SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY“ALBERT BANDURA”

Presented by :AHMAD FARIQ A ( 113 11 059 )

RIA PUSPITA SARI ( 113 11 061 )

IKA NUR AINI ( 113 11 071 )

ALBERT BANDURA

ALBERT BANDURA WAS BORN ON

DECEMBER 4,1925, IN MUNDARE, A SMALL

TOWN IHE OBTAINED HIS B.A FROM THE

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND

HIS M.A IN 1951,AND HIS PH.D IN 1952 BOTH

FROM UNIVERSITY OF LOWA.N ALBERTA

CANADA. HE DID A POST DOCTORAL

INTERNSHIP AT THE WICHITA GUIDANCE

CENTER IN 1953 AND THEN JOINED THE

FACULTY AT STANDFORD UNIVERSITY

EARLIER EXPLANATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

•THORNDIKE’S AND WATSON’S EXPLANATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL

LEARNING.

THROUGH THE CENTURIES

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING WAS TAKEN

FOR GRANTED AND USUALLY EXPLAINED

BY POSTULATING A NATURAL TENDENCY

FOR HUMANS TO IMITATE WHAT THEY

SEE OTHERS DO.

• MILLER AND DOLLARD’SEXPLANATION OF

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.

MILLER AND DOLLARDS IMITATIVE

LEARNING IS SIMPLY A SPECIAL CASE

OF INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING,

MILLER AND DOLLARD (1941) DIVIDED

BEHAVIOR INTO THREE CATEGORIES :

1. SAME BEHAVIOR

2. COPYING BEHAVIOR

3. MATCHED-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR

•THE SKINNERIAN ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.

THE SKINNERIAN EXPLANATION OF

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IS VERY SIMILAR

TO MILLER AND DOLLARD. FIRST A MODEL’S

BEHAVIOR IS OBSERVED, NEXT MATCHING

RESPONSE IS REINFORCED.

•NONHUMANS CAN LEARN BY OBSERVING

RECENT RESEARCH ARE SURPRISING

BECAUSE THE DATA SUGGEST THAT DESPITE

CLAIM TO THE CONTRARY, SOME NON

HUMANS CAN ACQUIRE FAIRLY COMPLEX

LEARNING BY OBSERVING OTHER MEMBERS

OF THEIR SPECIES AND THEY CAN DO SO

WITHOUT DIRECT REINFORCEMENT

•

BANDURA’S EXPLANATION OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

ACCORDING TO BANDURA , OBSERVATIONAL

LEARNING MAY OR MAY NOT INVOLVE

IMITATION. WHAT YOU LEARNED ,

ACCORDING TO BANDURA WAS

INFORMATION, WHICH WAS PROCESS

COGNITIVELY AND ACTED ON IN A WAY THAT

WAS ADVANTAGEOUS.

EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION

• BANDURA FINDS SEVERAL THINGS

INCORRECT ABOUT SKINNER, MILLER AND

DOLLARD”S EXPLANATION OF OBSERVATIONAL

LEARNING.

1. THEY DO NOT EXPLAIN HOW LEARNING

CAN OCCUR WHEN THE MODELS ARE

REINFORCED FOR THEIR ACTIONS.

2. THE DO NOT EXPLAIN DELAYED MODELING

3. BANDURA MAINTAINS THAT ALL OF

INGREDIENTS ESSENTIAL FOR AN OPERANT

ANALYSIS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

ARE MISSING, THERE IS OFTEN NO

DISCRIMINATIVE STIMULUS NO OVERT

MAJOR THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

• BANDURA (1986) LIST PROCESSES THAT

INFLUENCE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.

1. ATTENTIONAL PROCESSES :

2. RETENTIONAL PROCESSES

3. BEHAVIORAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES

4. MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES

5. RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM

6. SELF-REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR

7. MORAL-CONDUCT

8. DETERMINISM VS FREEDOM

FAULTY COGNITIVE PROCESSES

• BANDURA GIVES SEVERAL REASONS FOR

THEIR DEVELOPMENT OF FAULT

COGNITIVE PROCESSES. FIRST,

CHILDREN MAY DEVELOP FALSE BELIEFS

BECAUSE THEY TEND TO EVALUATE

THINGS ON THE BASIS OF APPEARANCE.

SECOND, ERRORS IN THOUGHT CAN

ACCUR WHEN INFORMATION IS DERIVED

FROM INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

What modelling can accomplish.

modelling has several kinds of effects on

observers. Thus abstrak model has three

components:

1. Observing a wide variety of situations that

have a rule or principle common

2. Extracting the rule from the diverse

experiences

3. Utilizing the rule in new situation.

MODELING IN THE CLINICAL SETTING

ACCORDING TO BANDURA,

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY RESULTS FROM

DYSFUNCTIONAL LEARNING, WHICH

CAUSES INCORRECT ANTICIPATIONS

ABOUT THE WORLD. THE JOB OF THE

PSYCHOTHERAPIST IS TO PROVIDE

EXPERIENCES THAT WILL DISCONFIRM

ERRONEOUS EXPECTATIONS AND

REPLACE THEM WITH MORE ACCURATE

AND LESS DISABLING ONES.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEWS AND ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA

BANDURA BELIEVES THAT WE CAN LEARN AS

MUCH FROM VICARIOUS EXPERIENCES AS

FROM OBSERVING THE CONSEQUENCES

OF YOUR BEHAVIOR. WE HAVE ALSO SEEN

THAT BANDURA DEFINES A MODEL AS

ANYTHING THAT CONVEYS INFORMATION

(NEWSPAPERS, TELEVISION, AND MOTION

PICTURES ACT AS MODELS ) OF COURSE,

NOT EVERYTHING LEARNED FROM THE

NEWS AND ENTERTAINMENT MEDIA IS

NEGATIVE, BUT SOMETIMES IT CAN BE

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

BANDURA’S COGNITIVE THEORY IS MUCH

MORE COMPREHENSIVE. BANDURA ALSO

CONSENTRATES ON SOCIAL BEHAVIOR,

BUT HIS THEORETICAL ORIENTATION IS

NOT HULLIAN. TO DIFFERENTIATE HIS

THEORY FROM THOSE SUCH AS TOLMAN’S

AND DOLLARD’S AND MILLER’S, BANDURA

PREFER THE LABEL SOCIAL COGNITIVE

THEORY.

HUMAN AGENCY

WE EXAMINE WHAT BANDURA REFERS TO AS

THE “ CORE FEATURES “ OF HUMAN

AGENCY:

• INTENTIONALITY

• FORETHOUGHT

• SELF REACTIVENESS

• SELF REFLECTIVENESS

BANDURA ON EDUCATION

BANDURA’S THEORY HAS MANY

IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION. YOU MAY

RECALL THAT BANDURA BELIEVES THAT

ANYTHING CAN BE LEARNED BY DIRECT

EXPERIENCES CAN ALSO BE LEARNED

FROM OBSERVATION. BANDURA ALSO

BELIEVES THAT MODELS ARE MOST

EFFECTIVE IF THEY ARE SEEN AS A

HAVING RESPECT, COMPETENCE, HIGH

STATUS, OR POWER.

• FAIZ :