Learning Objective: I will be able to identify how molecules come together to produce living organisms.

Essential Question: How do molecules come together to make such a complex living organism?

ORGANISM

Organ System

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Molecule

Atom

Atomic Basics

• The smallest unit of matter with properties of a chemical element.

• The human body is made up of mostly six elements: oxygen,carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,calcium, and phosphorus.

Atomic Basics Protons (+) = positively charged particleNeutrons (±) = neutrally charged particleElectrons (-) = negatively charged particle

Electron

Neutron

Proton

Atomic Basics

Atomic Number = the same as # of protons & # of electrons.

Atomic Mass =

# of protons + # of neutrons

Atomic Basics (Practice)

Pass out practice worksheet…

Molecules

• Molecules are groups of atoms held together in an orderly fashion.

• Compounds = molecules containing more than one type of element.

• Atoms are held together in molecules or compounds by chemical bonds.

Molecules

1) Ionic = are formed by the attraction of oppositely charged ions.

2) Covalent = form when atoms share 2 or more valence electrons.

*The more electrons that are shared, the stronger the bond.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Macromolecules

There are 4 Macromolecules:

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

Why do you think they are called “macro”molecules?

Macromolecules• They are called “Macro”molecules because they are made up of many

smaller molecules.

• They are important because Macromolecules are responsible for every function in your body.

• Macromolecules are usually “polymers” that are made up of many “monomers”• Polymer = a large molecule made up of many(poly) smaller

molecules.• Monomer = a single(mono) molecule that can join together to form

polymers.

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are polymers that include both sugars and polymers of sugars.

• The monomer of carbohydrates = monosaccharides (simple sugars)

• Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building materials both within and outside of the cells.

Carbohydrates (Examples)

• Fructose and Glucose, which are both simple sugars essential to life.

• Glucose is the most common monosaccharide.

• Carbohydrates can be found in both beans and dairy products, and are important for the body because they are nutrients that provide energy.

Lipids

• Lipids are large biological molecules that are not really true polymers.

• Since lipid molecules are not linked together to form polymeric chains, they are not considered polymers, but are considered monomers. (LIPIDS ARE THE MONOMER)

• Lipids are all hydrophobic (they don't mix with water).

Hydro = Water

Phobic = Fear

Lipids (Examples)

• Phospholipids are a type of lipid that contribute to the form and structure of cell membranes.

• Examples of lipids would be fats, oils, waxes, and hormones.

Proteins

• Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many super important roles in the body.

• They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

• The monomers of proteins are called amino acids.

Proteins• Proteins are made up of

hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains called peptides.

• There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein.

• The sequence/order of amino acids determines which protein is made, and its function.

Sources of Protein

• Eggs • Milk• Yogurt• Fish and seafood• Soy• Pistachio nuts• Pork• Chicken and turkey

Enzymes

• Special proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.

• Activation Energy = the amount of energy it takes to begin a reaction.

*Enzymes are specific to their substrate

“Lock and Key”

Nucleic Acids• Nucleic acids carry and share

important genetic information.

• The monomer of nucleic acids are called nucleotides.

• The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA, which are both found in nuclei of cells.

• DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid

• RNA = ribonucleic acid

DNA

• “The Instructions for Life”

• Double Helix Shape

• Unraveled = 2 meters long

• Contains 4 Bases:1. Adenine (A)2. Thymine (T)3. Guanine (G)4. Cytosine (C)

• Base pairing rules:• A T & T A

• G C & C Ghttp://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/dna

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/builddna/

DNA vs. RNA

DNA RNA

DoubleStranded

Single Stranded

Deoxyribose Sugar

Ribose Sugar

A, T, C, G A, U, C, G

Intro. to Cells

• The cell is the smallest unit of life (Building Blocks of Life)

• Cells are either Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

• Robert Hooke identified the first cell under his microscope.• Used Cork Cells

• Called them cells because it reminded him of prison cells.

The Cell Theory:

Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryote cells are bacterial cells.

• They do not have membrane-bound organelles.

• Small and single cellular (unicellular).

• Basic structure with everything free floating inside.

• They do have a cell wall.

Eukaryotic Cells

• Plant cells, Animal cells, and Fungal cells are eukaryotes.

• They have membrane-bound organelles.

• Much larger than prokaryotes.

• More complex and organized internal structure.

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells

• Plant and Animal cells have all the same organelles except…

• Plant cells have a Chloroplast.

• Plant cells have a Large Central Vacuole

• Plant cells have a Cell Wall, Animal cells do not.

How A Cell is Built…

• Cells have tiny organelles on the inside that work together to keep the cell running smoothly.

• Organelle literally means “tiny organs”

• All organelles are swimming in a liquid called the cytoplasm, and help the organelles communicate.

The Cell Membrane

• Acts as a barrier to protect the cell AND regulates what comes in and out of the cell. • Like a bouncer lets people

in and out of the club.

• Made of various macromolecules, mostly Lipids.

Lipid

Bilayer

Cell Transport

• In order for the cell to function properly it needs to be able to take in good materials and push out the waste.

• The cell membrane is responsible for cell transport.

• Materials enter the cell through endocytosis.

• Materials exit the cell through exocytosis.

The Concentration Gradient

Definition = the process of particles moving through a solution or gas, usually across a membrane.

With (down) the gradient

Against (up) the gradient

Passive Transport

Diffusion = the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. (Down the concentration gradient)

• “Passive” process meaning it does NOT require energy (ATP ) to happen.• ATP = (Adenosine Triphosphate)

• During diffusion, molecules move around until they are evenly spread out.

Facilitated Diffusion = diffusion across the membrane with the facilitation (help) of a protein.

Active Transport

• The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration across the membrane.

• Active Transport needs energy (ATP ) to happen because molecules are going “against the concentration gradient”.

• Transport proteins in the cell membrane are activated with ATP to move molecules across the membrane.

Check for Understanding1

2

3 4

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

DIFFUSION FACILITATED DIFFUSION

PASSIVE TRANSPORT1

OsmosisDefinition = the diffusion of water molecules down the concentration gradient.

- Is this high low or low high?

• Osmosis is a “passive” process.

• Results in Isotonic, Hypertonic, or Hypotonic solutions.

Specialized Cells

Definition = a cell with specific features needed to perform a specific function. (FORM = FUNCTION)

• There are over 200 different types of cells in the human body.

• Specialization improves efficiency because each cell type is specifically modified to perform a specific task.

• These cells are modified to help them do their job• EX: Nerve cells are long and thin to carry electrical impulses over long distances.

The Cell Cycle

• The life cycle of the cell

• During the cell cycle: • The cell grows• Replicates the DNA• Condenses into

chromosomes• Divides through

Mitosis• Becomes two identical

cells.

Interphase

• 90% of the cell’s life cycle

• During interphase the cell grows (G1), replicates its DNA (S) , and condenses DNA into chromosomes (G2).

•Has 3 phases:1. Gap1 = G12. Synthesis = S3. Gap2 = G2

Mitosis

• The part of the cell cycle when the parent celldivides into 2 identicalcells.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0

Photosynthesis

Definition = the process of converting sunlight, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O) into glucose(sugar) and oxygen.

Takes place in the chloroplast

Some Animals can do Photosynthesis…

Cell RespirationDefinition = a set of chemical reactions that convert glucose (sugar) from food into ATP (energy), and then releases waste products.

• Produces energy for metabolism

• Takes place in the mitochondrion

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Cell Respiration

Homeostasis Definition = the internal balance within an organism. (constant state)

• The body must maintain homeostasis so that life’s processes can be carried out and maintained. • Example: Growth, Exercising, and Eating

• During exercise, the circulatory and respiratory systems are mainly responsible for maintaining homeostasis.

*Think of the thermostat in your house*Think of your own example of homeostasis in the body…

Feedback Mechanisms

Definition = helps to maintain an organisms internal environment.

- Maintains homeostasis.

Negative (-) Feedback

• Detects changes away from the normal and returns back to homeostasis.

Ex: Body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood pressure.

Positive (+) Feedback

• Increases a response in order to achieve a particular outcome, once outcome is achieved response stops.

Ex: Fever, forming scabs, childbirth