HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERSThe health and well-being of cells & tissues depend not only on an intact circulation todeliver nutrients but also on normal fluid

hemostasis.

HEMODYNAMICSAn important part of cardiovascular physiology

dealing with the forces the pump (the heart) has to develop to circulate blood through the

cardiovascular system.

EDEMA

• palpable swelling produced by expansion of the interstitial fluid volume

• medical term for swelling caused by fluid in the small spaces that surround the body's tissues and organs

• it becomes eviden with the interstitial fluid increases by 1.5 to 2 liters

CLASSIFICATION OF EDEMA• According to site:

a. generalized (anasarca)b. localized

• According to consistency:a. pitting (soft edema)

b. non-pitting (hard edema)

• According to pathophysiological mechanisma. transudate (low protein content)b. exudate (high protein content)

HYPEREMIA and CONGESTION

• both refers to local increase in the volume of the blood in particular tissue

HYPEREMIA (ACTIVE / ARTERIAL)CONGESTION (PASSIVE / VENOUS)

ACTIVE HYPEREMIA

• active increase in the volume of blood in the tissues

• CAUSES:a. physiological - muscular exercise

blushingb. pathological - acute inflammation

CONGESTION

• impaired venous flow from the tissues such as cardiac failure, venous obstruction

• cause is always pathological

HEMORRHAGE• loss of blood or blood escape from circulatory

system• bleeding can occur internally and externally• causes:

a. physical trauma - stabbing, gunshot, vehicular accident

b. inadequacies of blood clotting - too few or poorly functioning platelets, missing or

low amount of clotting factors