1 background planning efforts [autosaved]

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ቀን፡- ከ/ል/ኮ/ሚ/ር

አጠቃላይ ርዕስ ( የሥልጠናው ርዕስ)

Background on Urbanization and Urban Planning Practice in Ethiopia

November

2013

ትኩረት የሚሰጣቸው ጉዳዮች

• ፓወር ግዕዝ ዩኒኮድ ብቻ መጠቀም፤

• አኒሜሽን የተሳታፊዎችን ሃሳብ የሚበታትን በመሆኑ ጥቅም ላይ መዋል አይኖርበትም፤

• ለጽሁፎቹ የምንጠቀመው ፊደል በጥቁር ቀለም መሆን ይኖርበታል፡፡ ሆኖም የተለየ ትኩረት የሚያሻው ጉዳይ ካጋጠመው አልፎ አልፎ ቀይ ቀለም መጠቀም ይቻላል፤

• የፊደሎች መጠን ለርዕስ 32 ፣ የስላይድ ውስጥ ፅሁፍ ከ28-26 መሆን ይኖርበታል፤

• በአንድ ስላይድ ላይ ከ7 መስመር በላይ ፅሁፍ ማስቀመጥአይገባም፤

1. Introduction

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Conceptual Explanation of urbanization

Dense settlement

Engagement in other economic activities,

other than agriculture

Better infrastructural facilities and

services

Heterogeneity ( diversity of culture)







1. Introduction

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Origin of Urban Planning

The concept of urban planning is deeply rooted in the settlements of ancient civilizations.

Settlements grew into sizable centers in about 3500 B.C.

Mesopotamia, Indus valley , Yellow river, Asia Minor and the Nile Delta are places where sizable settlement centers flourished.

Elements of urban planning exercise were started in these places. -Houses were laid out to protect from noise and enhance residential privacy, and many of them had water wells , paved Streets , well designed & built houses, palaces, monuments, etc.







1.Introduction

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The planning practices has undergone a number of developmental stages namely:

Ancient times- up to the rise of the Roman Empire (27 BC)

Classical -5th century AD( 27 BC-476 AD)

Medieval ( c. 350 AD-1450 AD)

Renaissance 14th-16th AD

Modern-After the industrial revolution at the end of 18th century in Europe and US.







1.Introduction

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“City Beautiful” movement of the US

“Garden city” Movement of Great Britain

remarkable examples of efforts made to improve - the degraded urban environment caused by:

-Industry and commerce- Concentration of population -Urban activities







1.Introduction

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Aerial view of Central Athens







1.Introduction

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Vienna Renaissance city planning.

Since the creation of

human settlements squares,

green areas and

parks were created

and used.

Palmanova, Italy (1593

- 1623







2. DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations.By 2025 nearly 2/3rd of the world population is expected to live in urban centers. Many countries use a combination of criteria to define urban centers based on population size, population density, and the extent of the built-up areaSome depend on population size

-USA 2500 people ; -UK 1000 people;-Liberia localities of 2000 or more habitants are defined as urban.-Green land localities of 200 or more habitants

-Ethiopia any locality having a population size of 2000 or above, of which 50% of its labor force is primarily engaged in non-agricultural activities is defined as urban.







2. DEFINITION OF RELATED TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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URBAN PLANNING is a tool of urban management that helps answer the questions of what? where? when? by whom? and how?

Urban planning is the discipline of land-use organization which deals with the physical, social, economic development, political and managerial aspects of urban areas;

Different countries have been using it differently to suit their local circumstances such as economic, social, cultural, political, physical and environmental issues.







3. THE NEED FOR URBAN PLANNING

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A result of rapid urbanization.

To Make urban centers livable .

To efficiently use scarce resources.

To consider environmental degradation.

To evenly distribute urban services

To tackle socio-economic issues.

To Address all other urban problems .







4. Types of Urban Plans Practiced across the world

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USA = Strategic Planning

Britain = Unitary Development Plan

South Africa = Integrated Development Plan(IDP)

Ethiopia = Structure Plan and Basic Plan (LDP) as a transition

Japan = Master Plan

Brazil = Development plan







5. Trends of Urbanization in Ethiopia

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Axumite Era- 1st AD – 12th AD

Zagwe era- 1150 AD – 1270 AD

The period of wandering capitals (1270-1636)

The Gonderian period (1632-1855)

From Menelik II to the Fascist occupation (1889-1935)

The period of the Italian occupation (1935-41)

From liberation to the outbreak of the revolution(1941-74)

From 1991-Present







5. Trends of Urbanization in Ethiopia ( cont’d)

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From liberation to the outbreak of the revolution (1941-74) ነሀሴ 21/1934( አዋጅ ቁጥር 20/1934)

አንቀጽ 9/1934 ከተሞችን የሚያስተዳድሩ መዋቅሮች ማመቻቸት

በከንቲባ የሚተዳደሩ( አ. አ፣ ጎንደር) በከተማ ሹም የሚተዳደሩ የአ. አ ከንቲባ በቀጥታ በአገር ግዛት ሚ/ ር ይታዘዛል የጎንደር ከንቲባና የየከተማ ሹሞች በጠ/ አገረ ገዥ ዎች ይታዘዛሉ መጋቢት 21/1937( አዋጅ ቁጥር 74/1937)

የ1937 ዓ. ም የማዘጋጃ ቤቶችንና የከተማ ክፍሎችን ሥራ ለመቆጣጠር የወጣ አዋጅ ጠቅላላ የከተማ እውቅና የተሰጣቸው ---105 ከተሞች ማዘጋጃ ቤት (municipalities) ደረጃ ያላቸው ከተሞች (አ.አ. ፣ ጎንደር፣ ሀረር፣ጅማ፣ደሴ፣ድሬዳዋ)…(6 ከተሞች)

የማዘጋጃ ቤት ክፍሎች ( townships)o 1 ኛ ክፍል(27)o 2 ኛ ክፍል(42)o 3 ኛ ክፍል(30)







5. Trends of Urbanization in Ethiopia(cont’d)

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1 ኛደረጃ ከተሞች 2 ኛ ደረጃ ከተሞች 3 ኛ ደረጃ ከተሞች- ሆሳእና - ዲላ - ሞጆ - አሰሌ - ጨንቻ - ሀገረሰላም - ዶርዜ- ለቀምት - ጊምቢ - ሞጣ - አዶላ - ጭልጋ - ሀገረማርያም -ጃርሶ- መቀሌ - ጋርዱላ - ሚፊ - አፍደም - መንዲ - ጉደር- ሰዶ - ጎሬ - ሜጋ - ኮረም - ሰበታ - ጉራፈርዳ- ነገሌ - ጎባ - ሜኢሶ - ወልቃይት - ሰንዳፋ - ግራዋ- አክሱም - ጢቾ - ሻሸመኔ - ወረይሉ - ሸኖ - ጎሀጽዮን- አድዋ - ፍቼ -ቂንድ/ሞቻ/ - ወልዲያ - ቡታጅራ - ጎታ- አዲግራት - ቢሾፍቱ - ወልቂጤ - ባህርዳር - ጎጀር- አምቦ - ቡሬ - ዎበሊ - ባኮ - ፉኛንቢራ- አዳማ - ብቸና - ይብዶ - ተንታ-አሰበተፈሪ/ጨርጨር/ - ቡሬ - ያቤሎ - ናስሎ- አጋሮ - በደሌ - ደንበጫ - አቃቂ- ወሊሶ - ቦንጋ - ዳባት - አዋሽ- ወንዶ - ባቲ - ዳንግላ - አማማ- ይርጋለም - ቦረዳ - ደደር - አቢይ አዲ-ደ/ ብርሀን - ቡልቂ - ጅግጅጋ - አዲያቦ-ደ/ ሲና - ነጆ - ገነት - አርጆ-ደ/ ታቦር - አንኮበር - ጊኒር - እንዳስላሴ-ደ/ ማርቆስ - አዲስአለም - ጋምቤላ - ካራቆሬ- ደምቢዶሎ - አሶሳ - ጌዶ - ወለንጪቲ

- ዋካ







6. Trends of Urban Planning in Ethiopia

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Empress Taitu and/or Emperor Minilik’s effort to lay out formal settlement pattern around Filwouha ( Addis Ababa)in 1887.The sketch plan (master plan) for Addis Ababa was prepared by the French architect Le Corbusier in 1936.Guidi and C.Valle in 1937

Residential quarters into native and European quartersSouth ward dev’t by abandoning the north

The plans of Addis Ababa, Gonder and few other urban centers were addressed during the Italian invasion and in the 1940’s.Sir Patrick Abercrombie also prepared plan for Addis Ababa -1954-56

SchematicNo reliable topographic dataRing road

Bolten Hennessy and Partners ( 1959), British architects topographic map of acceptable standardElaboration of the ring roadGeen belt around the citySatellite towns(Repi,Gefersa,Kaliti,kotebe &Kolfe and Bole – semi-satelite)Decentralized industrial zones







6. Trends of Urban Planning in Ethiopia (cont’d)

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-

A French led by De Marien also prepared the master plan of Addis Ababa in 1965 with special emphasis on the Churchill road.

Churchill road wideningVisual relationship b/n the city hall and the rail way station

It was in 1967 that considerable planning efforts were made to address the planning issues of 40 towns by the Italian consulting team.In the 1970's( soon after the revolution) the Addis Ababa master plan was once again articulated by a Hungarian planner Professor C.K. Polonyi proposed:

emphasis on Meskel Square. Local experts participatedDefined the urban rural linkageA megalopolis dev’t b/n Addis Abab and Adama- creatinig a continuous linear dev’t.

It was in the 1970’s that the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (MUDH) was established to guide the development of urban centers by preparing urban plans. Following the establishment of the Addis Ababa Master Plan Project Office (AAMPPO), for the preparation of AA master plan; NUPI came into being in 1987 .

Urban Panning Practices in Ethiopia







Urban Panning Practices in Ethiopia

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Recent Urbanization Trend

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Fast urbanization rateAccording to 2011 UN report the level of urbanization is:

World Average 52.1% developed countries 77.7% Africa 39.6% Ethiopia 17%

Rate of Urbanization(2011) World Average 1.97% developed countries 0.67% developing countries 2.43% Africa 3.23%Ethiopia 3.57%

The result of fast Economic developmentDifferent proclamations and regulations are being prepared







7. URBAN PLANNING APPROACHES AND EXPERIENCES IN ETHIOPIA

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Earlier timesMaster Plan : Earlier approach, also called ‘Statutory Plan’.

Life span 20 yearsRigid and detailFocuses more on spatial aspectsNot participatory







7. URBAN PLANNING APPROACHES AND EXPERIENCES IN ETHIOPIA ( cont’d)

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Development plan: content wise it was more or less similar as that of the Master plan. One basic element that makes Development plan different from the master plan is :

planning period of 10 years.It pays due attention to socio-economic aspects.The study is made holistically.

Integrated Development Plan (IDP)- A South African ModelSimilar as that of the Development planHighly participatoryIntegrated approachConsiders cross cutting Issues ( HIV/AIDS, Equity-women, disadvantaged etc.)

Action Plan: short term- implementation oriented plan. Its planning period is 5 years. the professional mix of the study team is limited. Focuses on strategic areas( sites).








Rectification of the planning approach

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-

Structure Plan: also known as 'Guide Plan’, 'System Plan', 'Framework Plan’, and ‘Growth Indicative Plan’.

A framework planIt is defined as a type of plan with broader growth directions. It has a time horizon of 10 years.implemented in urban centers above 20,000 populationFlexible ( gives room to zoning change)

Local Development Plan(LDP): is a transition between a city-wide long term urban plan and projects in the process of implementation of urban plans.

Detail plan up to block levelputs urban functions at neighborhood level

Basic plan: is a type of plan prepared for small towns having a population between 2000-20,0000.

Detail planEasily implementableLimited professional mix








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Urban Design :

Urban design is essentially a process by which quality in the built environment is facilitated.

It is the art of place making or city building; the process of shaping the physical setting for life in cities, towns, villages....

Urban Design is ‘the relationship between different buildings and the streets, squares, parks, waterways and other spaces which make up:

the public domain; the relationship of one part of a town or city with other parts; the patterns of movement and activity.







8. Planning in the 1980's and Afterward

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This period was characterized by:• The involvement of more and more local experts in urban planning,• The planning sphere begun to involve professionals from various

disciplines,• The establishment of central urban plan making body in the country,• Fine-tuning of the scope and contents of urban plans,• Public access for the urban plans was being facilitated ,• Paradigm-shifts in the approaches of planning, • Urban planning was being decentralized to regional governments,• Greater number of urban centers were addressed by different types of urban plans,• The private sector started to take part in the preparation of urban plans,• With the objective of deepening decentralization in urban planning, regions have

been capacitated in terms of equipping them with the necessary equipment, trainings, etc.







9. Drawbacks of the Plans

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Despite efforts made in Planning, they could not successfully be implemented . The following could be noted as basic shortcomings of the plans:

The plans had no proper legal backing, They focused on physical/spatial aspect with little emphasis on socio-economic and environmental, issues.Urban-rural linkages were not exhaustively considered,Public participation & accessibility of plans to the general public is limited or not properly handled. In some cases it was seen as a secret political instrument , etc.

The time horizons of some of the plans were longer or not respected as per the time set.







10. Challenges and Prospects

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Challenges•Experience in the area of Urban plan preparation is not equally developed in all regions( particularly in emerging regions),

•Violation of urban plans are experienced at various levels,

•Drain of experienced professionals is leading to lose of institutional memory,

•Some of the regional planning institutions/departments lack the desired professionals and basic equipments and logistics,

•Problem of legal backing in enforcing the various plans.







10. Challenges and Prospects(Cont’d)

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Prospects•Government’s economic and industrial policy stimulates the urbanization process.•More and more professionals are joining the planning sector.•Capacitating regional planning institutions have gained attention .• The involvement of the private sector creates a wide range of expertise in the preparation of urban plans.•Preparation of manuals and regulations to bridge the gaps identified in plan preparation and implementation.







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Real Estate

1 background planning efforts [autosaved]