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HEMODYNAMIC HEMODYNAMIC DISORDER DISORDER DISORDER DISORDER นพ นพ.กันต์ ทองแถม ณ อย ธยา กันต์ ทองแถม ณ อย ธยา

Hemodynamic disorder

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Page 1: Hemodynamic disorder

HEMODYNAMIC HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERDISORDERDISORDERDISORDER

นพนพ..กนัต์ ทองแถม ณ อยุธยากนัต์ ทองแถม ณ อยุธยา

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TopicTopic

1. Normal fluid balance2. Hyperemia , Congestion and Edema 3. Bleeding , Hemorrhage and hemostasis

Thrombosis and embolism4. Thrombosis and embolism5. Shock

6. Infarction

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Normal fluid balanceNormal fluid balance

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Normal fluid balance

� Male 60% of total body weight

� Female 55% of total body weight body weight

� Fat

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Compare percent of waterCompare percent of water

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Intra cellular fluidIntra cellular fluid

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Interstitial fluidInterstitial fluid

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TranscellularTranscellular fluidfluidCSF

Pericardial fluid

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TranscellularTranscellular fluidfluidSynovial fluid

Vitreous humor

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Body fluidBody fluid

•Total body fluid ( assume at 60% )•40% Intra cellular fluid•20% Extra cellular fluid

•14-15% Interstitial fluid•4-5% Intravascular fluid หรือ plasma•1-3% Transcellular fluid

PV-PLASMA VOLUME

ISF-INTERSTITIAL FLUID

PV+ISF=ECF

ECF-EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

ICF-INTRACELLULAR FLUID

ECF+ICF=TOTAL BODY WATER

•1-3% Transcellular fluid ex.Cerebrospinal fluid , Intraocular fluid , Pleural fluid , Synovial fluid ,

Pericardial fluid ,Peritoneal fluid

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Body fluidBody fluid

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ลองคาํนวณลองคาํนวณ

1. Body 70 kg2. TBW 42 L3. ICF 28 L

ISF 10.5 L4. ISF 10.5 L5. IVF 3.5 L6. Blood ?

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BLOODBLOOD

5 liters

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Hyperemia Hyperemia and and

CongestionCongestionCongestionCongestion

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HyperemiaHyperemia

� Active process , result from augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilatation ex. Inflammation , exercise -> Redder color

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HyperemiaHyperemia

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Congestion

� Passive process , Result from impair venous return from tissue ex.Heart failure , venous obstruction -> Blue-red color (Cyanosis)

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Pulmonary edemaPulmonary edema (เอามาเทียบ)Interstitial edema

(in Pleural septum)

Fluid inaveolar space

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EdemaEdema

Increase of interstitial fluid in any organ

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Mechanism of Edema

1. Increase Intra-capillary pressure ex. congestive heart failure

2. Decrease osmotic pressure or decrease albumin in plasma : albumin in plasma : ex.

� Protein malnutrition� Hepatic failure , Hepatic cancer

Cirrhosis ( Decrease protein synthesis )

� Nephrotic syndrome ( Loss protein in urine )

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Mechanism of Edema

3. Increase permeability : ex. Inflammation , Allergic reaction , Endothelium anoxia , Toxin

4. Lymphatic duct obstruction : So call “Lymphedema”

� Elephantiasis from Filaria parasite infection (ex.Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi and etc) bancrofti , Brugia malayi and etc)

� Metastasis malignancy ex.Lung cancer� Superficial lymphatic channels in Local invasion of malignancy

ex. Breast cancer may be show skin lesion call Orange peel “peau d’orange”

5. Sodium and water retension

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EdemaEdema

Pitting edemaPitting edema

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PeriorbitalPeriorbital edemaedema

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ElephantiasisElephantiasis

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LymphoedmaLymphoedma

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Orange peelOrange peel skin “skin “peaupeau d’oranged’orange” ”

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EffusionEffusion

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EffusionEffusion

1. Transudate2. Exudate

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x

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TransudateTransudate

� extravascular fluid collection that is basically an ultrafiltrate of plasma with little protein and few or no cells. Fluid appears cells. Fluid appears

grossly clear

ของเหลวใส หรือไม่มีสี ไม่มีกลิ�น ไม่แขง็เป็นกอ้นเมื�อตั#งทิ#งไว ้(coagulate) มีโปรตีนนอ้ยกวา่ 3 g% และความถ่วงจาํเพาะ นอ้ยกวา่ 1.017

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ExudateExudate

� extravascular fluid collection that is rich in protein and/or cells. Fluid appears grossly cloudy

ของเหลวขุ่นหรือใสมีสิ�งเจือปน มีหลากหลายสี บางครั# งมีกลิ�น และจะจบัตวัเป็นกอ้นแขง็เมื�อตั#งทิ#งไว ้มีโปรตีนมากกวา่ 3 g% และความถ่วงจาํเพาะมากกวา่ 1.017

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Effusions into body cavities can be Effusions into body cavities can be further described further described

1. Serous: a transudate with mainly edema fluid and few cells.

2. Serosanguinous: an effusion with red blood cells.

3. Fibrinous (serofibrinous): fibrin strands are derived

from a protein-rich exudate.from a protein-rich exudate.

4. Purulent: numerous PMN's are present. Also called "empyema" in the pleural space

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SerosanguinousSerosanguinous

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ChylousChylous

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Site of effusionSite of effusion

1. Pericardial effusion2. Pleural effusion ( Hydrothorax)

3. Pericardial effusion ( Hydropericardial) 4. Peritoneal effusion ( Ascites )4. Peritoneal effusion ( Ascites )

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Pleural effusionPleural effusion

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Pericardial effusionPericardial effusion ((TamponadeTamponade))

Pericardial effusion

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Pleural effusionPleural effusion

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AscitesAscites

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Optic disc edemaOptic disc edema

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AscitesAscites

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Clinical correlationClinical correlation

Brain edema and herniationPulmonary edema

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Pulmonary edemaPulmonary edemaInterstitial edema

(in Pleural septum)

Fluid inaveolar space

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x

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Brain edemaBrain edema and and herniationherniation

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Clinical correlation of Clinical correlation of chronic passivechronic passive congestioncongestion

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Heart failureHeart failure

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Right side heart failure orRight side heart failure or Right Right

ventricularventricular failure failure

� Congestion in Superior , Inferior vena cava and Hepatic vein

� Sign and symptom� Nutmeg liver Result from congestion of central vein in

liver lobules liver lobules � Cardiac cirrhosis � Ascites � Edema at legs or arms

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Left side heart failureLeft side heart failure oror Left Left

ventricularventricular failure failure

� Sign and symptom� Increase pulmonary wedge pressure can cause to

Pulmonary edema

� Pulmonary congestion and edema� Heart failure cell หรือ “Hemosiderin laden macrophage” in � Heart failure cell หรือ “Hemosiderin laden macrophage” in

pulmonary edema � Dyspnea and Orthopnea

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Heart failureHeart failure

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EdemaEdema

Pitting edemaPitting edema

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AscitesAscites

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Heart failure cellHeart failure cell

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x

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x

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Nutmeg liverNutmeg liver

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Nutmeg liverNutmeg liver

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HemorrhageHemorrhage

loss of blood from the circulatory system (Extravasation)

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Clinical Clinical correlation correlation

� Loss of 10-15% of total blood volume can be endured without clinical sequelae in a healthy person, and blood donation typically takes 8-10% of the donor's blood

volume

400-450 cc

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Mechanism of hemorrhage Mechanism of hemorrhage

1. Rhexis : Rupture of blood vessel

2. Diapedesis : Leukocytes migrate along a chemotacticgradient towards the site of injury or infection

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LeukocytesLeukocytes migrationmigration

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Cause of hemorrhageCause of hemorrhage

1. Trauma2. Diseases of blood vessels themselves ex.scurvy ,

syphilitic , aortic aneurysm

3. Diseases around blood vessels ex.local infections, metastasis cancermetastasis cancer

4. Lack of clotting factors 5. Lack of platelets6. High blood pressure ex.Stroke or cerebro-vascular

accident

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Clinical finding of hemorrhageClinical finding of hemorrhage

1. Petechial or Petichia hemorrhage (Petechiae) : small spots of hemorrhage ( 1-3 mm)

2. Purpura : medium size of hemorrhage ( 3-10 mm)

3. Ecchymosis (Bruise or contusion wound ) : large size of hemorrhage (>10 mm)hemorrhage (>10 mm)

4. Hematoma : Collection of blood

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PetechiaPetechia

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PetechiaPetechia

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PetechiaPetechia microscopic microscopic 200200xx

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PurpuraPurpura

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EcchymosisEcchymosis

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HematomaHematoma

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HematomaHematoma

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Sign and symptom of hemorrhageSign and symptom of hemorrhage

1. Epistaxis2. Hematemesis3. Hemoptysis 4. Hematochezia5. Melena 5. Melena 6. Hematuria 7. Hemoperitoneal8. Hemothorax9. Hemopericardium

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HemopericardiumHemopericardium

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The significance of hemorrhage

1. 10-20 % of effective blood volume (Mild shock) 2. 20-40 % of effective blood volume ( Moderate shock ) 3. >40 % of effective blood volume ( Severe shock )

� LOCATION !

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Basal SAHBasal SAH

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Body response to hemorrhage

1. Hemostasis � Vasoconstriction � Platelet plug � Coagulation

2. Physiologic response� Spleen wrinking� Rapid pulse (heart rate)� Rapid breathing

� Recall fluid from interstitial space

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HemostasisHemostasisand and

ThrombosisThrombosisThrombosisThrombosis

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Hemostasis

1. Endothelium2. Platelet

� Platelet adhesion� Platelet activation และ secretion� Platelet activation และ secretion

� Platelet aggregation� Platelet associated coagulation

3. Coagulation factors procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolysis

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x

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x

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x

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x

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Major Causes of Excessive Bleeding

1. Platelet Deficiency1. quantitative (thrombocytopenias) 2. qualitative (von Willebrandís disease)

2. Clotting Factor Deficiency2. Clotting Factor Deficiency1. single, i.e. hemophilia A (VIII) , B (IX), C(XI)2. multiple, i.e. Vit. K deficiency –II ,VII , IX , X

3. Fibrinolytic hyperactivity

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Thrombosis

� Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system

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x

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Factor to induce ThrombosisFactor to induce Thrombosis

1. Endothelium injury ex.vasculitis , hypertension, smoking , electrocution , radiation injury

2. Alterations in normal blood flow : Mean to Turbulence blood flow or Static blood flow. Result from Cardiac arrhythmia, Turbulence blood flow in Aneurysm , Valvular heart arrhythmia, Turbulence blood flow in Aneurysm , Valvular heart disease , Prolonged bed-rest or immobilization

3. Hypercoagulability state

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HypercoagulabilityHypercoagulability statestate

� Polycythemia vera � Hyperlipidemia � Malignancy : thrombogenic factor

� Oral contraceptive use � Late pregnancy � Late pregnancy � Smoking� Sickle cell anemia� Congenital factor deficiencies : Lack of antithrombin III ,

protein S , Factor V-Leiden � Nephrotic syndrome : loss of protein S in urine

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Effect of thrombosis

1. Obstruction (complete or incomplete) : cell or tissue Ischemia and necrosis

2. Embolism3. Infection 3. Infection

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Fate of Thrombus

1. Dissolution ( Fibrinolysis and hemolysis) : after 48-72 hrs

2. Propagation เจริญต่อไป

3. Embolism 3. Embolism 4. Organization and Recanalization

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x

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Type of thrombus

1. Arterial Thrombosis 2. Venous thrombosis 3. Cardiac thrombosis

Septic thrombosis : ex.Aspergilus 4. Septic thrombosis : ex.Aspergilus 5. Neoplastic thrombosis

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Embolism

� embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the body (through circulation) and cause(s) a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the bodyanother part of the body

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Type of embolismType of embolism

1. Thrombotic embolus : embolus result from Thrombus

2. Air embolism : Caisson disease

3. Oil/Fat embolus ex.Bone marrow embolism , fat embolism

4. Foreign body embolism 4. Foreign body embolism 5. Neoplastic embolism 6. Amniotic fluid embolism

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The significance of Embolism The significance of Embolism

1. Obstruction : Ischemia and necrosis(infarction)

� Coronary artery embolism : Myocardial infarction� Cerebral embolism : Cerebral infarction

Pulmonary embolism : Asphyxia � Pulmonary embolism : Asphyxia

2. Septic embolism -> Mycotic aneurysm

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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

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DICDIC

� is a pathological process in the body where the blood starts to coagulate throughout the whole body. This depletes the body of its platelets and coagulation factors, and there is a paradoxically increased risk of hemorrhage. It occurs in critically ill patients, especially those with Gram-negative sepsis (particularly meningococcal sepsis )

� เป็นภาวะที�มีการกระตุน้ขบวนการแขง็ตวัของเลือด ทาํใหเ้กิดลิ�มเลือดเลก็ ๆ � เป็นภาวะที�มีการกระตุน้ขบวนการแขง็ตวัของเลือด ทาํใหเ้กิดลิ�มเลือดเลก็ ๆ จาํนวนมาก ซึ�งส่วนใหญ่จะประกอบดว้ยเกลด็เลือด และไฟบริน ไปอุดตนัตามหลอดเลือดขนาดเลก็ของอวยัวะต่าง ๆ เช่นหวัใจ ปอด ตบั มา้ม ไต ลาํไส้ ผวิหนงัหรือสมอง เป็นตน้

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สาเหตุและพยาธิกาํเนิด

� กลไกที 1 เกิดจากโรค หรือภาวะที�ทาํใหม้ีการปล่อย tissue factor หรือมี thromboplastic substance เขา้สู่กระแสเลือดมากขึ#น เช่นในรายเนื#องอก พิษงู เป็นตน้

� กลไกที 2 เกิดจากการทาํลายเซลลบ์ุผนงัหลอดเลือด เป็นจาํนวนมาก ซึ� งเซลลบ์ุผนงัหลอดเลือดที�ถูกทาํลายจะหลั�ง tissue factor เขา้สู่กระเลือดมากขึ#น ทาํใหเ้กิดการหลอดเลือดที�ถูกทาํลายจะหลั�ง tissue factor เขา้สู่กระเลือดมากขึ#น ทาํใหเ้กิดการเกาะกลุ่มกนัของเกลด็เลือด และกระตุน้ intrinsic pathway ของขบวนการแขง็ตวัของเลือด เช่นในรายติดเชื#อในกระแสเลือด ในรายบาดแผลไฟไหม ้นํ#าร้อนลวกอยา่งรุนแรง หรือ ในโรคทางภูมิคุม้กนัที�ทาํลายผนงัหลอดเลือด เช่นโรค systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE )

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DICDIC

� ผลกระทบและลกัษณะพยาธิสภาพที�จะพบในรายที�เกิดภาวะ DIC ที�พบมี 2 ลกัษณะ คือภาวะเลือดออกผดิปกติ และที�เกิดเนื#อเยื�อตายเนื�องจากการขาดเลือดตามมา เช่น สมอง จะพบเลือดออก เนื#อเยื�อตายเนื�องจากการขาดเลือดในสมอง จะทาํใหส้ตัวม์ีอาการทางระบบประสาท ชกัและตายได ้ส่วนปอด จะสมอง จะทาํใหส้ตัวม์ีอาการทางระบบประสาท ชกัและตายได ้ส่วนปอด จะพบเลือดออก เนื#อเยื�อตายเนื�องจากการขาดเลือดในปอด ทาํใหภ้าวะปอดบวมนํ#า หายใจลาํบาก หอบ เหนื�อยง่ายและตายได ้เป็นตน้

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DICDIC

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ShockShock

Shock so call Circulatory failure or Systemic hypoperfusion result from hypotension

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ShockShock

� หมายถึงสภาวะลม้เหลวของระบบการไหลเวยีนของเลือด ทาํให้เนื#อเยื�อต่าง ๆ ไดร้ับเลือดและออกซิเจนไปเลี#ยงไม่เพียงพอ

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Classified of shockClassified of shock

1. Cardiogenic shock or Pump failure ex.Cardiac failure , Myocardium infarction , Myocardial rupture, arrhythmia , Cardiac tamponade ,Myocarditis

2. Hypovolemic shock � Mild shock (10-20%) � Mild shock (10-20%) � Moderate shock (20-40%) � Severe shock (> 40%)

3. Neurogenic shock 4. Septic shock 5. Anaphylaxis shock

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State of shockState of shock

1. Compensated or recovering shock2. Progressive degenerating shock

3. Irreversible shock

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Sign and symptom of shockSign and symptom of shock

1. Oliguria 2. Rapid pulse and weak 3. Thirsty 4. Rapid shallow breathing 4. Rapid shallow breathing 5. Cold skin : but in Septic shock may be Warm skin

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Sign and symptom of shockSign and symptom of shock

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Ischemia and infarctionIschemia and infarction

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Red infarction

Area of infarction

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White infarctionWhite infarction

Area of infarction

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Kidney infarctionKidney infarction

Area of infarction

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THE ENDTHE END