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Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks
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DEVELOPMENT OF A WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK POWERED BY ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNIQUES
Daniele Costarella
Grand Hotel Mediterraneo - Florence - July 9th, 2013
Outline • Energy Harvesting Basics
• What are the benefits? Where is it useful? Important aspects.
• Piezoelectric, Thermoelectric and Solar Sources • Selecting the Right Transducers, piezogenerator models,
capabilities, limitations
• Converting Harvested Energy into a Regulated Output • Rectification, start-up, efficiency, and over-voltage concerns
• Integrated solution in a WSN • Challenges Design of a EH-WSN node, prototyping
• Data analysis
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 2
Common EH Systems
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 3
Energy Harvesting Basics • Energy Harvesting is the process by which energy readily available
from the environment is captured and converted into usable electrical energy
• This term frequently refers to small autonomous devices, or micro energy harvesting
• Ideal for substituting for batteries that are impractical, costly, or dangerous to replace.
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 4
Common EH Sources
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 5
Energy Source Performance (Power Density)
Notes
Solar: • Outdoor, direct sunlight • Outdoor, cloudy • Indoor
15 mW / cm2
0.15 mW /cm2
10 uW / cm2
Power per unit with a Conversion efficiency of 15%
Mechanical • Machinery
• Human body
• Acoustic noise • Airflow
100-1000 uW /cm3
110 uW / cm3
1 uW / cm2 @ 100 dB 750 uW / cm2 @ 5 m/s
Ex. 800 uW / cm3 @ 2mm e 2.5 kHz Ex. 4 uW / cm3 @ 5 mm and 1 Hz It depends on the specific conditions with respect to the Betz limit
Thermic • Temperature gradients
• EM radiation
1-1000 uW / cm3
Depends on the average temperature. Distance: 5 m from a 1W source @ 2.4 GHz (free space)
Design challenges in conventional WSN • Sensor node has limited energy supply
• Hard to replace/recharge nodes’ batteries once deployed, due to • Number of nodes in network is high • Deployed in large area and difficult locations like hostile environments,
forests, inside walls, etc • Nodes are ad hoc deployed and distributed • No human intervention to interrupt nodes’ operations
• WSN performances highly dependent on energy supply • Higher performances demand more energy supply • Bottleneck of Conventional WSN is ENERGY
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Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Networks • Wireless Sensor nodes are designed to operate in a very
low duty cycle • The sensor node is put to the sleep mode most of the time and it is
activated to perform sensing and communication when needed
• Moderate power consumption in active mode, and very low power consumption while in sleep (or idle) mode
• Advantages: • Recharge batteries or similar in sensor nodes using EH • Prolong WSN operational lifetime or even infinite life span • Growing interest from academia, military and industry • Reduces installation and operating costs • System reliability enhancement
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 7
Wireless Sensor Node
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Power unit
Piezoelectric generator
Solar source
TEG
Sensing subsystem
Sensors
ADC
Computing subsystem
MCU • Memory • SPI • UART
Communication subsystem
Radio
Main subsystems
Wireless Sensor Node
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25%
15%
60%
Computing Subsystem Sensing Subsystem Communication Subsystem
Power consumption distribution for a wireless sensor node
• Vibrating piezos generate an A/C output • Electrical output depends on frequency and acceleration • Open circuit voltages may be quite high at high g-levels • Output impedances also quite high
Energy sources
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• TEGs are simply thermoelectric modules that convert a temperature differential across across the device, and resulting heat flow through it, into a voltage
• Based on Seebeck effect • Output voltage range: 10 mV/K to 50 mV/K
• A solar cell converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect
• The output power of the cell is proportional to the brightness of the light landing on the cell, the total area and the efficiency
Energy Storage
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 11
Option 2: Capacitors • Efficient charging • Limited capacity
Option 3: Super Capacitors • Small size • High efficiency • Very high capacity ( from 1 up to 5000F or so)
Option 1: Traditional Rechargeable Batteries • Inefficient charging (lots of energy converted to heat) • Limited numbed of charging cycles
Supply management: LTC3588
• The LTC3588 is a high efficiency integrated hysteretic buck DC/DC converter
• Collects energy from the piezoelectric transducer and delivers regulated outputs up to 100mA
• Integrated low-loss full-wave bridge rectifier
• Requires 950nA of quiescent current (in regulation) and 450nA in UVLO
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 12
Anatomy of the WSN node
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Battery Output vs. EH Module Output
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Energy Available vs. Time
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Demoboard Project • Design of a multisource Energy
Harvesting Wireless Sensor Node
• Development of a demoboard with Energy Harvesting capabilities, including RF communication and Temperature sensor
• Additional supercap for longer backup operation
• Very customizable to the end users’ needs
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Power supply circuit
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Piezo
Solar
TEG
Supercap
Primary Charge
Prototyping On board: • 40-Pin Flash Microcontroller
with nanoWatt XLP Technology
• Low Power 2.4GHz GFSK Transceiver Module
• Low Power Linear Active Thermistor
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 18
Signal analysis
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Fig. A: Duty cycle Fig. B: TX pulse length (Zoom View)
Data analysis • Web interface
• Real time graphics • History
• Views • Temperature • Supercapacitor Voltage • Input Voltage • Charging • Backup status
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 20
Data analysis: examples
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Fig. A: Temperature Fig. B: Input Voltage (VIN)
Fig. C: Supercap charging Fig. D: Supercap discharge
DEMO
Board specifications Feature Description Sources: Solar / TEG / Piezoelectric Input voltage ranges: Solar: 5 ÷ 18 VDC
TEG: 20 ÷ 500 mVDC Piezoelectric: max 18 VAC
Temperature Sensor: 0 ÷ 50 °C Resolution: 0.4 °C Wireless communication: 2400-2483.5 MHz ISM (GFSK) Transmission rate: 1 and 2 Mbps support Current/Power IDLE mode: 9 uA / 30 uW Current/Power TX mode: 18.9 mA / 62 mW Maximum TX distance: 100 m Backup operation: > 24 h
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 23
References
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 24
Energy Harvesting Technologies Springer By Shashank Priya and Daniel J. Inman Covers a very wide range of interesting topics
My Master Thesis Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” By Daniele Costarella Available online: http://danielecostarella.com
Thank you
July 9th, 2013 Energy Harvesting Demoboard 25
@dcostarella
http://it.linkedin.com/in/danielecostarella