Cent

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of S

cien

ce, T

echn

olog

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Pol

icy

WATER AND FUTURE OF BENGALURU Need for a Comprehensive Plan for Survival of City

S.V. Ranganath, March 3, 2016

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Consumption Trends

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Year Population (in lakhs)

Demand @135 lpcd

Supply after Leakages in

MLD

Shortage In

MLD

2001 57 770 458 312

2011 85 1147 559 588

2015 101 1364 884(40%) 480

2030 188 2538 1810(20%) 728

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• 8 lakh households (h/h) covered by BWSSB • 22 lakh h/h in Bengaluru in 2015 • 65% households in Bengaluru not covered by BWSSB in

2015 • This trend will only increase in the next decade • Borewells will service this BWSSB non-covered segment

for a long time to come

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BWSSB’s non-coverage area

*BWSSB: Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board

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• Benagluru district has 212 lakes within BDA areas

• Most of the sewage of Bengaluru is flowing into these lakes

• This affects ground water acquifers and quality of borewell water

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Lake Destruction & Water Contamination

49% of this water not potable

49% has unacceptably high levels of nitrates and phosphates

19% affected by Escherichia Coli

Studies of Karnataka Institute of Public Health show:

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• Water supply shortage in 2014 750 MLD Water supply shortage in 2026 1300 MLD

• At least 700-800 MLD of water is supplied by borewells

• About 1250-1300 MLD of sewage is generated. – Most of it flows into the lakes/storm water drains – This pollutes ground water/borewell water

• Problem of flooding

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Summary of Water Problems

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Comprehensive Plan

•Coverage of all h/h by 2040 8,600.00 •Construction of STP/TTP 1,300.00 •Restoration of Rajakaluve 10,000.00 •Diverting sewage from lakes 2,000.00 •Cleaning lakes and restoration 15,000.00 •Public education/stakeholder education, support to NGO 1,000.00

•Contingencies 2,100.00

•Source of available funding: 40,000.00

Prepared by NGOs Rs. In crores

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Source of Water to Bengaluru City Across the River Yr. of

Commissioning Optimum Drawl

(MLD) Assured flow

(MLD)

Arkavathy 1896 36 50 Arkavathy 1933 148 135 Cauvery I Stage 1982 135 135 Cauvery II Stage 1982 135 135 Cauvery III Stage 1982 270 270 Cauvery IV stage-1st Phase

2004 270 270

Cauvery IV Stage-2nd phase

2012 500 500

Total 1360

In addition 700-800 MLD from borewells, only about 1000 MLD is pumped every day (average).

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Unaccounted for Water

Unaccounted for Water (UFW)

Commercial losses 18% (180 MLD)

Physical losses – roughly 25% (250 MLD)

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Proposed New Water Sources

a) Cauvery River a) Mekedatu b) BWSSB own storage – reservoir between Shiva Anicut & Mekedatu b) Netravathi River Abstraction of water from Netravathi by construction of dam and tunnel and use these for storage and tapping (inter basin transfer) c) Almatti Dam Almatti Dam (Techno economic feasibility not ready) d) Tungabhadra River TB Dam – (Techno economic feasibility not ready)

All these schemes are not practical

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Alternate Water Resources Integrated Urban Water Resources Management

a) Reduction of UFW

b) Waste water re-use - non potable use

c) Mining - potable use

d) Storm water management - Acquifer storage reservoir

e) Efficient use of water - Rainwater harvesting

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Initiatives to increase availability by 750 MLD

Initiatives Impact (MLD)

Govt. cost Rs.Crores

Private Cost Rs. Crores

1 Decentralise sewage treatment plants

165-175 500 450

2 Increase Rain water harvesting

85-90 00 1200-1300

3 Rejuvenate lakes 175-190 430-450 00 4 Utilise tertiary

treated water 70-73 800-850 13-15

5 Stem leakages 250-270 800-1000 00 6 Promote sustainable

use of water 50-75 501 00

Total 750-800 2500-2700 1600-1800

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• Commercial losses recovery requires strict vigilance to identify unauthorised connections, replacing old water meters, which are under recording.

• By introducing AMR (automated meter reading) for bulk high revenue yield installations

• Commercial losses can be brought down easily in 2-3 years by above measures;

• Physical loss reduction requires use of sophisticated electronic gadgets to identify underground leaks

• These measures could impact 250-270 MLD.

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Reducing UFW

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• UFW projects are centered on the efficient use of water, decreasing the pressure of fresh water resources

• There is often a community component, e.g. increasing the access of safe water supply to urban poor

• UFW projects allow for tough reforms without steep increase in domestic prices

• Institutional strengthening, capacity building and technology transfer are very important components of reduction in UFW

• Focus on low hanging fruits

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Reducing UFW

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Pricing of Water

• Tariff not revised for several years; • Reluctance due to the impact on urban poor; • ISEC study – the poor pay more for water than the middle

class consumers; • Philosophical question – do the poor have a right of

access to water OR right of access to free water. • Low prices act as a disincentives to use alternate sources; a) BWWS Water Rs.6/KL, b) BWSSB bore well Rs.15/KL c) Rain water harvesting Rs.70/KL d) Recycled water Rs.40/KL

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Reduction of theft by: Education Legal action Prepay measures Pressure limitation Flow control Reduction of Meter errors by Testing Sizing Replacement Reduction of Human Errors by Training Standardising Reporting Auditing Reduction of Computer errors by Auditing Checking (ground Upgrade software

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Reducing UFW (Commercial Use)

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Strategies • More efficient leak detection • Pressure management and level control • Improved system maintenance, replacement,

rehabilitation • Improved response time for leak repairs

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Reducing UFW (Economic Losses)

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• 1300 MLD of sewage is generated • 721 MLD of sewage treatment capacity exists • 450 MLD of sewage is treated • 339 MLD of additional sewage treatment capacity under

construction • Industrial effluents also discharged without treatment • All the sewage flows through storm water drains into the

lakes • Bengaluru lakes are inter connected – one tank being

polluted with sewage or industrial waste will have a cascading effect on all inter connected tanks

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Sewage Problem

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Objectives: 1. Achieve zero discharge of raw sewage into drains

2. Conveying sewage to treatment plants

3. Treating sewage to meet standards

4. Improving environment

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Sewage Management

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Because of:

a) Inadequate carrying capacity b) Corroded and damaged sewers c) Sewers with reverse / flat gradiant d) Sewers not linked to system e) Sewers not provided in certain areas f) Sewers connected to drains directly g) Manholes damaged for irrigation h) Manholes overflowing due to blockage by the solid wastes

dumped into it i) Manholes and sewers encroached.

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Why sewage is flowing into storm water drains

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Rainwater Harvesting

• Sec. 72A of BWSSB Act amended in 2009 • Mandatory RWH in all existing building with a floor

area of 2400 sq. feet • Mandatory RWH in all new buildings with a floor area

of 1200 sq. feet • Very lukewarm response. Out of 18 lakh properties only

68000 have commenced, only 50000 properties have completed.

• Effectiveness of pit based system? • If properly implemented, can contribute 25 MLD

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Water problems of Singapore: • Lack of natural water resources • Pollution of water bodies due to flow of untreated sewage; • Regular Flooding conditions

National programmes • Reclamation of water • Rain water harvesting • Desalination • Import of water from Johor Malaysia

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Experience of Singapore

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• In 1992 Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) was a war torn utility

• In 2012 PPWSA is Asia’s outstanding public utility; • Financially and operationally Robust • Has achieved full cost recovery • Extremely low level of NRW (6%) • Focus on organisational excellence, custom oriented

service and an extremely high level of service performance

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Experience of Phnom Penh

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• Inspirational leadership of EK Soon Chan

• Ability to drive through change

• Sustained efforts and commitment

• Leadership through example

• Focus on responsiveness and self motivation 23

Reasons for PPWSA success

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Salient Features of PPWSA

1993 2012

1. Water Losses 72% 5.6% 2. Customer data base 26900 200000 3. Water distribution net work 288 kms 2000 kms 4. Water service coverage 20% 90% 5. Revenue collection ratio n.a. 99% 6. Water quality n.a. WHO standards (95

parameters) 7. Supply duration Once in 2 days 24 hrs/day

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Challenges: • Rapid urbanisation is outpacing ongoing efforts

• Intervention to ensure self sustenance

• Much more focus on sewage treatment, reduction of NRW

community involvement / ward committees

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Future Challenges and Actions

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• Need for very high quality leader • Need for capacity building on a big scale • Need for more accountability of multiple stake holders like

BWSSB, BBMP, BDA, LDA, KSPCM and other formal and informal actors.

• Encourage maximum possible reuse and recycling at each level (city, ward etc.) through stake holder consultation

• Specific legislation could be considered • Comprehensive engineering plan for Flooding

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Future Action Points

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• Mandated under 74th Amendment of the Constitution; • Ward Committees exist, but are completely toothless; • Ward Committee to be suitably empowered:

a) Should promote sewage treatment plants, promote rain water harvesting and stem leakages;

b) Have adequate budget allocation / monitor collections c) Should have adequate powers d) Capable committee members e) Transparency and accountability

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Ward Committees

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a) 25% of potable water is used to flush toilets; b) Flushing toilet: 9 litres Half flush 4.5 litres c) A single load of laundry – 75 litres d) 10 minute shower with the tap running 90 litres e) 10 minute shower with the tap off while using soap / shampoo – 30 litres f) Brushing Teeth – with tap running 45 litres for five minutes with glass 0.5 litres g) Dish washing under a running tap for 5 min. 60 litres - filled sink 12 litres

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Consumer Education

Ward Committee can also be used for consumer education.

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1. Water problem in Bengaluru cannot be ignored 2. Inadequate attention of policy makers 3. IT expert committee (Shri Mohandas Pai

Committee) did not give adequate weightage to this problem

4. Fate of cities which have ignored the water problem: a) Fathepur Sikri b) Vijayapur (Bijapur)

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Conclusion

THANK YOU