Introduction and History Introduction and History of Anatomy/Levels of of Anatomy/Levels of

OrganizationOrganization

DefinitionsDefinitions

►Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open”Anatomy- From Greek “to cut open” Study of the Study of the structurestructure of the body, either of the body, either

regionally or systematicallyregionally or systematically

►Physiology – branch of biological Physiology – branch of biological science dealing with the science dealing with the functionfunction of of organs and organ systemsorgans and organ systems

History of Anatomy History of Anatomy

► Probably began with Probably began with early examinations early examinations of sacrifice victims.of sacrifice victims.

► First documented First documented by Egyptians ~1600 by Egyptians ~1600 BCBC

► Egyptian anatomical Egyptian anatomical papyrus showed papyrus showed organs (including organs (including blood vessels)blood vessels)

HippocratesHippocrates

► Greek physician who Greek physician who studied anatomy, studied anatomy, and speculated and speculated physiology physiology

► ““Father of Anatomy”Father of Anatomy”► Much of his work Much of his work

remains todayremains today► Hippocratic oath Hippocratic oath

taken by doctors at taken by doctors at graduationgraduation

Hippocrates’ BeliefsHippocrates’ Beliefs

► Sickness was not a Sickness was not a divine punishmentdivine punishment

►Medicine should be Medicine should be ethical (Hippocratic ethical (Hippocratic oath)oath)

► Patient Patient confidentialityconfidentiality

GalenGalen

► 22ndnd Century AD Century AD

► Compiled Compiled anatomical studies anatomical studies of earlier writersof earlier writers

► Also performed Also performed vivisection on vivisection on animalsanimals

Medicine during Medieval Medicine during Medieval TimesTimes

►When Rome fell, When Rome fell, little was done to little was done to advance the studies.advance the studies.

►Desecration of the Desecration of the body was taboobody was taboo

► Cadavers were no Cadavers were no longer usedlonger used

1616thth Century Contributions Century Contributions

► Began to compile Began to compile extensive drawings extensive drawings of dissections of of dissections of executed cadaversexecuted cadavers

►Discovered the Discovered the physiology of physiology of circulatory systemcirculatory system

1717thth and 18 and 18thth centuries centuries► Few dissections were Few dissections were

allowedallowed

►Only certain scientists were Only certain scientists were allowed to perform themallowed to perform them

► Tickets were sold to others Tickets were sold to others wishing to see and draw wishing to see and draw the dissected bodies.the dissected bodies.

►Doctors literally traveled Doctors literally traveled from dissection to from dissection to dissectiondissection

1919thth Century Century ► Began studying Began studying

developmental developmental anatomyanatomy

► England became the England became the center of anatomical center of anatomical researchresearch

► Anatomy Act of 1832 Anatomy Act of 1832 provided adequate provided adequate supply of corpsessupply of corpses

►Gray’s Anatomy first Gray’s Anatomy first published 1858 (for published 1858 (for traveling doctors)traveling doctors)

Modern AnatomyModern Anatomy

► Use of new Use of new technology provided technology provided further further understanding of understanding of both structure and both structure and function of organs function of organs and organ systemsand organ systems

► CAT scans, X-rays, CAT scans, X-rays, Genetic tests, MRIGenetic tests, MRI

Future of AnatomyFuture of Anatomy

►Health related Health related studies are now studies are now centered around centered around molecular biologymolecular biology

► Looking for genetic Looking for genetic and molecular and molecular indicators of disease indicators of disease

►New assays New assays conducted more in conducted more in vitro vs. in vivovitro vs. in vivo

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Starting with the largestStarting with the largest

►OrganismOrganism (in this (in this case humans)case humans)

► Collection of organ Collection of organ systems which systems which function togetherfunction together

Organ systemOrgan system

►Organs which work Organs which work together to perform together to perform a certain functiona certain function

► I.E. Cardiovascular I.E. Cardiovascular systemsystem

OrganOrgan

► Collection of tissues Collection of tissues that work together that work together to form an organ to form an organ systemsystem

► ie. Heart, blood, ie. Heart, blood, vein, capillary, etc.vein, capillary, etc.

TissueTissue

► Cells which work Cells which work together to form an together to form an organorgan

► I.E. Cardiac muscle I.E. Cardiac muscle tissue, elastic tissue tissue, elastic tissue surrounding veins surrounding veins and arteriesand arteries

CellCell

►Work together to Work together to form a tissueform a tissue

► IE. RBC, WBC, IE. RBC, WBC, cardiac muscle cellcardiac muscle cell

MoleculeMolecule

►Work collectively to Work collectively to form a cellform a cell

► IE. Protein, IE. Protein, carbohydrate, lipidcarbohydrate, lipid

AtomAtom

►Most basic that Most basic that anything can be anything can be broken down into broken down into and still exhibit and still exhibit characteristics of characteristics of itselfitself

► Ie. Nitrogen, Ie. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbonoxygen, carbon