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World EnglishesLexical Aspect
Variability
Variability can be observed on each level of the language and it is an ontological and universal feature of any language
Variant
The variable unit is understood as a model or norm. The term “variant” is understood as a modification of that norm or deviation from it
Norm vs. Varieties
British English illustrates the norm, and varieties of English are the variants of this norm.
The varieties of English show the deviation from the normative British English.
English: Three Main Directions
English as a native language English as a language of the official
communication English as a foreign language.
Kachru’s Three-Circle Model
Inner Circle
Inner Circle is represented by the US, Britain, Canada, Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand, where English is used primarily as a first language.
Outer Circle groups together countries such as the Philippines, Singapore, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, where English functions primarily as an institutionalized additional language
Expanding Circle
Expanding Circle counts as members Japan, China, South Korea, Indonesia, among others, where English is used primarily as a foreign language.
Language and culture are inseparable The reality is expressed trough the
language Each speaker is a culture bearer National and cultural specificity is most
widely expressed through the lexical units
Inner Circle Varieties
Specific vocabulary refers to the following word-groups
Religion Customs Traditions Clothing Political system and etc.
Australian EnglishPlants, animals and
toolsNational holidays and governmental system
People and different rituals
Dingo dog Canberra Day
celebration of the official naming of Canberra
Gin a woman
Jumbuck small ship Anzac Day day of remembrance in Australia
Koradji deals with traditional medicine
Waratah a tree with large red flowers
Borroloola Show Day
holiday for the documented region around Borroloola.
Myall a stranger, wild aboriginal
Geebung a bush with fruit
The Australian Greens
Australian Political party
Nulla - nulla a military club
Boomerang thrown tool The High Court of Australia
Australian Court Waltzing and Matilda
Carry one's swag
Examples
My old folks used to call me him a myall, he was very remote all the time
This gin in a shop was arguing with the manager so furiously, I thought she was about to blow up.
Matilda was a mock-romantic word for a swag, and to waltz matilda was to hit the road with a swag on your car
Kangaroo
Animals Plants Food Social life Political Sphere
Kangaroo fish Kangaroo bush
Kangaroo steamer
Kangaroo route
Kangaroo Court
Kangaroo rat Kangaroo apple
Kangaroo bar Kangaroo marriage
Kangaroo grass
Examples
Kangaroo Court or Competent Tribunal?: Judging the 21st Century Military Commission
How can you even bear the smell of this kangaroo steamer? I can’t even look at it, you know
This old damn car gave me a kangaroo start, and it’s like that every morning!
15%
38%9%
6%
6%
6% 10%
plants, animals andtoolskangaroo
notionas ofeveryday lifepolitical sphere
people and rituals
natural phenomena
governmentalsystem
New Zealand EnglishFood and Drink National Holidays
and Governmental System
Plants, animals and birds
Social Life and everyday items
Hops New Zealand beer
Dominion day
the Memorial day
Kiwi flightless birds
Drango a fool
Warehou New Zealand fiish and chips
Waitangi Day
Celebration of the legal arrangement between Maori and the UK
Kea a parrot Old chum immigrant from the UK
Hangi atraditional New Zealand Maori dish
United Future
Political party
Hoiho a yellow eyed penguin
Tall poppy A succefull man
Lolly cake cake with lollies or pieces of candy
Māori Party Political party
Hopuku a sea fish Chip a basket for fruit
Anzac dinner biscuit
a biscuit made from wheat flour,
New Zealand First
Political party
Kakariki a jumping sparrow
Tupperware a plastic container for food
The sneaky process that resulted in Dominion Day's assassination is certainly a story worth retelling
She brought the anzac biscuits with her, like we were going to have a picnic or something
My mom said they come from the old chum family, and they are still proud to be the first ones...
15%
25%
10%18%
8%
12%12%
notions of social life
plants, fish, animals
Aussie borrowings
food and drink
national holidays
items of clothing
governmentalsystem
Indian English
Unique Items used only in India
Food and Spices Religion
Kirana store grocery store Mutton do-piaza
a dish of lamb with onions
Dharma spiritual protection
Shamiana decorative tarpaulin made of cloth
Chota A small measure of alcohol
Asana Yogic posture:
Shikakai vegetable extract used for wishing hair
Bhel puri Indian fast food dish
Yoga
Bandah a closure of all shops and institutions in a place
Rasam mulligataway soup
Puja ritual prayer
Crore ten million Kari Traditional Indian spice
Sadhvi woman spiritual aspirant
The police has put up a 'shamiana' at the scene of the blast in order to facilitate the work of investigators and forensic experts
I had bhel puri in Kailash Parbhat once and totally loved it. Since we went for lunch buffet, the chaat items were unlimited
She became a Sadhvi after she was widowed
Dharma
behaviors that are considered to be in accord with order that makes life
and universe possible
cosmic law and order
teachings of the Buddha
teachings of the Jians
the body of doctrine
pertaining to the purification and
moral transformation of human beings.
Examples
The study of Dharma helps us to find happiness within ourself.
Therefore they say of a man who speaks truth, "He speaks the Dharma,"or of a man who speaks the Dharma, "He speaks the Truth.
Dharma and Adharma do not go around saying, ‘‘That is us.’’ Neither do gods, nor gandharvas, nor ancestors declare what is Dharma and what is Adharma.
24%
12%10%5%7%7%
13%
22%
unique objects
food and spices
no particulartheme based groupclothing
political system
music, dancetheatreplaces and people
religion
Singapore English
Food and Drink Everyday Situations Social Life
Angkat curry flavor Pakat collobarate in secret, get into an alliance
Buaya To flirt
Rojak a traditional fruit and vegetable salad dish
Rugi Make a loss Ketuk trick someone into paying for a meal
Chai tea Bedek lie Atas have a taste for expensive things
Kampong Chai Chee
a special sort of tea
Kucing kurap small or insignificant/idiom
Tekan pressured or pushed to the limit
Buat bodoh feign ignorance/idiom
Kacau disturb
Examples
I think the contractor bedek u lah, only 245A is completed.
Eh, don’t ketuk me lah. People there are very atas. Don’t pakat against me.
MakanEveryday Situations Social Life
Makan food Makan siphoned
Makan To eat Makan to take advantage of
Chari makan a gathering at which food is served
Makan session a communal meal
Examples
The money that Durai makan from NKF, no need to return, ah
Want to makan? There’s makan there, what. I am a very naïve one, first day at work
sure makaned by lao jioas.
6%21%
66%
7%
foodsituationssocial lifeholidays
China EnglishFestivals Religion Social Life
Spring Festival Chinese New Year
Mogwai - monster Beijing Opera -
Chinese opera
Dragon Boat festival
traditional Chinese holiday
Fenguang - mythological bird
Paper tiger - something that seems threatening
Blue Dragon Festival
holiday tasks can be organized using special calendar
Li qi numerology Iron rice - an occupation with guaranteed job
Double Seventh Festival
Star festival Sheng - birth Putonghua - a standardized variety of Chinese
Shangsi Festival
a festival to ward off misfortunes
Fengshui gomeopacy Dazibao big-character poster, commonly used during the Cultural Revolution
27%
12%
18%14%
29%holidayspolitical systemmusicsocial lifereligion
European English
The famous linguist Berns suggests his own theory of concentrating circles, which covers the European countries. This theory gives the following classification:
-the Inner circle: Great Britain and Ireland; -the outer circle: Holland, Germany, Luxemburg; -the expanding circle: Belgium, Denmark,
France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain
European English
Political System Borrowings from European Language
Peculiar use of British words
Democratic deficit -
a gap between the powers of the EU and the power of its citizens to influence EU
Biro - ballpoint pen Actual current
Subsidiarity - : EU principle that decisions should be taken as closely as possible to the citizen
Handy phone Eventual - possible
Co-decision - the means by which the European Parliament shares decision-making with the European Council
Bonnet - hood: Transmit - foresee
Eurocrat - a staff member of the administrative commission of the European Union
Courgette zuchinni Thousand million billion
Examples
Don’t forget that we need courgetter to make this. Can you pass the biro, please? The Cohesion Fund is aimed at Member States whose
Gross National Income (GNI) per inhabitant is less than 90 % of the EU average.
The eurocrat pioneers joined just before the easily won referendum on Harold Wilson's sham “renegotiation”.
63%8%
29% political system
peculiar use of BritishWordsborrowings fromdifferent languages
European English British English
On the other hand On the other side
Make do
Have Other verbs
Examples
I think it is in all fairness probably best not to have a definitive judgment at this point .
My first son is an economist, the second makes research in biology.
EU makes many wrong things but this problem doesn’t come from EU.
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