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Anton KRAMBERGER (University of Ljubljana)
and collaborators:
Janez KOLENC
(Institute for Pedagogy, Ljubljana)
Tina KLARIČ, Darko MALI, Darja ŠTARKL (seniors) & Mateja HERGAN, Tina ŽAGAR (juniors)
(VET Institute, Ljubljana)
Employment and school-job matching of the VET-2009 graduates: Slovenia pilot study
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU), 22-23 September 2011 1
Main research question (MRQ) of the pilot study (2011):
Transition from VET schools to work & LM mismatch - Slovenia
1. Conceptual Framework
2. Pilot study design & fieldwork
3. Analysis & preliminary results
4. Discussion on findings
5. Lessons for forthcoming survey
Outline
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 2
1. Conceptual Framework -VET benefits (CEDEFOP 2011)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 3
Economic Growth
LM outcomes
Firm succes
Productivity
Empl. opportunity
Earnings
Professional status
Society
Organisation
Individual
Less crime
Social cohesion
Health
Intergen. solidarity
Inclusion
Satisfaction
Motivation, self-esteem
ECONOMIC BENEFITS SOCIAL BENEFITS
interviews with
individuals (graduates)
QUESTIONABLE: Evidence indicates that (VET) training not only
helps specific target groups, but that its wider benefits are equal
to those of general education (cit. CEDEFOP 2011b) – Is this true?
1. Conceptual Framework – theory, R&R
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 4
VET etc.
secondary
schools
Labour
process
(orgs)
Tertiary
schools
TRANSITION
Labour market(s)
NOTE: descriptions of LM and also of school-to-work transitions depend mostly on the applied LM theory (macro, mezzo, micro level – with many variations) and of contextual factors (see ROA, CEDEFOP, ...).
Out of
LMs
Tertiary (University)*
3. PhD (Bologna)
2. MA (Bologna): 1 or 2 years
1. Bachelor (Bologna): 3-4 years
1‘. Professional (at University): 3 years
Secondary*
X. HE VET (at secondary schools) – not smoothly transitive to tertiary?
4. General (Gymansium): 4 years
3‘. Professional VET: 3+2 years
3. Professional VET: 4 years
2. Regular VET: 3 years
1. Lower VET: 2 years
1‘. VET Seminars & Exams: up to 1 year
Primary*
1. General Elementary: 9 years
Pre-Primary* * Note: extra programs for individuals with special needs (and for regions with ethnic minorities)
1. Conceptual Framework - VET System in Slovenia
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 5
target group
VET system in Slovenia (context)
Changes of labour markets since 1990
Structural constraints (decrease of jobs/vacancies)
Employability vs (un)employment of VET graduates
Transition/tracing studies are weak (too small samples)
Matching ‚problem‘: jobs & school characteristics
School continuation and/or first employment
Comparisons: VET and LM characteristics
Individual evaluations of transition (competences)
Factors & determinants of transition
1. Conceptual framework - Key concepts
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 6
2. Research design (target population & MRQ)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 7
VET schools
(programs)
LM
Employers
GRADUATES
(target pop.)
Pupils
(Admission)
Employees
CONTINUING
EDUCATION
Students
LM: active, inactive
Factors of
transition
Family
Target population: VET gradutes (by admission cohort)
20.000 - around 1990
11.000 - around 2010 (still decreasing)
Pilot study population:
3 larger Professional Centres
1500 graduates during 2010
8 different VET programs (3-4 levels)
Testing measurement instrument (Questionnaire)
Preliminary results – discussion & recommendations
2. Pilot study (Research design & goals)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 8
Standard classification used (school tracking, occupation)
VET Competences (acquired) and at work (required) comparable
2. Pilot study (Questionnaire)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 9
Six major parts of Questionnaire: No. of Quests*
(all = 40)
Comments
1. Finished VET school (programme) 4 (some data given in advance – school registers)
2. Evaluation of VET school (programme) 3 Satisfaction, Competency acquired (at school)
3. School continuation 6 Type, level (VET or Univ.), tuition fee, sponsors
4. (First) Employment (job, occupation, salary) 18 Occupation, sector, position, contract, salary
5. Evaluation of (first) employment 2 Competency required (on job), Life-style
6. Factors (demography, family status) 7 Gender, ethnicity, housing, parental education
* Some of the questions are complex (a battery of items)
Respondents = 517 (out of 1471)
Overall NR rate = 64,9%
Overall Response rate = 35,1% RR (Ptuj) = 37,1%
RR (Velenje) = 33,8%
RR (Nova Gorica) = 34,1%
Gradual contacts: Day 1: post-mail -> invitation to web survey
Day 14: reminder: -> invitation to web survey or to mail survey
Day 31: Stop
Comment: better adresses, more time, more reminders etc. -> better RR.
3.1 Preliminary results (VET graduates outflows)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 10
N %
Work = 78 15,1
solid work = 66* 12,8
casual (small) work = 12 2,3
School continuation = 311 60,2
Unemployed = 51 9,9
Inactive = 34 6,6
Miss answer = 43 8,3
TOTAL = 517 100,0
Comment 1 *: 60 employed (11,6%), 6 self-employed (1,2%)
Comment 2: For ¼ (unemployed, inactive, miss) big LM problems.
3.2 Outflows towards (1 year after graduation)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 11
For 49 this is first empoyment
½ of them were already on practice there (stud. work) during VET study
12 (out of 66) continue with his/her education, besides work
Duration of contract:
18 has tenure contract,
45 temporary contract
3 work on projects etc.
Size of firm:
20 micro (up to 10)
11 small (11 to 50)
21 medium (51 to 250)
24 large (250 +)
For 53 (out of 66) the finished VET program was not an explicit entrance requirement from the side of employer
3.3 Type of work for workers (n = 66)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 12
school-job match of the employed quite ok
but mostly very simple jobs (a disappointment with work)
low salaries (wages?)
Comment: details available later (under construction)
3.4 VET school-Job Matching (n = 66)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 13
up to 600 EUR* 22 persons
601 – 800 EUR 25
801 –1000 EUR 8
1001 –1200 EUR 3
1201 –1400 EUR 2
1401 –1600 EUR 2
1601 –1800 EUR 2
1801 –2000 EUR -
2001+ EUR 1
Comment 1 *: since March 2010, min salary in Slovenia is 734 EUR,
mean netto salary is 970 EUR;
what wages are (non-salariat), nobody knows.
3.5 Neto salaries/month (n = 66)
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 14
Allen, J. and Rolf van der Velden (2001): Educational Mismatch versus skill mismatch: effects on wages, job satisfaction, and on-the-job search. Oxford Economic Paper, Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 434-452.
CEDEFOP (2011). Vocational education and training is good for you - The social benefits of VET for individuals . CEDEFOP online: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/publications/18440.aspx
CEDEFOP / Briefing note - Despite its many benefits, vocational education and training lacks esteem. CEDEFOP online: http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/publications/18353.aspx
CPI (2011): Effective Implementation of (VET) Programmes and Quality Assurance During 2010-2012 (ESS Projects – with many sub-projects). VET Institute, Ljubljana.
Grip, A., H. Hiejke and Ed Willems (1998): Training and Mobility. The Netherlands Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 78-98.
Heijke, Hans (1996): LM information for Educational Investments. Maastricht (ROA): Working Ppaer ROA-W-1996/2E.
Heijke, Hans (2001): Vocational Education from and Economic Point of View. In Loek, F.M. Niewuwenhuis and Wim J. Nijhof (eds): The Dynamics of VET and HRD systems. Twente Univ. Press, Enschede, oo. 169-180.
Kramberger, A. & Samo Pavlin (2007, eds.): Zaposljivost v Sloveniji / Employablity in Slovenia. Ljubljana: Založba FDV.
Basic references
DEHEMS Conference, Vienna (WU),
22-23 September 2011 15
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