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PLANET MARS
Environmental conditions and human exploration
Wednesday, February 19, 2014 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFL
DR. HAROLD CLENETEarth and Planetary Science Laboratory
2
OUTLINE
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
• Mars exploration• Why Mars?• History of exploration• Few geophysical parameters
• Resources and constraints for human exploration• Water• Climate / radiation• Building blocks• Constraints for the base site
4
MARS EXPLORATION
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Giovanni Domenico Cassini
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MARS EXPLORATION
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
France Soir, 8/7/1947
H.G. Wells, 1898
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MARS EXPLORATION
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Mariner(1965-1971)
Viking(1975)
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FEW GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Propriété Valeur martienne Valeur terrestre (Mars % Terre)
Distance au soleil AU 1.524 1
Rayon moyen 3 389,5 km 6 371,0 km (53,2 %)
Masse 6,4185×1023 kg 5,9736×1024 kg (10,7 %)
Gravité de surface à l'équateur 3,711 m/s2 9,780327 m/s2 (37,9 %)
Vitesse de libération 5 027 m/s 11 186 m/s (44,9 %)
Durée du jour solaire 1 sol ≈ 1,027 day ≈ 24.6 h 1 d = 24 h (102,75 %)
Inclinaison de l'axe 25,19° 23,439281°
Période orbitale 6681 sols ≈ 686,971 d 365d 6h 14m (188,1 %)
Rayonnement solaire 492 à 715 W/m2 1 321 à 1 413 W/m2
Température moyenne au sol -63 °C ≈ 210 K 14 °C ≈ 287 K
Température la plus élevée -3 °C ≈ 270 K 58 °C ≈ 331 K
Température la plus basse -133 °C ≈ 140 K -89 °C ≈ 184 K
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FEW GEOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Atmospheric pressure560 Pa (T=105 Pa)
Temperatures-133°C / 27°C
No liquid water at surface conditions
14
OUTLINE
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
• Mars exploration• Why Mars?• History of exploration• Few geophysical parameters
• Resources and constraints for human exploration• Water• Climate / radiation• Building blocks• Constraints for the base site
15
RESOURCES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR HUMAN EXPLORATION
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
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EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Valley networks
THEMIS IR Mosaic in the Warrego Valles area
HIRISE image Small Valley Networks in the AncientSouthern Highlands (ESP_012519_1320)
17 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
High rate of erosion for the craters in the southern
hemisphere
Lake deltas and fans
EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
18 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Outflow channels
MOLA in the Kasei Valles area
EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
19 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Resurfacing of North planes and rampart craters
EVIDENCE FOR PAST WATER
21 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Layered deposits on the North polar cap
22 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
South Polar Ice Cap: 1.6 x 106 km3, which is equivalent to a global water layer of approximately 11 meters thick
26 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Large scale detections: Clays in Mawrth Vallis
Local detections: Clays in Nili Fossae region
Minerals that need water to be produced
27 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Terra Meridiani (Opportunity)Interior Layered Deposits (ILD) in Valles Marineris (HRSC)
28 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
Sulfates in ILD Sulfate over clays in Colombus crater
29 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
ACTUAL WATER RESERVOIRS
COMMON HYDRATED MG-SULPHATE MINERALS
• Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) = 51% H2O
• Kieserite (MgSO4.H2O) = 14% H2O
• Hexahydrite (Mg(SO4) · 6H2O) = 47% H2O
• Bloedite (Na2Mg(SO4)2 · 4H2O) = 37% H2O
OTHER COMMON HYDRATED MINERALS
• Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) = 14% H2O
• Montmorillonite clay(Al,Mg,Fe)8(Si4O10)3(OH)10.12H2O) = 26% H2O
Sulfates in ILD
33 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
CLIMATE / RADIATIONS
A=Glacial (permanent ice cap); B=Polar (covered by frost during the winter which sublimates during the summer); C=North (mild) Transitional (Ca) and C South (extreme) Transitional (Cb); D= Tropical; E= Low albedo tropical; F= Subpolar Lowland (Basins); G=Tropical Lowland (Chasmata); H=Subtropical Highland (Mountain)
34 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
CLIMATE / RADIATIONS
Wind speed:60-90 km/h
But not the same effect as on Earth!
38 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Phoenix @northern plains
HOW LOOKS MARS’ SURFACE?
41 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
OpportunitySpirit
HOW LOOKS MARS’ SURFACE?
42 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Opportunity @Endurance crater
HOW LOOKS MARS’ SURFACE?
46 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Curiosity @Gale crater
HOW LOOKS MARS’ SURFACE?
47 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Curiosity @Gale crater
HOW LOOKS MARS’ SURFACE?
49 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
“BUILDINGS” BLOCKS
RegolithBasaltic rocks
SandClays
52 Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
“BUILDINGS” BLOCKS
Iron/Nickel meteorites(Opportunity)
53
CONSTRAINTS FOR THE BASE SITE
Dr Harold Clenet, EPSL, EPFLWednesday, February 19, 2014
Landing ellipse
50 km