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Assessment of Effects of Sedimentation on the Capacity/ Life of Bhakra Reservoir (Gobind Sagar) on River Satluj and Pong
Reservoir on River Beas
STUDY TEAM
BBMB NIH (Dr. Sanjay K. Jain, P.I.
Dr. J. V. Tyagi, Co P.I. Mr. L N Thakural, Co P.I.)
Date of Start: April 2009 Extended up to September 2013
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Collection and development of data for the catchment and the reservoir by latest techniques.
Analysis of existing sediment data at various locations in the catchments of river Satluj and Beas.
Soil erosion modelling for both the catchments
Development of mathematical model for instant study of Sedimentation to assess life of reservoirs.
Dissemination of knowledge, findings and applications of the developed models to field Engineers through preparation of manual, leaflets & by organizing workshop & seminars.
THE STUDY AREATHE STUDY AREA
WORK ELEMENTS
Sedimentation assessment by remote sensing NIH
Sedimentation assessment by hydrpgraphic survey BBMB
MODELLING OF SOIL EROSION/SEDIMENT YIELD
Sediment discharge relationship NIH/BBMB
Modelling of soil erosion/sediment yieldNIH
DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL
Assessment of effects of sedimentation on the capacity /life of Bhakra reservoir on the river Satluj and Pong reservoir on the river Beas (Mathematical modelling)
Consultant
ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENTATION RATE
Satellite Data ( IRS LISS III )
S.No. Path-Row Date of pass
1. 94-48 13oct08, 30 nov08, 24 dec08, 6 mar09, 23apr09, 17may09, 10jun09, 04jul09,
2. 94-49 13oct08, 06 nov08, 24 dec08, 23 apr09, 6mar09, 17may09, 10 jun09, 4jul09,
3. 95-48 18 oct08, 11 mar09,
4. 96-48 23 oct08,16mar09
5. 95-49 18oct08, 11mar09
6. 96-49 23oct08,16mar09,
Daily Sediment & Discharge Relationship Form 1987 To 1996
S.No River Measuring Site
Regression Equation
Regression Coefficient (R²)
1. Satluj Kasol y = 0.010x1.818 R² = 0.923
2. Satluj Suni y = 0.006x1.888 R² = 0.913
3. Satluj Rampur y = 0.003x1.992 R² = 0.909
4. Beas Jwalamukhi y = 0.178x1.214 R² = 0.774
Monthly Sediment & Discharge Relationship Form 1987 To 1996
S.No. River Measuring Site Regression Equation Regression Coefficient (R²)
1. Satluj Kasol y = 0.0006x1.8352 R² = 0.9353
2. Satluj Suni y = 0.0003x1.9061 R² = 0.9227
3. Satluj Rampur y = 7E-05x2.037 R² = 0.912
4. Beas Jwalamukhi y = 9E-07x1.337 R² = 0.879
MODEL PERFOMANCE
CONVENTIONAL METHOD
ANFIS-GRID
ANFIS-CLUSTER
REGRRESSION COEFF. (DAILY)
KasolSuni
Rampur
0.6980.7010.639
0.7600.7820.726
0.7470.770.726
REGRRESSION COEFF.
(MONTHLY)KasolSuni
Rampur
0.7440.720.813
0.7770.7200.820
0.7850.7400.801
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION IN BHAKHRA AND PONG RESERVOIRS
RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION
Under Sluice
Water Surface
Turbid Water
Delta
Fine Sediment
Storage
FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 13FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 13THTH OCTOBER 2008 OCTOBER 2008 AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF BHAKRA RESERVOIR AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF BHAKRA RESERVOIR
FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 23FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 23RDRD APRIL 2009 AND APRIL 2009 AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF BHAKRA RESERVOIRWATER SPREAD AREA OF BHAKRA RESERVOIR
FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 10FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 10THTH JUNE 2009 AND JUNE 2009 AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF BHAKRA RESERVOIR WATER SPREAD AREA OF BHAKRA RESERVOIR
FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 13FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 13THTH OCTOBER 2008 OCTOBER 2008 AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF PONG RESERVOIR AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF PONG RESERVOIR
FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 23FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 23RDRD APRIL 2009 AND APRIL 2009 AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF PONG RESERVOIR WATER SPREAD AREA OF PONG RESERVOIR
FCC OF IRS –P6 LISS III DATA OF 10TH JUNE 2009 AND WATER SPREAD AREA OF PONG RESERVOIR
h
d
Extrapolated maximum area
Area on One date (A2)
Area on next date (A1)
hmax
TRAPEZOIDAL FORMULAfor two successive contours
V=h(A1+A2+(A1*A2)/3
Date of Satellite
Pass
Reservoir Elevation(m)99
Original Area (Mm2) 1974
Estimated Area(RS)(Mm2
)
Original Volume (Mm3) 1974
Estimated
Volume (RS)
(Mm3)
Original Cumulative Volume
(Mm3)
Estimated
Cumulative Vol.
(RS) (Mm3)
426.720 7233.622 6600.778
13/10/2008 422.919
246.356
242.70 371.390 355.281 6310.649 5717.816
06/11/2008 421.392
240.074
222.76
1428.305
1353.203 5939.258 5362.535
24/12/2008 415.132
216.415
209.60
1569.706
1509.373 4510.953 4009.332
06/03/2009 407.191
179.549
171.24 754.255 714.874 2941.247 2499.959
23/04/2009 402.738
159.404
150.06 683.899 621.668 2186.992 1785.086
17/05/2009 398.157
139.391
121.83 805.575 652.502 1503.093 1163.418
10/06/2009 391.653
108.934 80.24 302.154 222.134 697.519 510.916
04/07/2009 388.696 95.606 70.14 395.364 288.782 395.364 288.782
RESULTS (PONG RESERVOIR)
SEDIMENTATION RATE (PONG RESERVOIR)
Zone : 463.921 to 551.5As per Hydrographic survey,
1974 to 2008-09 (Mm3)Live storage : 7291.22 to 6655.097Rate : 19.87 Mm3/ year
Dead storage : 1287.773 to 1064.48Rate : 6.37 Mm3/ year
Total storage : 8578.99 to 7719.52Rate : 24.55 Mm3/ year
As per Remote Sensing study,
1974 to 2008-2009 (Mm3)Live storage : 7233.00 to 6600.778Rate : 19.77 Mm3/year
Date of Satellite
Pass
Reservoir Elevation(m)
Original Area (Mm2) 1965
Estimated
Area(RS)
(Mm2)
Original
Volume
(Mm3)
Estimated
Volume (RS)
(Mm3)
Original Cumulati
ve Volume (Mm3)
Estimated
Cumulative Vol. (RS)
(Mm3)
515 6056.35 5253.107
13/10/2008 510.918 160.110 148.853 452.143 408.517 5456.358 4686.437
06/11/2008 508.041 154.190 146.923 909.223 856.675 5004.215 4277.920
24/12/2008 501.896 141.830 141.688 2211.843 2020.971 4094.992 3421.245
06/03/2009 484.230 109.280 97.640 1084.586 898.750 1883.150 1400.274
23/04/2009 473.275 89.080 70.816 676.081 441.420 798.564 501.524
17/05/2009 465.430 83.300 42.872 122.482 60.104 122.482 60.104
10/06/2009 463.921 79.080 40.786
RESULTS (BHAKRA RESERVOIR)
SEDIMENTATION RATE (BHAKRA RESERVOIR)
As per Hydrographic survey, Zone : 445.62 to 515.11 m1965 to 2007 (Mm3)Live storage : 7436.03 to 6511.73Rate : 22.00 Mm3/ year
Dead storage : 2431.81 to 1530.71Rate : 21.45 Mm3/ year
Total storage : 8578.99 to 7719.52Rate : 43.46 Mm3/ year
As per Remote Sensing study, Zone : 463.921 to 515.11 m
Up to 2008-2009 (Mm3)Live storage : 6056 to 5253.107Rate : 18.08 Mm3/year
ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD USING ARCSWAT MODEL
SATLUJ RIVER BASIN
Area = 2774 sq km (Rampur to Kasol)
Elevation varies between 500 to 1200 m above msl
The Satluj River flows through the Western Himalayan region and the river basin as a whole receives a good amount of rainfall throughout the year
The hill topography and deforestation within the basin result in huge loss of productive soil and water as runoff
CREATION OF SPATIAL DATA BASE
Spatial data base was prepared in raster (grid) format
DEM which is one of the main inputs of SWAT Model was taken from ASTER DEM
Drainage map was extracted from DEM using channel threshold area of 45 sq km
Land use/land cover map was prepared using remote sensing data of Landsat ETM+.
Soil map of the study area was digitized from soil map of NBSS &LUP at a scale of 1:50,000
Analysis revealed that the soils in the study area were mostly clayey soils and falls in the hydrologic soil group C & D.
LAND USE CATEGORIES AND THEIR EXTENT
Land use Satluj Watershed Beas watershed
Area (km2) % Total Area (km2)
% Total
Forest 2330.00 84.00 2447.87 91.21
Barren 428.80 15.45 186.61 6.95
water 15.50 0.55 49.35 1.84
Total 2774.30 100.00 2683.83 100.00
DRAINAGE NETWORK (SATLUJ BASIN)
LANDUSE / LAND COVER MAP (SATLUJ BASIN)
SOIL MAP (SATLUJ BASIN)
HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DATA
BBMB Nangal maintains hydro-meteorological observation network in the Satluj river basin
However, the gauging stations in the upper part of the catchment are very few and most of the these stations have either rain gauge or a snow gauge which do not provide total precipitation at the site.
Daily rainfall data of twenty one years (1985 - 2005) of these available stations were collected from BBMB.
The daily runoff and sediment load (with some gaps) at Rampur and Kasol gauging sites were also collected for the corresponding years from BBMB.
Daily data on max. and min. temperature was also collected from BBMB and solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity data were downloaded from web site
SWAT MODEL SET UP
Satluj basin below Rampur and up to Kasol having an area of 2774.31 sq km was considered for simulation of discharge and sediment yield because complete precipitation data above Rampur was not available.
The study area was delineated into 29 sub-basins.
The sub-basins were further subdivided into 386 HRUs by overlaying land use map, slope map and the soil map
The daily discharges and sediment loads from upper catchment observed at Rampur gauging site were given as input to the main channel by employing the inlet watershed concept in the SWAT model.
The input discharges and sediment load at Rampur along with those generated from the lower catchment were routed to the catchment outlet.
DELINEATION OF SUB-BASINS (SATLUJ BASIN)
MODEL CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION
SWAT was calibrated using the observed daily data of runoff and sediment concentration of 11 years from 1985 to 1995
The model validation was carried out for daily surface runoff and sediment concentration for the years 1996 to 2005
CALIBRATION RESULTS FOR DAILY FLOWS (SATLUJ BASIN)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
01-0
1-19
86
01-0
7-19
86
01-0
1-19
87
01-0
7-19
87
01-0
1-19
88
01-0
7-19
88
01-0
1-19
89
01-0
7-19
89
01-0
1-19
90
01-0
7-19
90
01-0
1-19
91
01-0
7-19
91
01-0
1-19
92
01-0
7-19
92
01-0
1-19
93
01-0
7-19
93
01-0
1-19
94
01-0
7-19
94
01-0
1-19
95
01-0
7-19
95
Dis
char
ge (c
umec
)
Days
Obs dis (cumec)
Sim dis (Cumec)
CALIBRATION RESULTS FOR DAILY FLOWS (SATLUJ BASIN)
y = 0.9042x + 22.871R² = 0.9249
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Sim
ulat
ed d
isch
arge
(cu
mec
)
Observed discharge (cumec)
CALIBRATION RESULTS FOR DAILY SEDIMENT YIELD CONCENTRATION (SATLUJ BASIN)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
2500001
-01-
1986
01-0
7-19
86
01-0
1-19
87
01-0
7-19
87
01-0
1-19
88
01-0
7-19
88
01-0
1-19
89
01-0
7-19
89
01-0
1-19
90
01-0
7-19
90
01-0
1-19
91
01-0
7-19
91
01-0
1-19
92
01-0
7-19
92
01-0
1-19
93
01-0
7-19
93
01-0
1-19
94
01-0
7-19
94
01-0
1-19
95
01-0
7-19
95
Sedi
men
t con
c. (m
g/l)
Days
Obs sediment conc. (mg/l)
Sim sediment conc. (mg/l)
CALIBRATION RESULTS FOR DAILY SEDIMENT YIELD CONCENTRATION (SATLUJ BASIN)
y = 0.7905x + 372.6R² = 0.8532
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Sim
sedi
men
t co
nc. (
mg/
l)
Obs sediment conc. (mg/l)
VALIDATION RESULTS FOR DAILY FLOWS (SATLUJ BASIN)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
450001
-01-
1996
01-0
7-19
96
01-0
1-19
97
01-0
7-19
97
01-0
1-19
98
01-0
7-19
98
01-0
1-19
99
01-0
7-19
99
01-0
1-20
00
01-0
7-20
00
01-0
1-20
01
01-0
7-20
01
01-0
1-20
02
01-0
7-20
02
01-0
1-20
03
01-0
7-20
03
01-0
1-20
04
01-0
7-20
04
01-0
1-20
05
01-0
7-20
05
Dis
char
ge (c
umec
)
Days
Obs dis (cumec)sim dis (Cumec)
VALIDATION RESULTS FOR DAILY FLOWS (SATLUJ BASIN)
y = 0.8712x + 7.0788R² = 0.9127
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Sim
ulat
ed d
isch
arge
(cu
mec
)
Observed discharge (cumec)
VALIDATION RESULTS FOR DAILY SEDIMENT YIELD CONCENTRATION (SATLUJ BASIN)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
01-0
1-19
96
01-0
7-19
96
01-0
1-19
97
01-0
7-19
97
01-0
1-19
98
01-0
7-19
98
01-0
1-19
99
01-0
7-19
99
01-0
1-20
00
01-0
7-20
00
01-0
1-20
01
01-0
7-20
01
01-0
1-20
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01-0
7-20
02
01-0
1-20
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01-0
7-20
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01-0
1-20
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01-0
7-20
04
01-0
1-20
05
01-0
7-20
05
Sedi
men
t con
c. (m
g/l)
Days
Obs sediment conc. (mg/l)Sim sediment conc. (mg/l)
VALIDATION RESULTS FOR DAILY SEDIMENT YIELD CONCENTRATION (SATLUJ BASIN)
y = 0.5971x + 389.71R² = 0.7362
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Sim
sedi
men
t co
nc. (
mg/
l)
Obs sediment conc. (mg/l)
Description ENS
(%)
R2 Mean Standard deviation
Obs Sim Obs Sim
Discharge (m3 s-1)
92.25 0.925 429.71 411.43 421.09 395.93
Sediment concentration (mg l-1)
84.15 0.853 1091.71 1235.60 1718.18 1470.50
Daily calibration goodness of fit statistics for Satluj river catchment
Description ENS (%) R2 Mean Standard deviation
Obs Sim Obs Sim
Discharge (m3 s-1)
89.73 0.913 394.86 351.07 377.46 344.21
Sediment concentration (mg l-1)
69.95 0.736 1479.67 1273.28 2026.51 1410.38
Daily validation goodness of fit statistics for Satluj river catchment
DRAINAGE NETWORK (BEAS BASIN)
Description ENS (%) R2 Mean Standard deviation
Obs Sim Obs Sim
Discharge (m3 s-1)
71.64 0.795 227.05 255.82 324.33 375.61
Sediment concentration (mg l-1)
42.54 0.490 328.80 439.07 771.74 702.02
Daily calibration goodness of fit statistics for Beas river catchment
Description ENS
(%)
R2 Mean Standard deviation
Obs Sim Obs Sim
Discharge (m3 s-1)
70.83 0.756 180.29 183.94 263.07 286.04
Sediment concentration (mg l-1)
40.80 0.412 395.65 363.16 1185.75 692.17
Daily validation goodness of fit statistics for Beas river catchment
CONCLUSIONSSatluj catchment
Mean annual rainfall 924.5 mm was partitioned amongEvapotranspiration, ET (48.3%), percolation/ groundwater recharge (35.5%), transmission loss/abstraction (0.4%) and surface runoff (15.8%).
The simulated mean annual water yield amounted to 459.8 (49.7%) mm up to Kasol.
Beas catchment
Mean annual rainfall of 1778.1 mm was partitioned among ET (45.2%), percolation/ groundwater recharge (42.3%), transmission loss/abstraction (0.3%), and surface runoff (12.2%)
The mean annual water yield was computed as 912.5 (51.3%) mm up to Naudaun.
CONCLUSIONSBHAKRA RESERVOIR
Sedimentation rate in live zone (remote sensing) comes out to be 18.08 Mm3 /year while as per hydrographic survey it is 22.00 Mm3 /year .
PONG RESERVOIR
Sedimentation rate in live zone (remote sensing) comes out to be 19.77 Mm3 /year while as per hydrographic survey it is 19.87 Mm3 /year
CONCLUSIONS
The mean annual sediment loading from the studied areas of Satluj and Beas catchments were simulated as 5.98 t/ha and 4.43 t/ha respectively.
The simulated sediment rates are consistent with 4.54 t/ha/yr reported by Singh (2011) for Tirthan watershed in Indian Himalayas, and 6.67 t/ha/yr reported by Sharma and Rai (2004) for a Himalayan watershed (elevation range 300–2650 m above msl, area of 3014 ha) in Sikkim state of India.
The iso-erosion rate map of India shows that mean annual erosion rates in India vary from 3.50 to 25 t/ha/yr (Garde and Kothyari, 1987).
Thus, the computed sediment yield in the present study is well within the limits in comparison to reported data. The lower rates of sediment yield can be attributed to good forest cover in the study areas of Satluj and Beas catchments.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the bulk density of sedimentation as 1.24 tm-3, the simulated sediment yield provided an average sedimentation rate of
23.28 Mm3 yr-1 at Kasol and 7.70 Mm3 yr-1 at Nadaun site against the observed values of 27.31 Mm3 yr-1 and 7.28 Mm3
yr-1 at respective sites.
Results of hydrographic survey conducted by the Bhakra Beas Management Board (BBMB) in the year 2007-08 indicates that the average sedimentation rate during the period 1965 to 2007 was 43.46 Mm3 yr-1 in Bhakra (Gobind Sagar) reservoir and 24.55 Mm3 yr-1 in 2008-09 in Pong reservoir.
The Bhakra reservoir is located downstream of Kasol on Satluj river and Pong reservoir is located downstream of Nadaun on Beas river.
CONCLUSIONS
The higher sedimentation rate in the reservoirs than the simulated rate can be viewed in the light of facts that
(i) The simulated sedimentation rate is based on suspended sediment load only and does not include the bed load,
(ii)The additional catchment area of 1366 km2 between Kasol and Bhakra reservoir and 3451 km2 between Nadaun and Pong reservoir also contribute sediment into these reservoirs, and
(iii) Many streams originating from the surrounding agricultural and forest lands directly drain into these reservoirs and deliver heavy sediment load. Therefore, the simulated sedimentation rate for Bhakra reservoir is comparable with that obtained through hydrographic survey. However, the simulated sedimentation rate is underestimated for Pong reservoir because of the limitation of data.
