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April 8, 2023 1
PXGT6103: INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN and DEVELOPMENT
Raja Maznah
Semester 2: Session 2007/2008
www.um.edu.my
www.um.edu.my
April 8, 2023 2
Objectives
• Describe the roles of instructional design in the field of education and human resource development.
Apply instructional design processes to solve problems related to learning.
Use instructional development models to design, develop and evaluate own projects.
Manage an instructional development project.
www.um.edu.my
www.um.edu.my
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Session One
Objectives
• Describe 4 important characteristics of ID
• Identify the origins of ID
• Describe the elements of instructional systems design
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4 important characteristics of ID
1. Content selection based on data from the field
2. Instructional strategies based on research and theories
3. Test data based on absolute standards of performance
4. Technology used to optimize effectiveness, efficiency and cost (Campbell, 1980)
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Theoretical roots of the IT field
• Social sciences
• Management sciences and engineering
• Information sciences
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April 8, 2023 6
Many disciplines contributed to the development of the ID field
Psychology
Communications
EducationComputer sciences
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ID Origin• Grew out of systems approach to training
developed by the US military during WWII• It was based on the premise that:
– Learning should not occur in a haphazard manner
– Learning should be developed in accordance with orderly process
– Learning should have measurable outcomes
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Systems analysis
• Born during WWII• A logical and systematic way of organizing
the conduct of any task• An analytic approach to planning and
management• Most often utilized in the planning
performance of large and complex activities
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Systems analysis requires
• Before starting a task, we must operationally define intended outcomes
• So success can be observed
• All possible variables identified:– +ve and –ve contributions planned
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Elements of an Instructional System
• A complete specification of the instructional requirements will include:– Objectives– Content– Materials– Methods and– Evaluation
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Elements of an Instructional System
• Such a specification of instructional requirements provides us with a blueprint for instructional systems development (ISD) and use.
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Session Two
Objectives
• Define ISD
• Identify the 5 ISD phases
• Identify other ID models
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What is Instructional Systems Design?
• A prescription of the necessary events and activities of learning (instructional methods) which
• provides a guidance function towards the achievement of specific objectives and
• promoting of desired learner capabilities
• under a particular set of conditions.
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April 8, 2023 14
ID Models• Models provide procedural frameworks
• Incorporate fundamental elements of ID processes / steps• A nalysis • D esign• D evelop• E valuate• I mplement
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April 8, 2023 15
Instructional Development Models• Developed based on application of
concepts from:– Learning and instructional theory
• associated with selection of instructional strategies
– Systems and communication theory• associated with ID procedures
– Management and organizational theory• associated with organization and personnel
development
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April 8, 2023 16
Instructional Systems Design
Analysis DesignDevelop-
mentFormativeEvaluation
Implemen-tation
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INPUTS
Analysis
Customer requirementsParticipant informationManager’s comment
OUTPUTSAnalysis report• Problem definition / business issue• Required outcomes - instructional goals• Training as solution• Learner profile - total projected population• Timeliness for design / development (project plan)• Proposed budget• Sources of information / expertise
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Design
INPUTS
Analysis Report•Instructional goal•Learner profile•Subject matter expertise•Comments from customer, participants, managers
OUTPUTSEntry behaviors / prerequisiteLearning hierarchy / learning objectivesTest itemsDesign documents•Sequence•Timing•Instructional strategies•Media choicesInstructor specifications
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OUTPUTSRough draft of participant materialsRough draft of instructor materialsRough draft of instructional materialsRough cut of video
INPUTSDesign documentContent sourcesSubject matter expertiseWord processor, graphic artist, video production, etc.
Development
April 8, 2023
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OUTPUTSInformation to revise rough draft materials
•Comments (verbal or written)•Observations•Instructor comments•Evaluation instrument results
INPUTSTarget populationPrepared instructorRough draft materialsSuitable locations
FormativeEvaluation
April 8, 2023
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OUTPUTSOn the job behavior changes (learning objectives)which improve business performance
INPUTSFinalized materials:•Instructor•Instructional•ParticipantCertified instructorsMarketing plan
Implementation
April 8, 2023
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April 8, 2023 22
Analysis DesignDevelop-
mentFormativeEvaluation
Implemen-tation
Instructional Systems Design
Customerreview andapproval
Design review
Materialsreview
Test results
April 8, 2023
www.um.edu.my
April 8, 2023 23
Instructional Systems Design
Analysis DesignDevelop-
mentFormativeEvaluation
Implementation
Customerreview andapproval
Design review
Materialsreview
Test results
April 8, 2023
www.um.edu.my
www.um.edu.my ISD Process (Leshin, Pollock & Reigeluth, 1992)
Step 1Analyze Problem
Step 2Analyze Domain
Step 4Analyze &
Sequence Supporting Content
Step 6Perform Interactive
Message Design
Step 3Analyze &
Sequence Tasks
Step 5Specify Learning
Events & Activities
Step 7Evaluate
Instruction
Analyzing Needs
Selecting &Sequencing Content
Developing Lessons
Evaluating theInstruction
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ISD Process Design•Identify Problem•Assess need•Analyze audience•Establish goals
Development•Develop objectives•Create draft content outline•Organize/develop content•Select/develop materials and media
Evaluation•Review goals and objectives•Develop evaluation strategy•Collect and analyze data•Recommend revisions
Revision•Develop and implement
revision plan
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April 8, 2023 26
ISD Model - Seels & Glasgow (1997)
ProblemAnalysis
Development ofMaterials
Instructional strategiesAnd delivery
Implementation&Control
Summative EvaluationObjectives &
TestsInstructional
AnalysisTask
Analysis
FormativeEvaluation
Feedback andInteraction
AnalysisPhase Design and Development Phase
Implementation & Evaluation Phase
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April 8, 2023 27
ISD – A summary• Evaluation as the centerpiece of the ISD process• ISD is a continuous process• All ISD activities take place within and are
dependent on the system function• Teamwork is required• All ISD activities and system functions focus on
continuous quality improvement in the system
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April 8, 2023 28
Session Three
Objectives
• Discuss some assumptions about teaching and learning
• Use an ISD process to solve a learning problem
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Some assumptions about teaching and learning
• That a systematic approach to teaching is beneficial to your learners, your colleagues and yourself
• that learning is a deeply personal, individual process for all of us
• that you teach people first, and subject material second
• that learning is a richer and more rewarding process if it can be shared with other people
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April 8, 2023 30
Some assumptions about teaching and learning (cont.)
• that risks are worth taking and mistakes can be growth points
• that experience only leads to change if it is filtered through reflection
• that development takes courage as well as imagination
• that the most useful attribute you can develop as a teacher or trainer is flexibility
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April 8, 2023 31
Using an ISD process
Generic ISD model elaborated with decision questions
• Analysis – Needs analysis
• What is the problem?• How do we solve it?
– Task analysis• What is the content? The job?
– Instructional analysis• What must be learned?
cont.-
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Using an ISD process
Design– What are the objectives?– How will we know if the objectives are met?– What instructional strategy will achieve the
objectives?– What media and methods are most effective?
cont.-
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Using an ISD processDevelopment• Draft materials
– What will the materials say?
• Media production– How do the materials look and sound?
• Formative evaluation– Do they meet quality standards?– Do students learn from them?– How do we improve them?
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Using an ISD process
• Implementation– Is the client ready to take responsibility for the
course?
• Evaluation– Have we solved the problem?– What is the impact?– What needs to change?
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2 important decisions that Instructional Designers must make:
1. What to teach- Macro strategies
2. How to teach it - Micro strategies
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April 8, 2023 36
• Select, sequence, structure, and synthesize large chunks of information, s.a. an entire curriculum
• Tactics are determined by whether each task is:– a procedural task, or– a transfer task
What to teach - Macro strategies
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April 8, 2023 37
How to teach it - Micro strategies• Design and write the presentation, practice, and
feedback for each individual lesson• Tactics are determined when the content involves the:
– memorization of facts– application of skills– understanding relationships– higher-level thinking
www.um.edu.my
www.um.edu.my
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