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A slide presentation I gave during the first meeting of human anatomy lab.
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Brief History of Anatomy
TA: Mike Pascoe IPHY 3415
The Egyptians 1600 B.C. Egypt
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IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30
• World’s earliest known medical document, The Edwin Smith papyrus, describes early anatomical observations.
• Cranial sutures, meninges, external surface of the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and intracranial pulsations.
• Could be based on 3000 B.C. !
The Greeks 500 B.C. Greece
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• Found medical schools in Crotona, Italy and Cyrene, Africa.
• Studied anatomy of animals.
• Influence on anatomical terminology, i.e. Achilles.
Herophilos & Erasistratos 400 B.C. Greece & Egypt
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• Philosophers declared that body and soul were different.
• Allowed for first dissections of human bodies.
• Performed in Alexandria, Egypt.
Aristotle 384 - 327 B.C. Greece
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• First known anatomist.
• Drew a distinction between nerves and tendons.
• Described how major arteries branched out into smaller blood vessels.
King Ptolemy 320 B.C. Egypt
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• Established the medical school at Alexandria, Egypt.
• Dissections were performed on bodies of executed prisoners - probably in public.
The Romans 30 B.C. Italy & Egypt
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• The Roman empire conquers Egypt.
• Medical school at Alexandria declines in importance.
• Latin becomes the international language of anatomy to this day.
• Example: Biceps Brachii Two Head Arm
• Conclusions were based on study of animals.
• Studied in Alexandria then settled in Rome.
• Produced some 150-200 medicals writings.
• Very influential, professors would read his books while his assistants dissected a cadaver.
Galen 131-200 A.D. Egypt &
Italy Back in the day
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Pope Boniface VIII
1300 A.D. Vatican
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• Papal Bull: De sepulturis
• Put a ban on the practice of dismembering war casualties.
• Was a drain on soldiers energy.
• Overzealous clergy took this as a ban on any kind of human dissection.
Pope Alexander V
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• His body was allowed to be dissected.
• Example of how well-disposed the Church was towards anatomy.
• Or… is considered an anti-pope by the Vatican, chop him up who cares !?!
Vatican 1410 A.D.
Da Vinci 1452-1519 A.D. Italy
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• Very influential artist of the Renaissance.
• Artists wanted to better understand the underlying structures of the body to enhance their artwork.
• Da Vinci performed many dissections.
• Sketches provided correct proportions.
Henry VIII 1491-1547 A.D. Englan
d Back in the day
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• King of England, would hand over corpses of hanged criminals to local anatomists.
• Public dissections in theater settings became very popular.
Vesalius 1543 A.D. Italy
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• Known as the founder of modern anatomy.
• Described in writing his observations from public dissections.
• His illustrator Kalkar made the most detailed sketches up to their time.
• Drawings were “photographically” detailed!
Vesalius
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• Would stack bones of cadavers for permanent display.
• Named these displayed after the Greek terms ho skeletos (dried up):
• SKELETON!
• Institute of Anatomy University of Basel, Switzerland
Italy 1543 A.D.
Harvey 1616-1628 A.D. Englan
d Back in the day
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• Medical Doctor who was first to describe in exact detail the circulatory system,
Albinus 1697-1747 A.D. German
y Back in the day
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• Along with his illustrator Wandelaer, compiled variations in anatomy into a standard from (a.k.a. statistically average anatomy).
• Began to draw organs along with other related structures (systems).
• Conveys that they had an understanding of function (physiology).
Pirogov 1810-1881 A.D. Russia
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• Father of cross-sectional anatomy.
• In his Anaomia topographica, sectionibus per corpus humanum, he published 213 cross-sectional illustrations, including one of a pregnant woman.
• Cadavers were frozen in cold winters in St. Petersburg, Russia.
Gray 1858 A.D. England
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• Famous for his anatomy medical textbook for students Gray’s Anatomy.
• Still revised and published to this day.
Visible Human Project 1985 - Present day
Washington D.C. Back in the day
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• In August of 1991 the National Library of Medicine (NLM) awarded a contract to the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center to create digital cross sections of a 39 year old man who had donated his body to science after being convicted of murder and sentenced to death.
• He was executed by lethal injection in Texas in 1993. The Visible Man data was made available in 1994.
Von Hagens 1993 - Present day
Germany Back in the day
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• Founder of BodyWorlds exhibit and patent holder for body preservation technique known as “plastination”.
• In London, on November 20, 2002 he performed the first public autopsy since 1830.
• Sparked many debates in both London and Germany.
Valverde 1560
von Hagens 2003
