 5-2233 5-1176 DVURKRALV 24 Mar 2001 075204 Birth OSKAR rothschildi CZECH 315 AALBORG 17 Jul 2002 GIR70 Transfer 5-3182 F 3 Oct 2001 5-2557 5-2579 AALBORG 3 Oct 2001 GIR68 Birth CAROLINE rothschildi 5-3943 M 2 Oct 2008 5-3128 5-3182 AALBORG 2 Oct 2008 GIR85 Birth CHAMP rothschildi 5-4022 F 4 Mar 2009 5-3128 5-2579 AALBORG 4 Mar 2009 GIR86 Birth rothschildi Totals: 2.5.0 (7) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jyllands Park Zoo, Havnstrup Videbaek, Nordjylland, Denmark 0-2737 F 16 Sep 1995 0-2109 5-1281 KOLMARDEN 16 Sep 1995 5807 Birth NINETTE generic VIDEBAEEK 4 Dec 1996 GIC002 Transfer 0-3949 M 8 Sep 2007 0-3948 0-2737 VIDEBAEEK 8 Sep 2007 GIC004 Birth generic Totals: 1.1.0 (2) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Knuthenborg Safaripark, 4941 Bandholm, Storstrom, Denmark *-3542 M 29 Jul 2005 4-2614 *-2473 BANDHOLM 29 Jul 2005 GICA23 Birth MERU generic *-3861 F 25 Nov 2007 *-3377 *-2473 BANDHOLM 25 Nov 2007 GICA25 Birth WINNI generic *-3862 F 5 Dec 2007 *-3377 0-2919 BANDHOLM 5 Dec 2007 GICA26 Birth KENYA generic 5-3376 F 23 Apr 2004 5-2557 5-2644 AALBORG 23 Apr 2004 GIR74 Birth JOSEFINE rothschildi BANDHOLM 29 Mar 2007 GICR03 Transfer 5-3512 M 16 May 2005 5-2905 5-2682 WARSAW 16 May 2005 S6452 Birth rothschildi BANDHOLM 8 Nov 2006 GICR01 Transfer 5-3524 F 27 Oct 2005 5-3128 5-2579 AALBORG 27 Oct 2005 GIR77 Birth CLAUDIA VON CHINA rothschildi BANDHOLM 12 Dec 2005 GICR02 Transfer 5-3697 F 20 Dec 2006 5-2998 5-3055 PRAHA 20 Dec 2006 260411 Birth DAGMAR rothschildi LESNA-GOT 1 Mar 2008 208271 Transfer BANDHOLM 8 Mar 2008 GICR05 Loan to




5-3812 F 16 Sep 2007 5-2751 5-2851 LESNA-GOT 16 Sep 2007 207350 Birth DORA rothschildi BANDHOLM 10 Dec 2008 GICR06 Loan to Totals: 2.6.0 (8) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Dsi Givskud Zoo, Give, Vejle, Denmark *-3381 F 26 Apr 2004 5-2075 *-2945 GIVSKUD 26 Apr 2004 GIR13 Birth YVONNE generic 5-2663 M 12 Nov 1995 5-1606 5-1573 EDINBURGH 12 Nov 1995 95KB01 Birth SIGER rothschildi GIVSKUD 26 Aug 2004 GIR17 Transfer 5-2734 F 3 Dec 1996 5-1850 5-1856 OSTRAVA 3 Dec 1996 200008 Birth FLORA rothschildi GIVSKUD 18 Dec 2008 GIR31 Transfer 5-2776 F 17 May 1997 5-2075 5-2159 GIVSKUD 17 May 1997 GIR2 Birth SIGNE rothschildi 5-3027 F 24 Mar 2000 5-2075 5-2159 GIVSKUD 24 Mar 2000 GIR6 Birth ULLA rothschildi 5-3225 F 18 Jul 2002 5-2636 5-2284 BOISSIERE 18 Jul 2002 HGI5 Birth rothschildi GIVSKUD 9 Jun 2004 GIR14 Transfer 5-3600 F 16 Jun 2006 5-2651 5-3171 LEIPZIG 16 Jun 2006 M08842 Birth rothschildi GIVSKUD 11 Feb 2009 GIR32 Transfer 5-3925 M 10 Feb 2008 5-2663 5-3027 GIVSKUD 10 Feb 2008 GIR29 Birth CIDER rothschildi 5-4051 M 4 Jun 2009 5-2663 5-2776 GIVSKUD 4 Jun 2009 GIR33 Birth DONALD rothschildi 5-4052 M 4 Aug 2009 5-2663 5-3225 GIVSKUD 4 Aug 2009 GIR34 Birth DUNYO rothschildi 5-4095 F 3 Sep 2009 5-2663 5-3027 GIVSKUD 3 Sep 2009 GIR35 Birth DAISY rothschildi Totals: 4.7.0 (11) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Le Pal Parc Animalier, Dompierre-sur-Besbre, Allier, France *-2966 F 5 Oct 1999 4-2614 *-2473 BANDHOLM 5 Oct 1999 GICA10 Birth NINI generic LE PAL 15 Jan 2001 35 Transfer *-3521 M 21 Feb 2005 *-3132 0-2831 PLEUGUEN 21 Feb 2005 G.GI.7 Birth generic LE PAL 12 Apr 2006 M06010 Transfer *-4115 F 1 Oct 2009 *-3521 *-2966 LE PAL 1 Oct 2009 M09038 Birth generic 0-3509 F 11 May 2005 5-2624 0-3116 BARCELONA 11 May 2005 9171 Birth rothschildi LE PAL 21 Jul 2006 M06044 Loan to




0-3809 F 1 Apr 2007 5-2624 0-3116 LE PAL 1 Apr 2007 M07014 Birth TSWANA generic Totals: 1.4.0 (5) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Safari De Peaugres, Peaugres, Ardeche, France *-3267 F 18 Aug 2002 0-2455 *-2698 PEAUGRES 18 Aug 2002 834 Birth TWIGA hybrid TOUROPARC 18 Jun 2007 T07096 Transfer PEAUGRES 12 Dec 2008 834 Transfer *-3269 F 25 Jan 2003 0-2455 *-2662 PEAUGRES 25 Jan 2003 863 Birth generic *-3443 F 20 Feb 2004 0-2455 *-2698 PEAUGRES 20 Feb 2004 1048 Birth ETOSHA hybrid TOUROPARC 20 Jun 2007 T07097 Transfer PEAUGRES 13 Dec 2008 1048 Transfer *-3770 m 16 Mar 2007 5-3075 *-2662 PEAUGRES 16 Mar 2007 1704 Birth generic 5-2181 F 3 Sep 1989 5-1433 5-1434 TOUROPARC 3 Sep 1989 T89101 Birth VODKA rothschildi PEAUGRES 18 Jun 2007 1767 Transfer 5-3075 M 9 Sep 2000 5-2305 5-2043 ARNHEM 9 Sep 2000 6111 Birth JOET/AMIR rothschildi THOIRY 22 May 2002 A2077 Transfer PEAUGRES 3 Nov 2005 1502 Loan to 5-3741 M 3 Oct 2007 5-3075 5-2030 PEAUGRES 3 Oct 2007 1823 Birth YODA rothschildi 5-3987 F 24 Aug 2008 5-2531 5-3408 USTI 24 Aug 2008 UL0978 Birth SOTIBA rothschildi PEAUGRES 6 Nov 2009 2081 Transfer Totals: 3.5.0 (8) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Reserve Africaine De Sigean, Sigean, Aude, France *-3025 M 12 Mar 2000 *-2583 1-2475 PARIS ZOO 12 Mar 2000 ZA0016 Birth ATCHOUM hybrid SIGEAN 15 Oct 2001 ______ Transfer *-3049 F 11 Jun 2000 *-2583 1-1290 PARIS ZOO 11 Jun 2000 ZA0129 Birth LINETTE peralta SIGEAN 15 Oct 2001 06 Transfer *-3051 F 13 Jun 2000 *-2583 1-2707 PARIS ZOO 13 Jun 2000 ZA0134 Birth ALIZEE peralta SIGEAN 15 Oct 2001 05 Transfer *-3279 F 30 Jun 2002 *-2583 1-2811 PARIS ZOO 30 Jun 2002 ZA2127 Birth hybrid SIGEAN 8 Oct 2003 ______ Transfer




*-3560 F 11 Apr 2005 1-2552 *-3051 SIGEAN 11 Apr 2005 ______ Birth ELIZA antiquorum 1-2552 M 14 May 1994 1-2147 1-1670 PARIS ZOO 14 May 1994 Z94196 Birth AMYGO peralta SIGEAN 18 Sep 1995 ______ Transfer 1-2601 F 23 Jan 1995 1-2147 1-1541 PARIS ZOO 23 Jan 1995 Z95004 Birth ANNITA/HANNITA peralta SIGEAN 18 Sep 1995 ______ Transfer 1-3066 M 2 Aug 2000 1-2552 1-2601 SIGEAN 2 Aug 2000 ______ Birth ZEPHIR peralta 1-3445 F 13 Mar 2004 1-2552 1-2601 SIGEAN 13 Mar 2004 10 Birth DOLORES peralta 1-3709 F 23 Jan 2006 1-2552 1-2601 SIGEAN 23 Jan 2006 ______ Birth FANNY antiquorum 2-3823 F 13 Mar 2007 1-2552 *-3051 SIGEAN 13 Mar 2007 ______ Birth GLORIA antiquorum 2-3824 F 19 Dec 2007 1-2552 *-3049 SIGEAN 19 Dec 2007 ______ Birth GUINA antiquorum 2-4003 M 24 Apr 2008 1-2552 1-2601 SIGEAN 24 Apr 2008 ______ Birth HOBBIT antiquorum 2-4004 F 26 Apr 2008 1-2552 *-3279 SIGEAN 26 Apr 2008 ______ Birth HAVANNAH antiquorum 2-4027 M 15 Apr 2009 1-2552 *-3051 SIGEAN 15 Apr 2009 ______ Birth antiquorum 4-2517 F 18 Dec 1993 4-1743 4-1752 DVURKRALV 18 Dec 1993 076063 Birth BIZI reticulata SIGEAN 13 Sep 1995 ______ Transfer 4-3083 M 3 Oct 2000 4-2539 4-2517 SIGEAN 3 Oct 2000 GIR010 Birth ZENITH reticulata 4-3407 F 10 Jul 2002 4-2518 4-2517 SIGEAN 10 Jul 2002 ______ Birth BAO reticulata 4-3442 F 23 Aug 2004 4-2518 4-2517 SIGEAN 23 Aug 2004 ______ Birth DESIREE reticulata 4-3712 F 31 May 2006 4-2518 4-2517 SIGEAN 31 May 2006 ______ Birth FLEUR reticulata 4-4005 M 12 Jan 2008 4-2518 4-2517 SIGEAN 12 Jan 2008 ______ Birth reticulata Totals: 7.14.0 (21) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Zoo De La Barben (pelissane), 13330 La Barben, Bouches-du-Rhon, France 1-2763 F 5 Apr 1997 1-2017 1-2301 FONTAINE 5 Apr 1997 74GC8 Birth ISIDORA peralta PELISSANE 25 Sep 1998 HGI997 Transfer 1-3367 F 22 Feb 2003 1-2017 1-2559 FONTAINE 22 Feb 2003 74GC15 Birth ZOURAFA peralta PELISSANE 1 Dec 2004 HG1803 Loan to




1-3892 M 31 Jan 2008 1-2607 *-2727 PELISSANE 31 Jan 2008 HG2208 Birth SALEYE peralta 1-3893 M 17 Feb 2008 1-2607 1-2763 PELISSANE 17 Feb 2008 HG2308 Birth ALHOUSS antiquorum 1-3975 M 5 Nov 2009 1-2607 1-2763 PELISSANE 5 Nov 2009 HG2709 Birth GAO peralta 2-4040 M 2 Jul 2009 1-2607 *-2727 PELISSANE 2 Jul 2009 HG2509 Birth XAMBURU peralta 2-4106 F 27 Aug 2009 1-2607 1-3367 PELISSANE 27 Aug 2009 HG2609 Birth TESSA antiquorum Totals: 4.3.0 (7) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cerza Centre D'Etude Rech Zool Augeron, Lisieux, Calvados, France *-2993 M 30 Oct 1999 0-2198 *-2199 LISIEUX Z 30 Oct 1999 M99070 Birth generic *-3134 M 28 Apr 2001 0-2198 *-2199 LISIEUX Z 28 Apr 2001 M01041 Birth hybrid *-3628 M 6 Aug 2006 5-2663 *-2945 GIVSKUD 6 Aug 2006 GIR23 Birth ARNE generic LISIEUX Z 11 Jul 2008 M08061 Transfer 1-3108 M 10 Jan 2001 1-2017 1-2301 FONTAINE 10 Jan 2001 74GC12 Birth BOUMBA peralta LISIEUX Z 14 Nov 2002 M02099 Loan to Totals: 4.0.0 (4) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parc Zoologique De La Palmyre, Les Mathes Royan, Charente-Mariti, France *-3032 F 16 Apr 2000 5-2165 4-1883 LA PALMYR 16 Apr 2000 2759 Birth BRINDILLE hybrid *-3284 F 15 Aug 2002 5-2165 4-1326 LA PALMYR 15 Aug 2002 3336 Birth hybrid *-4037 M 10 May 2009 *-3290 *-3032 LA PALMYR 10 May 2009 5006 Birth generic *-4038 F 23 Jul 2009 *-3290 4-1883 LA PALMYR 23 Jul 2009 5152 Birth generic 5-2703 F 30 May 1996 UNK 5-2227 ARNHEM 30 May 1996 5351 Birth EVELIEN rothschildi LA PALMYR 16 Apr 2009 4984 Transfer 5-3450 M 22 Aug 2004 5-2636 5-2284 BOISSIERE 22 Aug 2004 HGI7 Birth KRUGER rothschildi LA PALMYR 16 Nov 2006 4298 Transfer 5-4029 F 27 Apr 2009 5-2950 5-2703 LA PALMYR 27 Apr 2009 5005 Birth ZITA rothschildi Totals: 2.5.0 (7) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




Zoo Parc De Beauval, St Aignan, Cher, France *-2668 M 24 Dec 1995 5-1801 *-1695 MARWELL 24 Dec 1995 3153 Birth M17/JOSEPH generic BEAUVAL 10 Jun 1999 99085 Loan to 4-2881 M 31 Jul 1998 4-1790 4-2283 ROTTERDAM 31 Jul 1998 105811 Birth MARCO reticulata BEAUVAL 26 May 2000 00109 Transfer 4-3445 M 9 Oct 2004 4-2978 4-1890 WHIPSNADE 9 Oct 2004 1126 Birth reticulata

Documents

2009 AZA Giraffe Studbook - animaliaalouattasen.weebly.com/uploads/8/9/5/6/8956452/giraffestudbook2009... · 2 Introduction for the 2009 North American/Global Giraffe Studbook This