Schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch16

Criminology TodayAn Integrated Introduction

CHAPTER

Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger

Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Globalization and Terrorism

16



Comparative Criminology

• The cross-national study of crime• Comparative criminologists focus on

developing theories with increased specificity that can be applied across cultures or countries.



Comparative Criminology

• Globalization Process of social homogenization by

which the experiences of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, can foster a standardization of cultural expressions around the world

• Globalization of knowledge Increased understanding resulting from

a sharing of information among cultures



Ethnocentrism

• The phenomenon of "culture-centeredness" by which one uses one's own culture as a benchmark against which to judge all other patterns of behavior

• Ethnocentrism can interfere with comparative criminology in many ways, including how crime statistics are gathered, analyzed, and presented.



Ethnocentrism

• In some societies, even the study of crime is taboo.

• Crime rates of different countries are hard to compare because of: Differences in definitions of crimes Diverse crime-reporting practices Political, social, economic, and other

influences on the reporting of statistics to international agencies



Transnational Crimes

• Transnational crime has emerged as one of the most pressing challenges of the early 21st century.

• Transnational crime ranges from simple fraudulent email and phishing schemes perpetrated globally to illegal trafficking in people, human organs, and illicit drugs.



Human Smuggling and Trafficking

• Human smuggling Illegal immigration in which an agent is

involved for payment to help a person cross a border clandestinely.

Generally occurs with consent of person being smuggled

Although it may not involve active coercion, it can still be deadly.



Human Smuggling and Trafficking

• Trafficking in persons (TIP) Exploitation of unwilling or unwitting

people through force, coercion, threat, or deception

Often includes an element of smuggling Trafficking victims may believe they are

being smuggled, not trafficked.



Human Trafficking

• Women and children comprise the largest group of TIP victims.

• TIP is often an international crime involving crossing borders.

• Victims can be trafficked within their own country and community.



Figure 16-3 Profile of Worldwide Trafficking VictimsSource: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNDOC), Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and -analysis/glotip/GLOTIP_2014_full_report.pdf. Used by permission of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.



Federal Immigration and Trafficking Legislation

• 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act• 1924 Immigration Act• 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act• 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Act• 2003 TVP Reauthorization Act• 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism

Prevention Act



Terrorism

• Terrorism Premeditated, politically motivated

violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience

• The main distinction between terrorism and crime has to do with the offender's political motivation or social ideology.



TABLE 16-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRORISM



Figure 16-4 Types of Terrorist GroupsSource: Derived from information provided by the Council on Foreign Relations and the Markle Foundation, “Types of Terrorism,” http://www.terrorismanswers.com/terrorism/types.html (accessed January 10, 2010)and http://www.cfr.org/issue/135/ (accessed July 10, 2012).



Domestic Terrorism

• Domestic terrorism Unlawful force or violence by a group or

individual based and operating entirely within the U.S. without foreign direction and whose acts are directed at elements of the U.S. government or population

• 1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City

• Sovereign citizen movement



International Terrorism

• International terrorism Unlawful force or violence by an

individual or group with a connection to a foreign power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, to further political or social objectives



Cyberterrorism

• Cyberterrorism Terrorism using of high technology,

especially computers and the Internet, to plan and carry out terrorist attacks

• Can be domestic or international• Targets the virtual world, not people or

things



Cyberterrorism

• President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection

• National Infrastructure Protection Center

• Critical Infrastructure Assurance Office• Cybersecurity Czar

Cabinet post• Critical Infrastructure Warning

Information Network



Terrorism and Technology

• Technological sophistication of state-sponsored terrorist organizations increasing rapidly Some seeking to obtain WMDs

• Bioterrorism Intentional or threatened use of viruses,

bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants



The War on Terrorism

• 9/11 was the most infamous incident of national terrorism in the U.S.

• Led to 3 important legislative initiatives USA PATRIOT Act (2001) Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) Homeland Security Act (2002)

• The National Strategy for Combating Terrorism sets out key goals



The USA PATRIOT Act

• Designed to fight terrorism but also includes provisions that apply to other types of crime

• Led to concerns about harm to individual rights and civil liberties

• The ACLU has pledged to work with the President and law enforcement to ensure civil liberties are not eroded.



Department of Homeland Security

• Established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002

• Charged with protecting the nation's critical infrastructure against terrorist attack

• Director is a member of the Cabinet.• Coordinates activities of 16 domestic

agencies



Terrorism Commissions and Reports

• Gilmore Commission reports• Hart-Rudman Commission and follow-up

report• Bremmer Commission• 9/11 Commission• Commission on the Prevention of WMD

Proliferation and Terrorism• Bipartisan Policy Center's National

Security Preparedness Group



Countering the Terrorist Threat

• U.S. State Dept. Patterns of Global Terrorism "Money is like oxygen to terrorist, and it

must be choked off."• White House National Strategy for

Combating Terrorism Multipronged initiative to reduce the

threat severity and international reach of international terrorist organizations



Countering the Terrorist Threat

• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004

• Obama's National Strategy for Counterterrorism Focus on deterring Islamic-inspired

terrorism



Foreign Terrorist Organizations

• Foreign terrorist organization (FTO) A foreign organization that engages in

terrorist activity that threatens the security of U.S. nationals or the national security of the U.S. and that is so designated by the U.S. Secretary of State




• Organizations considered for FTO designation must: Be foreign and engage in terrorist

activity Threaten the security of U.S. nationals

or the national security of the U.S.• U.S. State Department can declare any

group outside the U.S. as an FTO.



Consequences of FTO Designation

• Unlawful for anyone in the U.S. or subject to U.S. jurisdiction to provide funds or material support to an FTO

• Representatives, members of FTO who are aliens may be denied visas or kept from entering the U.S.

• U.S. financial institutions must block funds of FTOs and their agents and report blockage to Treasury Dept.




• State Dept. may designate foreign governments as state sponsors of international terrorism.

• Terrorist Exclusion List Aliens living in the U.S. who provide

material assistance to groups on the list can be deported.

Anyone assisting groups on the list can be refused entry into the U.S.




• Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment Central repository of information on

international terrorist identities TIDE data used in U.S. government's

consolidated watchlist, which is used to create TSA "no-fly" list, State Dept. visa database, and other databases



The Future of Terrorism

• Trends in modern terrorism Loosely organized, self-financed,

international terrorist networks Religiously or ideologically motivated

terrorism Recent growth of cross-national links

among different terrorist organizations• Proliferation of WMDs is a key concern

in the issue of international terrorism.