1

Old Colony CouncilSeven Rivers District Merit Badge University

March 2007

Joe Mulcahey

Name ____________________

Based on the Electronics Merit Badge class taught at the 2005 National Jamboree

Rev. K, 01MAR07

Electronics Merit Badge

2

Class 1 SafetyMarch 3 Electricity & Electronics Introduction

Circuit Diagrams & SchematicsSolving Circuit Problems using Ohm’s Law

Class 2 Test Equipment DemosMarch 10 Job Opportunities in Electronics

Class 3 Proper Soldering TechniquesMarch 24 Kit Assembly

Electronics Merit Badge Class Outline

3

Current (milliamperes)

AC - 60 Hz DC Effect

0-1 0-4 Perception

1-4 4-15 Surprise

4-21 15-80 Reflex Action

21-40 80-160 MuscularInhibition

40-100 160-300 Respiratory Block

Over 100 Over 300 Usually Fatal

Safety:Effects Of Electric Shock

4

Measure 0-<50V 50-<500V 500+V1) Enclosures, Guards, Optional* Required Required

Barriers

2) Interlocks Optional Optional*** Required

3) Warning Signs O-Caution* R-Caution R-Danger

4) Shorting Rods Optional* Optional Required

5) Remote Circuit Optional OptionalRequired**

Adjustment

6) Automatic Bleed Optional* Required Required

Down

* Required for high current (>25 amperes). **At or above 300V.

*** Required at point of operation.

Safety: Protective Measures

5

• Shall have their terminals wired together if they are identified as subject to recharge hazards (dielectric absorption) and when loose or connected to an idle test configuration without integral bleeders.

• If capable of an impulse discharge of 0.25 joule or more, terminals must be grounded when the system is idle - including when in storage.

• In general capacitors with a metal shell, voltage rating greater than 50 volts, and a volume greater than 8 cubic inches most likely present an electric shock hazard.

Safety: Capacitors

6

•Electrical and Electronics Engineering are both career fields that are involved with Electronics Technology. Electrical engineers specializing in power work with motors and generators, and design transmission lines and power plants. EEs specializing in electronics deal with communications, such as radio, television and telephony, radar and digital & analog circuit technologies. All engineers draw from the fundamentals of science and mathematics. They design and work with electrical, electronic, electro-optical, and electromechanical devices, circuits, and systems.

•They collaborate with other professionals in developing sophisticated software tools that support design, verification, and testing. Electrical engineering is a discipline that integrates many other disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer software and hardware, solid-state electronics, communications, electromagnetics and optics, signals and signal processing, systems science, reliability, engineering economics, and manufacturing.

•In order to Learn about Electronics, we must first start by gaining an understanding of what electricity is, both AC (Alternating Current) and DC (Direct Current).

Introduction to Electronics

7

Two types of Electricity:AC = Alternating CurrentDC = Direct Current

SteamEngine Electric

Generator

170 Volts Peak

-170 Volts Peak

60 cycles per second

Flashlight

1.5 VoltBattery

AC = Alternating Current

DC = Direct Current

Ground or 0 volts

+ 1.5 Volts

RMS 120 VAC

Ground

1 Battery+ 3.0 Volts 2 Battery

+ 6.0 Volts 4 Battery

+ 12.0 Volts 1 Car Battery

Typical HouseElectricity

Produces AC voltage

(VRMS =2 x Vpeak)

Electricity

8

Coal, Gas, Oil-fired Steam Power Plant Hydro (Water) Power Plant

Wind Power Plant Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Plant

Electric Generation Plants

9

Electric Meter

ElectricBreaker

Box

240 VAC

Electricity from the transformer connect first through the electric meterthen through the breaker box to protect the house from overloador short conditions. A breaker box can either be a fuse or resettable breaker. The breaker box routes either 240 VAC or 120 VAC electricity to different places.

240 VAC

120 VAC

120 VAC

Stove

Circuit Breaker / Fuses

10

ON

OFF

ON

OFF

120 VAC

Circuit BreakerA circuit breaker Is like a light switch.

If it is overloaded the switch willoverheat and click open. When

it cools down the switch can be reset.

FusesA Fuse is like a light bulb.It will pass electricity until

it is overloaded, then the metalfuse link will burn open.

_____ ________

120 VAC

_______What’s the difference? _______

If Fuses or Circuit Breakers are overloaded or shorted they will open

Circuit Breaker / Fuses

11Computer

TV

Sewing Machine

Microwave

Stereo

That run on AC Power

What are some other commonitems that use AC Voltage in Homes

1) ______________

2) ______________

3) ______________

4) ______________

5) ______________

6) ______________

Home Appliances

12

A house is wired with heavy gauge wire to handle 120 Volts AC in order to power high wattage devices that are found in a home. A circuit breaker or fuse is used to protect the wire from getting too hot, and possibly starting a fire. House Items are rated in wattage, but the fuse is in amps. How do we know if we are going to overload our fuse or breaker box?

Determine if the circuit breaker is overloaded. Calculate total power Refrig. Toaster TV Microwave

Power = ________ + ________ + ________ + _______ = ________ Watts

Amps = watts = _______ = _______ amps Overload Yes or No ________ volts

CircuitBreakerorFuse Box

20 A20 A20 A20 A

120 VAC120 VAC

Watts = Volts * ampsAmps = Watts Volts Refrig

400 WattsToaster

1200 WattsTV

300 Watts

Microwave600 Watts

Meter

Four outlets on one breaker.

House Wiring

13

Flashlight

- - -

-

-

Voltage is the quantity of electrical force Measured in VoltsCurrent is the flow of electrons Measured in AmpsDC Stands for Direct CurrentDC is current flowing in one direction

ChargedBattery1.5 volts

Dis-ChargedBattery

No VoltageCurrent Flow Electrons

++ +

+ +

+

---

----

- -- ----- ---

- - -

+

+ +

+

CarbonRod

GelInsulator

ZincCasing

++++++

---

----- --

------ --

-- - -

Switch--

Battery worksfrom a chemicalreaction betweenthe carbon rodand zinc case

Glass ofWater hasForce calledpressure

Empty GlassHas no Force

Direct Current

14

D Cell

C Cell

AA Cell

AAA Cell

4Amp

Hours

2Amp

Hours

0.5Amp

Hours

0.2Amp

HoursIf a flashlight draws 0.1 Amp, how long will each battery last?Time = Amp Hours / Load in AmpsD cell = Amp Hours = _____ = _______ hours AmpsC cell = Amp Hours = _____ = _______ hours AmpsAA cell = Amp Hours = _____ = ________ hours AmpsAAA cell = Amp Hours = _____ = ________ hours Amps

Flashlight

1 Amp

1.5 volts 1.5 volts 1.5 volts 1.5 volts

Direct CurrentBattery Types

15

4Amp

Hours

2Amp

Hours

.5

.2 = 4 Amp

Hours

2Amp

Hours

.5 .5 .5

= =

20 X

.5 .5 .5 .5Amp

Hours

D Cell$ 1.50 2 - C Cell

2x$1.10 = $2.208 – AA Cell

8x$.65 = $5.20

20 – AAA Cell20 x $.45 = $ 9.00

Sameas

=

Sameas

Sameas

8 x .5 = 4 Amp

Hours

The more BatteriesThe more waste

Direct Current Cost of Batteries for the Same Output

16

•Zinc-carbon battery - Also known as a standard carbon battery, zinc-carbon chemistry is used in all inexpensive AA, C and D dry-cell batteries. The electrodes are zinc and carbon, with an acidic paste between them that serves as the electrolyte. •Alkaline battery - Used in common Duracell and Energizer batteries, the electrodes are zinc and manganese-oxide, with an alkaline electrolyte. •Lithium photo battery - Lithium, lithium-iodide and lead-iodide are used in cameras because of their ability to supply power surges •Lead-acid battery - Used in automobiles, the electrodes are made of lead and lead-oxide with a strong acidic electrolyte (rechargeable). •Nickel-cadmium battery - The electrodes are nickel-hydroxide and cadmium, with potassium-hydroxide as the electrolyte (rechargeable). •Nickel-metal hydride battery - This battery is rapidly replacing nickel-cadmium because it does not suffer from the memory effect that nickel-cadmiums do (rechargeable). •Lithium-ion battery - With a very good power-to-weight ratio, this is often found in high-end laptop and cell phones (rechargeable). •Zinc-air battery - This battery is lightweight and rechargeable. •Zinc-mercury oxide battery - This is often used in hearing-aids. •Silver-zinc battery - This is used in aeronautical applications because the power-to-weight ratio is good. •Metal-chloride battery - This is used in electric vehicles

Battery Types

17

Tension Spring

(-) Battery Contact

Battery Cells Bulb

Deflector Bezel

Lens

Slide Switc

h

Copper Strip(-) Conductor

As slide switch moves forward,

Copper strip makes contact with bulb base

ring, thus completing circuit.

Bulb base ring

extender

Flashlight Diagram

18

2v + 2v + 2v + 2v + 2v + 2v = _________Volts

Car Battery consist of six 2 Volt cells. How much total Voltage?

What are some of the electrical items in a car?

Horn

Direct CurrentCar Battery System

19

Build three different DC circuits using the test boxSwitch

BuzzerLight

PowerSupply

Switch

BuzzerLight

PowerSupply

Switch

BuzzerLight

PowerSupply

Wire to turn Buzzer On/Off

Wire to turn Light On/Off

Wire to turn Light On in onedirection and buzzer on in other

direction

DC Circuit Wiring

20

BuzzerLight

Switch Power+ 12

Fuse

Direct CurrentDraw 3 different wiring test circuits

21

Circuit to Switch Buzzer On / Off - Draw the rest of the wires

BuzzerLight

Switch Power+ 12

FuseBuzzer On

Direct Current

22

Draw Circuit to Switch Light On / Off

BuzzerLight

Switch Power+ 12

FuseLight On

Direct Current

23

Draw Circuit to Turn Buzzer on in one Direction and Light in other Direction

BuzzerLight

Switch Power+ 12

FuseLight On Buzzer On

Direct Current

24

PotentiometerVariableResistor

Power SupplyOutputs Volts

BatteriesIn volts

CapacitorsIn Farads

ResistorIn Ohms

Inductor or CoilIn henries

TransformerInput voltage

120VAC In

DC voltsOut

+

SpeakerInput voltage

MicrophoneOutputs voltage+

StepDown

StepUp

Isolated

Electronic Components

25

DiodePN junction. Current flows in direction of arrow only

LEDLightEmittingDiode

TransistorElectronic Switch. Emitter, Base

& Collector terminals. Small current (B-E) controls a larger

one (C-E). Made of N (negative) and P (positive) sections

NPN(“Never Points iN”)

MetersCurrent MeterVoltage MeterResistance Meter

Switch Normally Open (n.o.)Normally Closed (n.c.)

n.o. n.c.

Slide SwitchCan connect the center

Pole to one of two Throws (SPDT)

PNP(“Points iN Proudly”)

Bonus Question: Which type is the Transistor on the Electronics Merit Badge?

Anode (P)

Cathode (N)

Electronic Components

26

Bucket

Volt MeterMeasures1.5 Volts

1 Gallon

Formula

Resistance = Voltage Current

Current= 1 amp

Flow MeterWater WheelGallons/hour

Valve restricts water flow

Resistorrestricts current flowLight dimmer

Voltage = Resistance X Current Current = Voltage Resistance

Water Flow

Bucket Stores WaterBattery Stores

Energy

Current Flow

Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V)Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I)Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω )

Switch

Current Meter measures Amps

Valve restrictsflow of water

Ground or 0 volts

Electronic Circuits:Ohms Law

27

Ohm’s Law Pie Chart

28

•Volts: Count Alessandro Volta (1745-1827), Italian Scientist

•Ohms: Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854), German Physicist

•Amps: André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836), French Physicist

•Watts: James Watt (1736-1819), British Engineer

•Farads: Michael Faraday (1791-1867), British Physicist

•Henrys: Joseph Henry (1797-1878), American Physicist

•Other Units:•Coulomb, Gauss, Joule, Tesla and of course Smoot

Where Did the Names of the Electrical Parameters Come From?

29

Smoot: A humorous unit of distance invented in 1958 by a fraternity at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The fraternity pledges of Lambda Chi Alpha measured the length of Harvard Bridge using pledge Oliver R. Smoot ('62). According to Smoot himself, the bridge turned out to be 364.4 smoots long "plus epsilon," but this has been recorded as 364.4 smoots "plus an ear." The bridge is still marked in smoots. Proposals to change the definition of the unit by remeasuring it with Smoot's son Steve (MIT '89) or daughter Sherry ('99) were rebuffed. One smoot equals 67 inches (170.18 centimeters). Oliver Smoot became an attorney but continued his interest in standards and measurement. He is a past Chairman of the Board of Directors of ANSI, the American National Standards Institute, and currently he is the President of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

Smoot? What’s A Smoot?

30

Resistor

Valve VariableResistor is a

Potentiometer

1” Pipe

1/2” Pipe

1 ohm 10 ohm 100 ohm 1,000 ohm = 1 K ohm 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm

Resistor restricts flow of current.Resistors are made ofcarbon or wire.

Smaller piperestricts flow of fluids

Pipe

Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)

Valve restricts flow of fluids

2” pipe1” pipe¾” pipe½” pipe¼” pipe

The smaller the pipe the morerestriction of flow

The larger the resistor valuethe morerestriction to current flow

This could be used to control volume in a radio

Electronic Components: Resistors

31

A Resistor Value is determined by its color band and is measured in ohms

First Ring is First number / Closest to edge of resistorSecond Ring is second numberThird Ring is number of zero’sFourth Ring is tolerance 1% or 5% or 10% etc.

First RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

Third Ring MultiplierSilver = X .01Gold = X .1Black = X 1Brown = X 10Red = 2 = X 100Orange = 3 = X 1,000Yellow = 4 = X 10,000Green = 5 = X 100,000Blue = 6 = X 1,000,000Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000

Resistor Color Code Values

Second RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

Fourth RingBrown = +/- 1%Red = +/- 2%Gold = +/- 5%Silver = +/- 10%None = +/- 20%

Resistor Color Rings

32

Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Gray White (Gold Silver None) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• Big Brown Rabbits Often Yield Great Big Vocal Groans When Gingerly Slapped• Big Bears Run Over Your Gladiola Bed Vexing Garden Worms• Black Bears Run Over Yellow Grass, But Vultures Glide over Water• Better Be Right Or Your Great Big Venture Goes West• Bye Bye Rosie Off You Go to Birmingham Via Great Western• Black Bart's Rambler Over Yonder Gave Bad Vibes Going West• Bright Boys Rave Over Young Girls But Veto Getting Wed• Big Boys Race Our Young Girls Behind Victory Garden Walls• Big Boys Race Our Young Girls But Violet Generally Wins• Black Birds Ruin Our Yellow Grain, Butchering Very Good Wheat• Billy Brown Ran Over a Yodeling Goat Because Violet's Granny Was Grumpy• Bad Betty Runs Over Your Garden But Violet Gray Won't• Billy Brown Revives On Your Gin, But Values Good Whisky• Better Be Ready, Or Your Great Big Venture Goes West• Black Beetles Running On Your Garden Bring Very Good Weather• Bowling Balls Roll Over Your Grandpa But Victim Gets Well• Batman Bests Robin On Yonder Gotham Bridge; Very Good, Will Get Superman Next!• Badly Burnt Resistors On Your Ground Bus Void General Warrantee• Big Bart Rides Over Your Grave Blasting Violent Guns Wildly• Bad Borg Raid Our Young Galaxy Before Vaporizing Good Walter

G-Rated Resistor Color Code Mnemonics

33

First RingRed = 2Black = 0

Second RingRed = 2Red = 2

Third RingRed = X 100 = 2200 ohmsBrown = X 10 = 020 ohms

Example of Color Rings

First RingBrown = ____

Green = ____

Second RingGreen = ____

Red = ____

Third RingBrown = _____ = ______ ohms

Yellow = _____ = ______ ohms

Test of Color Rings

First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’s

RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9

Resistor Value Examples

34

Capacitors

Stores small amountsof Voltage charge

Measured in Farads

Batteries

Sold alreadycharged. Some may

be recharged

Bucket

Voltage Storage Devices

1 f = 1.0 Farad10 mf = .01 Farad1,000 f = .001 Farad100 f = .0001 Farad 10 f = .00001 Farad1 f = .000001 Farad.1 f = .0000001.01 f = .00000001.001 f = .000000001100 pf = .000000000110 pf = .000000000011 pf = .000000000001

Most batteries are 1.5 Volts per cell.

AAA = .2 amp hoursAA = .5 amp hoursC = 1 amp hourD = 4 amp hours

Different size buckets of water with the same height and with a ¼” hole will take different amounts of time to empty1 gallon = 1 hour2 gallon = 2 hours5 gallon = 5 hours10 gallon = 10 hours

Un-Polarized Polarized

Electronic Components

35

TransistorNPN

A Transistor is an Electronic Switch

12 VoltBattery

12 VoltBattery

Computer cansend a signal to turnon the transistor whichthen turns on the light

NPN Transistor

Light

Mechanical Switch Circuit Transistor Switch Circuit

Switch openLight off = 0

Switch closeLight on = 1

Transistor come indifferent sizes dependingon the amount of currentand voltage required

Switch

Transistors

36

An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistorscan vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several hundred million that are in a Pentium microprocessor.

6 Transistors in one ICThis IC has 6 invertersAn inverter contains 6 Transistors = 36 total

FunctionsInvertersGatesFlip flopsCountersMemoryMPUWatch ICsCalculators ICsMicrowave Timer ICsRadio ICsDialer ICsCar Controller ICs

Integrated Circuits

37

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1K

TransistorsCapacity

100K

68000/80186

6800/8080

1970

68020/80286

68040/80486

1M 68030/80386

10K

10M

PowerPC/Pentium

Year of Introduction

Every 18 months CPU’sdouble in density andperformance, while stillholding prices the same

PowerPC/Pentium

Mac iMacApple IIE

IBM/Intel8080

PowerMac

IBM 386

IBM 486

IBM/IntelPentium

PowerPC/Pentium

100M

2005 2010

1000M

Motorola / Intel

Moore’s Law

38

Microprocessor Integrated Circuit:60,000 Transistors

39

•Power Supply•Power Equipment or Components for Test

•Volt-Ohm Meter (VOM)•Check AC & DC Voltages, Resistance, Opens/Shorts•May also Measure Capacitance, Inductance, Gain, etc.

•Oscilloscope•Graphs one Voltage vs. Time or vs. another Voltage

•Radio Equipment Testing•Signal Generator•Receiver•Power Meter•Spectrum Analyzer

•Graphs Voltage versus Frequency•Network Analyzer•Field Strength Meter

Test Equipment

40

•Electronics Technician (Computers, Cable TV, Repair, etc.)•6 months to 2 years of Electronics School during or after High School•Microsoft, other Certifications Available

•Entry-Level Design Engineer•4-year Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Degree

•Senior-Level Design Engineer, Engineering Manager•4-year BSEE Degree, 2-year MSEE Degree•Some Engineering Positions Require State Registration (P.E.)

•University, R&D Laboratory Researcher•Ph. D. or Sc. D. Degree in Physics or EE

Joseph K. Mulcahey, P.E.Engineering Fellow978.440.3291 office, 978.440.2874 fax508.259.5372 cellJoseph_K_Mulcahey@raytheon.com

Electronics Jobs andEducation & Certification Required

41

Graduating Engineers by Type

From the American Society forEngineering Education(http://www.asee.org)

42

US BS Engineering Graduates By School, 2004-05(Source: ASEE)

Rank School # BS Eng. Degrees

1 Pennsylvania State University 1,396

2 Georgia Institute of Technology 1,372

3 Purdue University 1,261

4 North Carolina State University 1,240

5 University Of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 1,198

6 University of Michigan 1,127

7 Virginia Tech 1,098

8 Texas A&M University 1,044

9 Ohio State University 892

10 University of California, San Diego 883

11 University of Florida 882

12 Iowa State University 868

13 University of Texas, Austin 865

14 University of Minnesota, Twin Cities 818

15 University of California, Berkeley 776

16 California Polytechnic State University 706

17 Cornell University 688

18 Arizona State University 637

19 University of Wisconsin, Madison 634

20 Michigan Technological University 627

21 University of Washington 624

22 University of California, Los Angeles 615

23 Michigan State University 614

24 University of Central Florida 607

25 University of Maryland, College Park 605

Rank School # BS Eng. Degrees

26 University of California, Davis 600

27 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 593

28 University of Colorado, Boulder 589

29 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 585

30 University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez 564

31 Drexel University 551

32 Auburn University 517

33 Clemson University 515

34 SUNY, Buffalo 514

34 Oregon State University 514

36 Colorado School of Mines 506

37 University of Missouri, Rolla 493

38 University of Arizona 479

39 California State Polytechnic U., Pomona 478

40 University of California, Irvine 476

41 SUNY, Stony Brook 469

42 San Jose State University 453

43 Kansas State University 440

44 Rutgers University 435

45 University of Virginia 427

46 Louisiana State University 413

47 Stanford University 388

48 Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico 387

49 University of South Florida 385

50 University of Utah 384

43

US News & World Report 2007US Undergraduate Engineering School Rankings

Rank School

1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MA)

2 University of California, Berkeley (CA)

2 Stanford University (CA)

4 California Institute of Technology (CA)

4 University Of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign (IL)

6 Georgia Institute of Technology (GA)

6 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (MI)

8 Carnegie Mellon University (PA)

8 Purdue University (IN)

10 Cornell University (NY)

44

Starting SalariesJobweb.com Broad CategoryOffers to 2005-06 Graduates

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46

Safety Note: A Soldering Iron gets hotter than 300 F. Do not touch the soldering iron’s metal parts or you will receive a third degree burn

A good solder joint depends on the following:

1) Solder iron must have a clean, well-tinned tip

2) Parts to be soldered must be clean

3) There must be a sound mechanical joint

4) Parts to be soldered must be well heated before applying solder

5) Wait approx. 5 seconds after soldering to allow strong mechanical joint to form

Soldering

47

Place soldering iron so that it touches both the PC board and wire. The heat from the soldering iron will transfer to the PC board and wire at the same time.

Iron

Wire

PC Board

Iron

Wire

PC Board

Iron

Wire

PC Board

WrongwayRight

waySolder melts at 310° F. The wire and PC (Printed Circuit) board must be the same temperature for the solder to melt on both items.

Soldering – Heating Junction

48

When the board and wire are hot enough the solder will flow and create a cone shape. Ifthe board is not hot enough the solder will be rounded on the board creating somewhatof a ball. The finishing solder should also be shiny. Clip extra wire at board level.

Wire

PC Board

After 3 seconds place the solder on the tip of the iron, the wire and the PC board all together.The solder should flow to everything making a good connection.

WireIron

Solder PC Board

Wire

Iron

Solder PC Board

Rightway

Wrongway

Soldering – Applying Solder

49

1. Use pliers to hold the component next to the lead to be unsoldered (If the lead is held with the pliers it will draw heat from the lead)

2. Apply soldering iron tip to PC board and wire3. Either use solder wick or solder sucker to draw solder off the

board, or simply pull wire from PC board when hot4. The soldering iron will damage electronic components if left on

device for greater than 15 seconds, so work quickly5. Sometimes it helps to put more solder on the solder joint to

improve the thermal conductivity6. Clean the soldering iron tip and keep it shiny

Un-Soldering

50

WireIron

PC Board

Iron

Pliers

With pliers, hold device close to lead that is to be unsoldered. As heat is applied from soldering iron, pull with pliers. With one side out, do the same on other side.

PC Board

Un-Soldering

51

PC Board

LEDNote Flat Edge

+Red

Black

1) Place components into PC board in the order recommended on instruction sheet

2) When components are placed into PC board, bend leads out slightly to keep parts from falling out, when the PC board is turned over for soldering.

3) Follow instructions as to proper orientation of components.

Clip wire at boardWrong

Correct

Kit Assembly