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Investigating Spoken Interaction
Chapter 3
Wolfson, N. (1989)
Investigating Spoken Interaction
Sociolinguistics patterns and functions oflanguage in use
Ethnography of SpeakingDell Hymes
(1962)
The Philosophic Tradition
Per formative verbsAustin (1962)
sentence, warn, promise, beg
Ex. “I sentence you to ten years prison”
*Implicitly performed act: promise, warn
*Illocutionary act illocutionary force
Indirect speech actSearle (1975)
Form and function do not coincide
Ex. Can you close the door? Indirect request
The Philosophic Tradition
Limitations
Limited to simulated or brief fragments of exchanges
Seldom contextualized in sociocultural settings
Lack of paralinguistic and non verbal elements
Idealized conditions
Grice (1975)
Make your contributionas informative as required.
Be truthful.
Be relevant.
Be brief and orderly.
Ethnomethodology
a view of social organization
theoretical and methodological approach
investigate the activity of day-to-day interaction
uncover speakers’ unconscious cultural knowledge
assumption to interpret and react to experiences
University of California at Berkeley
Ethnomethodology
create events they are engaged in.“environments for each other”.
McDermott (1977)
Organization of conversation
How speakers accomplish interaction
Shared assumptions
Coherence
Examine
The Notion of Face
Brown and Levinson (1978)
People’s feeling
Negative (desire of the individual no to be imposed on)
Positive (desire of the individual to be liked and approved of)
More polite
Higher statusPerceived of being powerfulSocially distantGravity of the threat to the other’s face
Less polite
Bald on record do no take the feeling of the other person into account.
Less powerful thanthe addressee
Elicitation as a Method of Sociolinguistics
Research in TESOL
Blum-Kulka(1982)
Collect DATA cross-linguistics studies sociolinguistics problems of second language learners
TESOL Elicitation instruments: get native speakers norms throughrole-plays, written dialogues (DCT)
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Control specific variables of situationGathering a large amount of data quicklyInsight into social and psychological factors
They are not natural speechThey do not reflect: actual wording use,
strategies used (avoidance), the depth ofemotion (tone, content).
The Use of Spontaneous Speech Data
Research in TESOL
Provide reach source of data speech behavior.
Age, sex, socioeconomics status, educational background, ethnic group and occupation are important factors.
Data is collected in real settings.
Special attention is paid to the point where miscommunication have occurredin a isolated instance or something which happens regularly.
The Sociolinguistic Behavior
of English Speakers
Chapter 4
Wolfson, N. (1989)
FORMS OF ADDRESS
REQUESTS
APOLOGIESGREETINGS
THE EXPRESSION
OF GRATITUDE
REFUSALSDISAPPROVAL
THE TELEPHONE
INVESTIGATE
PARTINGS
Forms of Address
Indicator of status relationship, solidarity, and degree of social distance
Inequality between sexes
First-naming/ No-naming
Apologies
Asserting imbalance or showing deference.
Asserting that an offense has occurred.
Expressing an attitude toward the offense.
Requesting the restoration of balance.
Owen (1980)
Requests
Categories byErvin-Trip (1976)
1. Needs statements superior in work settings/ age family
2. Imperatives family, downwards ranks, equals, blue collar workers
3. Imbedded imperatives superior in rank and age, speaker is the beneficiary
4. Permission directives infrequent, activity includes action by the addressee
5. Nonexplicit question difficult or impossible, escape route, negative tag questiondirectives
6. Hints addressee’s option is open, familiarity and solidarity
The Telephone
American speaker s may :
begin offering an apology for disturbing at mealtime or late in the evening
tend to verify the phone number
Goodbye
Disapproval
Dressed interrogatives (RQ, REQ), declaratives
Undressed imperatives
Direct / Indirect
Refusal
Direct “I refuse” “no”
Response to intimates and status unequal or stranger
Indirect “I am sorry” , “My kids will be home that night”, I’d love to”
Response to acquaintances of equal status :Expression of a positive opinionExpression of regretAn excuse, reason, explanation
The Expression of Gratitude
Thanking formulas “Thanks”
Expressing pleasure “That’s great”
Compliment the giver “You’re wonderful”
Expressing the desire to repair the favor.
Ritual refusal “You shouldn’t have”
Religious undertone “Bless your heart, honey”
Greetings
Topic initiation
Verbal salutes
References to the interlocutor
Partings
NONVERBAL
Breaking eye contact
Leaning toward the door
Leaning forward
VERBAL
Reinforcement of the relationship
among status equals but not
among unequal