01 Pendahuluan-unms.pdf

8/20/2019 01 Pendahuluan-unms.pdf

1/63


2/63

Introduction:

Microbiology:

micro: tiny, bio: live, & logos: science

Study of small organism, To see need a microscope


3/63

History:

Aristotles (384-322): living

organisms could develop from non-

living materials. 1546 Francastorius: Contagium

vivum

1590: Hans and Zacharias

Janssen : compound microscope.

1643 Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:

microscope bacteria


4/63

1822-1895 Louis Pasteur: penumbang teori “generatio spontanea”,

bakteri penyebab penyakit,

sterilisasi dan tehnik aseptik,

media pertumbuhan kuman,

pembuatan biakan murni dengan pengenceran,

vaksin (bersama Jenner)


5/63

Kultur: Isolasi - koloni - isolat


6/63

Pengecatan MB

media padat dari kentang, kulturmurni gelatin

Teori infeksi Postulat Koch:

1. Organisme harus selalu

didapatkan pada penderita.2. Organisme harus dapat dibuat

kultur murni di luar tubuh

3. Hasil kultur bila diinokulasikan

pada binatang

penyakit yangsama.

4. Organisme dapat diisolasi dandikultur kembali

M. tuberculosis

1843-1910 Robert Koch:


7/63

Mikrobiologi dan infeksi

Mikroba: Virus

Bakteri

Fungi

Parasit

Manusia

LINGKUNGAN


8/63

Purnomo Hadi 8

Masuk dan berkembang biaknya mikroorganisme pada jaringan host

Menyebabkan penyakit akibat terjadinya kerusakanatau gangguan fisiologi

Dengan atau tanpa disertai adanya gejala dantanda klinis


9/63

Purnomo Hadi 9

Infection Progress

Time

Number of

microorgan

isms

Incubation

period

No disease

Uncertainly region

Onset of symptoms

Overt disease

Death

Cure

Recurent disease


10/63

Agen vs Sistem Imun:

Virus Bakteri

Jamur

Parasit

Patogenisitas Sistem Imun


11/63

Purnomo Hadi 11

Mekanisme penyakit infeksi

Mekanisme: Contoh:

Efek langsung toksin diphteria, tetanus

Efek langsung enzim S. aureus, C. perfringens

Respon peradangan sepsis, septic shock

Respon imun reumatic fever

Gangguan pertumbuhan sel carcinoma cervix


12/63

Purnomo Hadi 12

Tipe2 Infeksi

Types of infections Description Examples

Inapparent/subclinical Clinical symptoms - Gonorrhoeae in

woman or man

Dormant/latent Carrier state Typhoid

Opportunistic Caused normal flora/ transient

bacteria

Compromised host defence

Candidiasis

Acute Rapid onset (hours, days)

Brief duration (days, weeks)

Diphtheria

Chronic Prolonged duration (months,

years)

Mycobacterial

Localized Confined small area/organ Staphylococcal

boil

Generalized Disseminated to many body

region

Gram -

bacteremia


13/63

The Agents ofinfection

Micobres: viruses, bacteria,

fungal, parasites


14/63

Taksonomi

Sistem formal dalam:

1. Organisasi

2. Klasifikasi

3. Pemberian nama

Aneka ragam organisme di alam

Masing-masing perlu dipelajari dan diidentifikasi


15/63

Tingkatan Klasifikasi:

Kingdom

Phylum

Kelas

Ordo

Famili

Genus

Spesies

Animalia: binatang

Kordata: binatang bertulang belakang

Mamalia: binatang menyusui

Primata

Hominoidea

Homo

sapiens: manusia


16/63

Species versusstrains

Contoh strain:

Tingkatan di bawah strain:•Biokimia : biotipe

Serogi : serotipe

Genetik : genotipe

Faga : Fagtipe


17/63

Klasifikasi Whittaker (1967) 5 Kingdoms :

1. Monera : unicellular, procaryotes

2. Protista : unicellular eucaryotic

3. Plantae : multicellular, eucaryotic4. Animalia: multicellular, eucaryotic

5. Fungi : multicellular, unicellular,

eucaryotic


18/63


19/63

Yeast cell: 10 – 12 μm

(Fungi)

(parasit: 15 – 18 μm)

Wet mount

LM 400XLM 1000X EM >10.000X

The Size of Cells


20/63

Pemanfaatan:

MIKROBIOLOGIIndustri Lingkungan

Kesehatan

Pertanian


21/63

Host -Environment


22/63

Infection – Environment:• Individual:

– Risk factors – Predisposition factors

• Healthcare - Hospital

– Standard precaution

– Transmission base precaution

• Community:

– Emerging infectious diseases

– Pandemi

• Laboratory:

– Biosecurity

– Biosafety


23/63

Agen vs Sistem Imun:

Virus

Bakteri

Jamur

Parasit

Patogenisitas Sistem Imun

Antibiotic

is the Last

Choise…!


24/63

Mikrobiologi Kesehatan:

interaksi manusia -mikroorganismeyang hidup besama-sama:

Komensal

Patogen

Infeksi

Infeksi Oportunistik


25/63

1. Pathogenesis of infection diseases

2. Diagnosis laboratory of infection

diseases

3. Epidemiology of infectious diseases

4. Control of infection diseases

Clinical Microbiology:


26/63

Fokus pembahasanmikrobiologi:

Masalah Infeksi:

Agen penyebab infeksi jelas: Mikroba:

(fisio-natomi, pathogenesis) Diagnosis

infeksi

Penanganan paripurna: Sistem imun

manusia (spesifik-nonspesifik)

Menular: Pencegahan - Pengendalian


27/63

Data Global Penyakit Infeksi(WHO 1999)


28/63

Emerging Infectious

DiseasesBacterial infections:

legionellosis

Toxic shock syndrome

Lyme disease Gastric ulcers & tumors

Chlamydial pneumonia

Invasive streptococcal infections

Tuberculosis

Cholera Diphtheria

Multiple antibiotic resistance


29/63

Emerging Infectious

DiseasesViral infections: Human immunodeficiency virus

West Nile virus

Hepatitis viruses

African hemorrhagic fever viruses Hantavirus infections

Human herpes viruses 6,7,8

Herpes B virus

Parvovirus B19

Rotavirus

Norwalk virus & other SRV’s Rabies

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus

Resistance to antiviral agents


30/63

Hampir setiap hari ada berita tentangpenyakit infeksi


31/63

Contoh Penyakit oleh:

•Bakteri

•Virus

•Jamur


32/63

Staphylococcus sp.(Coocus, Gr+)


33/63

Neisseria gonorrhoae. (Coccus, Gr-)


34/63


•Bakteri

•Virus

•Jamur

http://bmj.com/content/vol322/issue7300/images/large/fig_5_2.f3.jpeg


35/63

Advanced HIV : marked

wasting, ("slim" disease)Kaposi's sarcoma: multiple

skin nodules and plaques

http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7300/1475/Fu12http://bmj.com/content/vol322/issue7300/images/large/fig_5_2.f3.jpeg


36/63

Purnomo Hadi 36

• Influenza pandemics:

– H1N1 (1918): Spanyol 50 million?

– H2N2 (1957): Asian 1-2 million

–

H3N2 (1968): Hongkong

1 million

Influenza


37/63


38/63


•Bakteri

•Virus

•Jamur


39/63

C. Albicans danpseudohifa


40/63

Prioritas

Kegawatan

Frekuensi kejadian

Infeksi asimtomatik

Infeksi= penyakit menular


41/63


42/63


43/63


44/63

Keterampilan Klinis


45/63

Keterampilan Klinis


46/63


47/63


48/63

Ssusunan Syaraf Pusat

1


49/63

Mata-1


50/63

Mata-2


51/63

Telinga


52/63

Hidung


53/63

Sistem Respirasi -1

S


54/63

Sistem Respirasi

Sistem Kardovaskuler


55/63

Sistem Kardovaskuler

Si t K d k l 2


56/63

Sistem Kardovaskuler-2


57/63

Daftar MasalahKesehatan


58/63

Daftar Penyakit-1


59/63

Daftar Penyakit-2


60/63

Daftar Penyakit-3


61/63


62/63


63/63

Referensi Perkuliahan

1. Hart T, Shears P. Color atlas of medicalmicrobiology. Times Mirror Int. Pub. 1996.

2. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Dowell VR, Janda WM,Sommers HM, Winn WC. Color Atlas andTextbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 3rded.1988. JB Lippincott Co. Pennsylvania.

3. Mims CA, Playfair JHL, Roitt IM, Wakelin DW,Williams R, Anderson RM. Medical microbiology.Mosby. London. 1995

4. Talaro K, Talaro A. Foundations in micrbiology.McGraw-Hill. London. 1996.

5. Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA,Yolken RH. Manual of clinical microbiology.8thed. ASM Press. Washington DC. 2003.

6. Internet

Documents

01 Pendahuluan-unms.pdf