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Brief History of Anatomy

IPHY 3415 TA: Mike Pascoe

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The Egyptians1600 B.C.Back in the day 0 AD

EgyptPresent day

•World’s earliest known medical document, The Edwin Smith papyrus, describes early anatomical observations. •Cranial sutures, meninges, external surface of the brain, cerebrospinal uid, and intracranial pulsations. •Could be based on 3000 B.C. !IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30

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The Greeks500 B.C.Back in the day 0 AD

GreecePresent day

•Found medical schools in Crotona, Italy and Cyrene, Africa. •Studied anatomy of animals. •Inuence on anatomical terminology, i.e. Achilles.IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30

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Herophilos & Erasistratos 400 B.C. Greece & EgyptBack in the day 0 AD Present day

•Philosophers declared that body and soul were dierent. •Allowed for rst dissections ohuman bodies. •Performed in Alexandria, Egypt.

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Aristotle384 - 327 B.C. GreeceBack in the day 0 AD Present day

•First known anatomist. •Drew a distinction between nerves and tendons. •Described howjor arteries branched out into smaller blood vessels.IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30

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King Ptolemy320 B.C.Back in the day 0 AD

EgyptPresent day

•Established the medical school at Alexandria, Egypt. •Dissections were performed on bodies of executed prisoners - probably in public.

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The Romans30 B.C.Back in the day 0 AD

Italy & EgyptPresent day

•The Roman empire conquers Egypt. •Medical school at Alexandria declines in importance. •Latin becomes the international language of anatomy to this day. •Example: Biceps BrachiiIPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab

Two Head ArmPage 2 of 30

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Galen131-200 A.D. Egypt &ItalyBack in the day 0 AD Present day

•Conclusions were based on study of animals. •Studied in Alexandria then settled in Rome. •Produced some 150-200 medicals writings. •Very inuential, professors would read hi

s books while his assistants dissected a cadaver. Page 2 of 30

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Pope Boniface VIII1300 A.D.Back in the day 0 AD

VaticanPresent day

•Papal Bull: De sepulturis •Put a ban on the practice of dismembering war casualties. •s a drain on soldiers energy. •Overzealous clergy took this as a ban on any kind ofhuman dissection.

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Pope Alexander V1410 A.D.Back in the day 0 AD

VaticanPresent day

•His body was allowed to be dissected. •Example of how well-disposed the Church was towards anatomy. •Or… is considered an anti-pope by the Vatican, chop him up who cares!?!

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Henry VIIIBack in the day

1491-1547 A.D. Englan d0 AD

Present day

•King of England, would hand over corpses of hanged criminals to local anatomists. •Public dissections in theater settings became very popular.

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Vesalius1543 A.D.Back in the day 0 AD

ItalyPresent day

•Known as the founder of modern anatomy. •Described in writing his observations from public dissections. •His illustrator Kalkar made the most detailed sketches up to their time. •Drawings were “photographically” detailed!IPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30

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Vesalius1543 A.D.Back in the day 0 AD

ItalyPresent day

•Would stack bones of cadavers for permanent display. •Named these displayed after theGreek terms ho skeletos (dried up): •SKELETON! •Institute of Anatomy University of Ba

sel, SwitzerlandIPHY 3415 Human Anatomy Lab Page 2 of 30

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HarveyBack in the day

1616-1628 A.D. Englan d0 AD

Present day

•Medical Doctor who was rst to describe in exact detail the circulatory system,

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Pirogov1810-1881 A.D. RussiaBack in the day 0 AD Present day

•Father of cross-sectional anatomy. •In his Anaomia topographica, sectionibus per corpus humanum, he published 213 cross-sectional illustrations, including one of a pregnant woman. •Cadavers were frozen in cold winters in St. Petersburg, Russia.

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Gray1858 A.D.Back in the day 0 AD

EnglandPresent day

•Famous for his anatomy medical textbook for students Gray’s Anatomy. •Still revised andpublished to this day.

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Visible Human Project 1985 - Present dayWashington D.C.Back in the day 0 AD Present day

•In August of 1991 the National Library of Medicine (NLM) awarded a contract to theUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center to create digital cross sections

of a 39 year old man who had donated his body to science after being convicted o

f murder and sentenced to death. •He was executed by lethal injection in Texas in 1993. The Visible Man data was made Page 2 of 30 available in 1994.

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Von Hagens1993 - Present day GermanyBack in the day 0 AD Present day

•Founder of BodyWorlds exhibit and patent holder for body preservation technique known as “plastination” . •In London, on November 20, 2002 he performed the rst public autopsy since 1830. •Sparked many debates in both London and Germany.

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Valverde 1560

von Hagens 2003

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