INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL ANATOMYMEANINSHISTORYSUBDIVISIONS

Dr. Mah Jabeen MuneeraAssistant ProfessorDepartment of AnatomyKEMU

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

Study of structure or form of biological Study of structure or form of biological organismsorganismsOldest basic medical scienceOldest basic medical scienceDerived from Greek wordDerived from Greek wordAna-----upAna-----upTome----cuttingTome----cuttingDissecare, Latin word with Dissecare, Latin word with

similar meaningsimilar meaning

Pre Scientific EraPre Scientific Era

Scientific EraScientific Era

EgyptEgypt

GreeceGreece

RomanRoman

Middle agesMiddle ages

Contribution of IslamContribution of Islam

RenaissanceRenaissance

Pre modernPre modern

ModernModern

Pre ScientificPre Scientific

10,000BCPurposeful boring& trephination of

Human skull

Egypt3,000BC

Egyptian papyruses

Mummification & embalmingHuman viscera stored

Heart left as such(seat of soul)

GreeceGreeceAnatomy 1Anatomy 1stst found acceptance as found acceptance as

sciencescience

AlcmaeonAlcmaeon Studied by dissecting animalsStudied by dissecting animals Discovered Optic NerveDiscovered Optic Nerve Pharyngotympanic tubePharyngotympanic tube Brain –intelligenceBrain –intelligence Concept about SLEEPConcept about SLEEP

Hippocrates460-377 BC

Father of western medicineAnatomy as foundation of medicine

Studied wounds, bones skull

AristotleAristotle 384-322BC384-322BC world’s greatest “NATURAL SCIENTIST”world’s greatest “NATURAL SCIENTIST” First used term “First used term “ANATOMEANATOME”” Studies based upon animal dissection mainlyStudies based upon animal dissection mainly Foundation of “Comparative Anatomy”Foundation of “Comparative Anatomy” Established EMBRYOLOGY on Established EMBRYOLOGY on

scientific coursescientific course

Alexandrian EraAlexandrian Era

HerophilusHerophilus & & ErasistratusErasistratus Dissected human body purposefully in a med Dissected human body purposefully in a med

school in Alexandriaschool in Alexandria Cadavers, criminals dissected even Cadavers, criminals dissected even

vivisection vivisection

Decline & Roman invasionDecline & Roman invasion

Egypt became part of Rome

Culturally Roman environment

HUMAN DISSECTION WAS FORBIDDEN

Contribution of IslamContribution of Islam

• Greek knowledge lost to west Europe

• Retained by Islamic world• Translated Greek text to Arabic• Hussain Ibn_e_Ishaq (Baghdad)

• Abd_ul_Latif Baghdadi• Ibn_e_Nafees

• Improvement in description of bones

Claudius GalenClaudius Galen

Knowledge was mainly based upon treating wounds& animal study

Later turned out to be incorrectPrecisely described

Results of damage of spinal cord at different levels

Leonardo de VinciLeonardo de Vinci

VesaliusVesalius

Student of AnatomyStudent of Anatomy

Found discrepanciesFound discrepancies

Himself performed Himself performed

DissectionDissection

Wrote Wrote

11stst modern book modern book

““Vesalius’s De Human Vesalius’s De Human

Corpora Fabrica”Corpora Fabrica”

1717thth century century

Willium HunterWillium Hunter

Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID Knowledge of Anatomy is the only SOLID FOUNDATION of medicine & general FOUNDATION of medicine & general SurgerySurgery

HarveyHarvey

Presented theories about blood circulation Presented theories about blood circulation

Entirely new conceptsEntirely new concepts

Morcello Malpighi(1661)Morcello Malpighi(1661)

Used MICROSCOPEUsed MICROSCOPE

Saw blood circulating in capillaries through Saw blood circulating in capillaries through fleshflesh

Anton Van(18Anton Van(18thth cent) cent)

Continued microscopic workContinued microscopic work

Felin dujordin(19Felin dujordin(19thth cent) cent)

protoplasmprotoplasm

Robert HookRobert Hook

1818thth, 19, 19thth Centuries Centuries

Anatomists published many Atlases, that Anatomists published many Atlases, that introduced new standards of depicting introduced new standards of depicting human bodyhuman bodyShortage of cadavers, led to illegal means Shortage of cadavers, led to illegal means of obtaining human bodiesof obtaining human bodiesIn Britain In Britain Anatomy ActAnatomy Act was passed in was passed in 18321832It made legal provision of unclaimed & It made legal provision of unclaimed & donated bodies, to medical schoolsdonated bodies, to medical schoolsSimilar legislations in other countries laterSimilar legislations in other countries later

2020thth cent cent

Discovery of DNADiscovery of DNA

2121stst cent cent

Human genome decoding projectHuman genome decoding project

All recent advancesAll recent advances

SubdivisionsSubdivisions

Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy

TopographicalTopographical

Surface Surface

Systemic Systemic

Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy

HistologyHistology

EmbryologyEmbryology

Developmental AnatomyDevelopmental Anatomy

Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomy

Clinical AnatomyClinical Anatomy

Techniques to represent Techniques to represent Anatomical knowledgeAnatomical knowledge

Cave pictures, models ,papyrusesCave pictures, models ,papyruses

Wood cutWood cut

(14(14thth Century) Century)

Copper PlateCopper Plate

EngravingEngraving

(16(16thth century) century)

Hand colouringHand colouring

LithographyLithography

(18(18thth cent) cent)

PhotographyPhotography

(19(19thth century) century)

X-ray ImagingX-ray Imaging

Digital imagingDigital imaging

(recent advances)(recent advances)

ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATUREANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE

Before 1895, almost 30,000 anatomical Before 1895, almost 30,000 anatomical terms were in use terms were in use

In 1895, The German Anatomical Society In 1895, The German Anatomical Society held a meeting at Basle and prepared an held a meeting at Basle and prepared an approved list of 5,000 Anatomical terms, approved list of 5,000 Anatomical terms, published a book for guidance, published a book for guidance, Basle Basle Nomina AnatomicaNomina Anatomica

Regular meetings are held to reviseRegular meetings are held to revise

At present 5At present 5thth edition is available edition is available

LIFE SPAN OF MANLIFE SPAN OF MANPRE NATALPRE NATAL: :

CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1CONCEPTUS (fertilization-1stst week) week) EMBRYO (2EMBRYO (2ndnd-8-8thth week) week) FETUS (3FETUS (3rdrd-birth)-birth)

POST NATAL:POST NATAL: Neonate (28 days)Neonate (28 days) Infancy (1Infancy (1stst year) year)

ChildhoodChildhood Early(2Early(2ndnd-6-6thth year) year) Middle(7Middle(7thth-9-9thth/10/10thth years) years) Late (pre pubertal)Late (pre pubertal)

AdolescenceAdolescence: 6 yrs following puberty: 6 yrs following pubertyAdultAdult

Prime & transition (20-60yrs)Prime & transition (20-60yrs) Old age & Senescence (60-death)Old age & Senescence (60-death)

ASSIGNMENTASSIGNMENT

ORIGIN OF LIFEORIGIN OF LIFE