WHAT IS IT ?  THE FORCES ACTING ON OR WITHIN AN ORGANISM TO ENERGIZING AND DIRECT BEHAVIOR  THE CONCEPT TO EXPLAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE INTENSITY OF BEHAVIOR.MORE INTENSE BEHAVIORS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE RESULT OF HIGHER LEVELS OF MOTIVATION  THE CONCEPT TO INDICATE THE DIRECTION OF BEHAVIOR. WHEN YOU ARE HUNGRY, YOU DIRECT YOUR BEHAVIOR IN WAYS TO GET FOOD

THEORIST HAVE DIFFERED IN THEIR EXPLANATIONS OF THE MECHANISM THAT ACTIVATE & DIRECT BEHAVIOR

INSTINCTIVE THEORIES : MOTIVATION IS THE RESULT OF PHYSICAL NEEDS ; FOOD, WATER, SEX, AVOIDANCE OF PAIN

  COGNITIVE THEORIES : OUR THOUGHTS,

FEELINGS AND ATTITUDES CAN MOTIVATE US. Contoh : orang yang percaya akan berhasil

pada suatu tugas akan rajin berusaha; yang percaya dirinya tidak mempunyai kemampuan tidak akan berusaha. Jadi perasaan atau pikiran dapat memberi atau tidak memberi motivasi.

Teori kognitif menyatakan bahwa untuk mengerti motivasi tingkah laku perlu mengerti proses yang digunakan seseorang pada waktu menginterpretasikan informasi.

SOCIAL APPROACH : WE ARE SOCIALLY MOTIVATED. WE INTERACT WITH OTHERS, AND THIS INTERACTION BOTH GENERATES & DIRECTS BEHAVIOR.

THIS APPROACH POINT OUT THE MOTIVATING PROPERTIES OF THE PRESENCE OF OTHERS.

ACTUALIZATION APPROACH : THE BASIC MOTIVE OF ALL HUMANS IS TO BECOME AS PERSONALLY FULFILLED AS WE CAN.

THIS APPROACH STRESS THE POSITIVE NATURE OF BEHAVIOR & HAVE POINT OF VIEW THAT WE STRIVE TO CONTROL OR AFFECT OUR ENVIRONMENT.

DIGUNAKAN untuk MEMAHAMI PERBEDAAN KONSEP TEORI2 MOTIVASI.

 1. ENERGY

THERE’S some SOURCE OF ENERGY that DRIVES BEHAVIOR

SOME THEORIST have PROPOSED that just ONE SOURCE of ENERGY EXIST for ALL BEHAVIOR, that the ENERGY BEHIND BEHAVIOR IS GENERAL.

MAJOR CONSTRUCT IN MOTIVATION

OTHER THEORIST have PROPOSED that the FORCE BEHIND PARTICULAR BEHAVIOR IS SPECIFIC.

ENERGI-ACTIVATING BEHAVIOR can also serve a DIRECTING BEHAVIOR, because EACH BEHAVIOR HAS ITS OWN ENERGI. EX : during hunger, food-getting behavior would be activated and directed, while water-directed behaviors would occur during thirst.

OTHERS THEORIES have PROPOSED that an ENERGY CONCEPT IS UNNECESSARY & WE CAN UNDERSTAND MOTIVATION of BEHAVIOR without having to assume some ENERGY behind behavior.

THUS the CONCEPT of ENERGY is more IMPORTANT in some THEORIES than in OTHERS.

ASSUME that such MOTIVATIONAL MECHANISM are GENETICALLY PROGRAMMED or “WIRED IN” to the ORGANISM. THIS BIOLOGICAL APPROACH TAKEN 2 FORMS: INSTINCT approach & the ACTIVATION CIRCUIT BRAIN

  THE INSTINCT approach PROPOSED that

ENERGY ACCUMULATES WITHIN the ORGANISM and LEADS to a MOTIVATED STATE. TRIGGERED BY the SPECIFIC STIMULI that have the EFFETC OF RELEASING the BEHAVIOR.

2. Heredity

THE ACTIVATION CIRCUIT approach PROPOSED THAT CIRCUIT WITHIN the BRAIN MONITOR the STATE of BODY and ACTIVATE BEHAVIORS when CHANGES are DETECTED.

THE ACTIVATION of these CIRCUITS than LEADS to the MOTIVATION OF RESPONSES, which may be either INNATE OR LEARNED

CLARK HULL (1940) OUTLINED the INTERRELATIONSHIPS of LEARNING and MOTIVATION IN GENERATING BEHAVIOR

LATER THEORIST have stressed the ROLE of INCENTIVES in CONTROLLING GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR

RESEARCH EXAMINED: CLASSICAL & OPERANT CONDITIO-NING maybe INVOLVED in the DEVELOPMENT of MOTIVE STATES

SOME MOTIVES also seem to be LEARNED through OBSERVATION (NAMED is MODELLING)

3. Learning

OUR INTERACTIONS with OTHERS can also be MOTIVATING

RESEARCH in SOCIAL PSY : POINTED to the POWER of the GROUP in MOTIVATING US to CONFORM and to the POWER of AUTHORITY FIGURES in MOTIVATING US to OBEY

THE PRESENCE of OTHERS often REDUCES that INDIVIDUAL will PROVIDE HELP in an EMERGENCY SITUATION

SOCIAL SITUATION have a LARGE INFLUENCE on our BEHAVIOR because the PRESENCE of OTHERS ALTERS our MOTIVATION

4. Social Interaction

THE KINDS of INFORMATION we “TAKE IN” & the WAYS in which that INFORMATION is PROCESSED have IMPORTANT INFLUENCES on our BEHAVIOR

THEORIES : HEIDER’S BALANCE theory, FESTINGER’S COGNITIVE DISSONANCE theory

ATTRIBUTION theory has also EMPHASIZED the ROLE of COGNITION in the INTERPRETATION of OTHERS (and our own) BEHAVIOR and INDICATES that OUR BEHAVIOR will be BASED on these INTERPRETATIONS

5. Cognitive Process

HOMEOSTATIS : the IDEA that an OPTIMAL LEVEL STATE of the BODY

WHEN the BODY DEVIATES too far from this OPTIMAL LEVEL, MOTIVATIONAL CIRCUITS are TRIGGERED by the, and BEHAVIORS will BRING the BODY BACK to its OPTIMAL LEVEL are BEGUN

THE PURPOSE OF MOTIVATION

1. HOMEOSTATIS

2. HEDONISM

HEDONISM assume that we are MOTIVATED by PLEASURE and PAIN.

WE LEARN to approach SITUATION that are PLEASURABLE and SIMILARLY LEARN to AVOID SITUATIONS that are PAINFUL

  MODERN HEDONISTIC PROPOSED that

PLEASURE & PAIN EXIST ALONG a CONTINUUM, and that what is PAINFUL OR PLEASURABLE will CHANGE as CONDITIONS CHANGE

Ex : ditraktir makan dalam kondisi kenyang, is NOT PLEASURABLE !

3. GROWTH MOTIVATION

GROWTH MOTIVATION stresses the IDEA that HUMANS are MOTIVATED to REACH their FULL POTENTIAL–PHYSICALLY, PSYCHOLOGICALLY & EMOTIONALLY

ROGERS DISCUSS THIS GROWTH MOTIVATION in RELATION to the FULLY FUNCTIONING INDIVIDUAL

MASLOW uses TERM SEL-ACTUALIZATION to Describe the MOTIVATION to STRIVE for PERSONAL FULFILLMENT

GROWTH MOTIVATION theories SUGGEST that HUMANS are STRONGLY MOTIVATED to TEST and IMPROVE their CAPACITIES

Understanding Emotional Experience

Feelings that can affect behavior and generally have both physiological and cognitive elements

and that influence behavior

The functions of Emotion

Preparing us for action

emotions act as a link between events in our environment and our response.

Example : Angry dog = emotional reaction (fear)

Shaping our future behavior

emotions help us learn information that improves our chances of making appropriate responses in the future. Something unpleasant = teaches us to avoid, pleasant = lead us to seek out similar situation in the future

Helping us interact more effectively with others

The Roots of Emotion

The James-Lange Theory The belief that emotional experience is a

reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation ( “I feel sad because I am crying” )

The James-Lange theory poses difficulty : physiological arousal does not invariably produce emotional experience

The Roots of Emotion

Canon-Bard Theory of Emotion The belief that both physiological and

emotional arousal are produces simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus

The Roots of Emotion

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion The belief that emotions are determined jointly

by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.

INTELLIGENCE

IntelligenceThe capacity to understand the

world, think rationally, and use resources effectively

when faced with challenge

Intelligence TestTest devised to identify a

person’s level if intelligence

Mental AgeThe average age of individuals who achieve a particular level

of performance on a test

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)A score that takes into account

an individual’s mental and chronological ages