Project 2 individual report template

ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Future City Representation

ELEMENTS of Natural & Built

Environments

Better Cities of the Future Daenerys

Aida Junita | 0317766 | Group f | FNBE Feb 2014 | Taylor’s University1


Aida Junita binti Zulkiflee | 0317766foundation in natural and built environmentsFebruary 2014 intake

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

Introduction 3

A City 4

Investigation & Data Collection: Ancient City 8

Investigation & Data Collection: Present City 14

Investigation & Data Collection: Future City 18

The New “X” City: Daenerys 22

Conclusion 31

Reference Links 32



INTRODUCTION

Project 2 – Better Cities of the Future requires students to understand the components

and elements of a city and what makes a better future city. Based on the setting of year 2114,

each student will have to pretend to be the mayor of “X” City, which requires to be replaced

due to reasons that make it no longer livable.

Students are given the options of proposing one of the following types of city:

a) an underground city

b) an underwater city

c) a floating on water city

d) a city in the air

e) on land next to a river or sea

Students are also required to do an in depth research on ancient/past cities, present

cities as well as future cities to better understand contents related to city and the built



environment. Through these investigations and understanding, students will then need to

propose layout for a new “X” City.

1. A CITY

1.1 The Definition

According to Oxford Dictionary, a city is a large town. It is

also defined as an inhabited place of greater size, population, or

importance than a town or village.

1.2 Brief History of City

For centuries, United Kingdom (while it was under the ruling of King Henry VIII),

regulated that settlement which had diocesan cathedral can claim itself as a city, without

taking any account of its size or exercise of power, be it spiritual or temporal. However, the

notion became absurd by mid-19th century when Midlands (a booming English industrial

centre of the north then) remained its status as a town where as St. David (on the west coast

of Wales with population c.2000) could claim the status of a city.



The Industrial Revolution further transformed city life,

as factory cities blossomed rapidly in England

In the present day, United Kingdom’s official criteria for what constitutes as a city

remains wavering. But, cities which claimed their status in 1907 remain a good rule of

thumb; home to at least 300,000 residents, a distinct identity that is the centre of a wider area,

and a good record of local government. The royal connection – prerogative of the monarch on

the advice of ministers, also plays an important role in deciding the status of a city.

Aside from the official classifications, economists, geographers and archaeologists

have argued what a town or city means. In the ancient world, aspects such as trade,

specialized occupations, monumental buildings and taxes paid to a ruler are taken into

consideration, with a city typically distinguished from a town by its relative size and

sophistication in comparison to its hinterland.

1.3 What Makes a City?

Cities are made up of the people in them, not by the boundaries or buildings in them.

The United States Census Bureau defines a metropolitan area as having at least 50,000

residents. However, it takes more than numbers of people to create what a city is all about.



The following are basic guidelines on what makes a city:

a) high density in population

b) has basic necessities – water, food, shelter & energy

c) provided with urban services – facilities and

infrastructures

d) equipped with transportation service and waste

management system

e) high sustainability

1.4 What Makes a Good City?

Good cities are ones which apply a design strategy centered on walkability with great

public spaces where people can congregate. A good city is also defined as livable and

revolves around the themes like social space, economic dynamism and overall responsiveness

of local governments to development of a progressive economy.

Many aspects of urban design and new approaches to city form are based on the

concept of livability. The components of livability include:



a) protection of the environment

b) maintenance of a diverse economy

c) provision of accessibility through land use

d) delivery of services for residents and businesses

e) housing choices

f) balanced city budget

g) involvement of citizens in planning and delivery

1.5 What is the Future City?

No one can tell what the future holds, but the reality now is that urban spaces are

becoming overcrowded and polluted. While cities in the past were shaped by people, cities of

the future are more likely to be shaped by ideas, namely the concept of sustainability.

A few insights on sustainability of a city

include good urban planning, incorporation of nature

and natural elements with the best practice of green

cities as the following:

a) ambitious, well defined goals, and regular reporting of progress

b) electricity generation using renewable resources

c) strict building codes favouring greening technology



d) investment in public transportation

e) efforts and policies to cut waste, reduce water consumption

f) increased density

g) encourage knowledge-based, creative economies

h) access to affordable, healthy food

i) city government who leads by example

j) encourage grass roots efforts to engage citizens

2. INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTION:

ANCIENT CITY

2.1 History of Ancient City

A city is known to be the highest forms of social organization. In the ancient world, a

‘city’ is described as the urban center of a dense population and the pattern of buildings

spread out from a central religious complex, usually a temple.

The word ‘city’ derives from the Latin word civitas but urban development pre-dates

Rome by centuries. The first cities, which fit historians Tertius Chandler and sociologist

Louis Wirth’s definitions of a ‘city’, were developed in the region of Mesopotamia between

4500 BCE and 3100 BCE.



Rendering of Uruk

The city of Uruk, considered as the oldest city in the world, was first settled in 4500

BCE. While there are other ancient cities located in regions populated from early dates that

claim the title of first city (examples include Jericho, Damascus, Aleppo, Jerusalem, Athens

and Argos), Uruk is the only legitimate contender. This is due to its physical evidence and

written documentation which dates the activities of the community from the earliest period.

2.2 Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu, one of the most famous historical sites in the world, is located along

the Inca Trail in Peru and dates back from 1400 AD to 1499 AD. The mysterious yet

extraordinary ancient stone city stands 2430 meters above sea level, nestled atop a granite

mountain between the Andean Mountain Range. It stretches over 5-mile distance, featuring

more than 3000 stone steps that link its many different levels.

Machu Picchu was believed to have been constructed by the Inca Yupanqui people

sometime during the mid-15th century at the height of the Inca Empire. It is assumed to have

been a royal estate for Inca leaders and nobles, as well as a sacred religious site due to its

proximity to mountains and other geographical features that the Incas held sacred. Machu

Picchu is made up of more than 150 buildings ranging from baths and houses to temples and

sanctuaries.



Approximately 200 structures make up this outstanding religious, ceremonial, astronomical

and agricultural centre, set on a steep ridge, crisscrossed by stone terraces.

Some of Machu Picchu’s impressive structures include the semi-circular Temple of

the Sun, the Temple of the Three Windows, the mausoleum and the upper cemetery. Another

distinct structure also includes the Intihuatana stone, a sculpted granite rock that is believed

to have functioned as a solar clock or calendar.

2.3 What Makes Machu Picchu Significant?

Assumed to have a population of few thousand people, Machu Picchu displayed

finely crafted stonework and architecture. Its central buildings are prime examples of

masonry techniques and construction mastered by the Incas, whereby each stone on site fit

together without mortar seamlessly and tightly that its cracks cannot be penetrated by a knife

blade.



The stonework of the site is a great example of the use of natural raw materials to provide

outstanding architecture which is appropriate to its surrounding.

Machu Picchu was separated into several areas such as agricultural, residential, a

royal district and religious. The structures in the city are arranged in a way that their

functions would match the form of their surroundings. High standards of engineering and

construction were also demonstrated by the Incas.



The agricultural terracing and aqueducts took advantage of the natural slopes in the

area; the lower part contained buildings occupied by farmers and teachers, while important

religious areas were located at the crest of the hill. The 700-plus terraces preserved soil,

promoted agriculture and served as part of an extensive water-distribution system that

conserved water and limited erosion on the steep slopes.

2.4 Conclusion

Machu Picchu is living proof that the urban Inca Empire was at the peak of its power

and achievement. It was probably the most amazing urban creation of the Inca Empire and

one of the world’s greatest examples of a productive man-land relationship. This can be seen



from its giant walls, terraces and ramps seeming as if they have been cut naturally in the

continuous rock escarpments.

The Inca’s achievements and skills are even more impressive in light of the

knowledge they lacked. When Machu Picchu was built, the Inca had no iron or steel or

wheels. This bears witness to the Inca’s civilizations architectural, agricultural and

engineering prowess. The site’s buildings, walls, terraces and ramps reclaim the steep

mountainous terrain which makes the city blend naturally into the terrain it is situated on.

2.5 Information and Elements to Use for New Future City

Machu Picchu is an articulating centre of its surroundings and

a masterpiece of art, urbanism, architecture and engineering of the

Inca civilization. The integration of Machu Picchu with its

environment as if it were an extension of nature, is an outstanding

example of a harmonious and aesthetically stunning relationship

between human culture and nature.

Machu Picchu is a unique testimony of the Inca civilization and shows a well-planned

distribution of functions within space, territory control and social, productive, religious and

administrative organization. The city is divided into a lower and upper part, separating the

farming from residential areas with a large square between the two.

Its agricultural section – terraced fields and granaries complete with sophisticated

irrigation system, is an important aspect of the site which demonstrated advanced agricultural

methods.

In conclusion, Machu Picchu portrayed a few characteristics which can be

implemented into the new future city, such as continuous interaction of the built elements



with the natural environment, a well-organized planning or zoning of areas of the city and an

efficient cultivation system.

3. INVESTIGATION & DATE COLLECTION:

PRESENT CITY

3.1 History of Melbourne

Melbourne was founded in 1835 and began as a

barely legal, speculative settlement. Originally the



home of the Kulin nation made up of five aboriginal language groups, it originated as a tent

city of 50 settlers but quickly grew to a population of 700,000 by the year 1869.

The first white settlers sailed up Port Phillip Bay in 1835 and decided upon a site for

trading post. The early settlements of Melbourne lacked the essentials of a town (a governing

authority, a legal survey and ownership of lands) but the community was law-abiding.

Nonetheless, Melbourne took off as a true international city when the rapid population

growth was down to the gold rush of the 1850s and left it with an outstanding legacy of fine

and historically significant architecture.

3.2 Melbourne

Today, Melbourne is one of the

great multicultural cities in the world. The

city has become an important meeting

place and location for social, educational,

sporting and cultural events.

During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, Melbourne was transformed into one of

the world’s largest and wealthiest cities. Land boomed between 1880 and 1890, with surplus

government revenue and buoyant optimism, created great progress for the metropolis of

Melbourne. When previously three to four storey office blocks were considered the highest

buildings in the city, eight to nine storey buildings were built by private enterprise virtually

overnight.

3.3 What Makes Melbourne Significant?



Melbourne was a meticulously planned city. By the year 1960, it had reached its final

form and many of its sections attracted special types of occupancies which still characterize

the city today. For an example, the eastern end of Collins Street attracted the medical

profession, while the central and western section had insurance companies, banks and

building societies established.

Transportation system in Melbourne

By 1849, Melbourne was already equipped with infrastructure such as paved streets,

gravelled footpaths, centres of the roads metalled, street furniture and lighting as well as

pitched water channels. The city also boasted an organized transportation system. Starting

from steam-operated trains and railway to cable tramway system (then changed to electric

tram service) and the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop line was introduced.

Robert Hoddle, a surveyor of Port Phillip District (Victoria), created the Hoddle Grid

which was designed with wide roads as an advantage to the health and convenience of the

city. Apart from that, each block in the city was subdivided into 20 allotments with each of

them approximately half an acre in size.



Hoddle Grid

The Hoddle Grid is the layout of the streets in the centre of the central business

district of Melbourne. The way this grid was laid out had influenced the public transportation

(trains, trams and buses) to run all around the grid.

3.4 Conclusion

Due to the worldwide depression of the 1930s, building development in Melbourne

remained fairly static until the early 1950s. However, the turn of the 20 th century saw a surge

of activity in Melbourne. A large number of public buildings (hospitals and city court) were

constructed, contributing to a period of rapid growth and development.

An international centre for performing and visual arts, Melbourne is often referred to

as Australia’s cultural capital. It is also home to many of Australia’s largest and oldest

cultural institutions. This shows that it is important for cities to create platforms for human

activities as a good city is one where the people would want to go out and be part of

communities.

Since the mid-1990s, Melbourne has maintained significant population and

employment growth. There has been significant international investment in the city's

industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred, making it

possible for Melbourne to sustain the highest population increase and economic growth rate.




In conclusion, Melbourne portrayed a few characteristics which can be implemented

into the new future city. One of it is allocating and zoning of areas serving a specific purpose,

such as residential areas, business districts as well as recreational areas. Besides that, it is

important to create areas for cultural and human activities. These social spaces are essential

in making the city more people involved.

Apart from that, a grid system in the layout of the centre or whole of the city should

be introduced so that the city is well planned and organized. Through said planning, an

efficient transportation system can be provided for the people of the city.

4. INVESTIGATION & DATA COLLECTION:

FUTURE CITY

4.1 History of Future City



While there is no fixed definition of what a future city is, many consider it to be one

that is green, smart or sustainable. A prominent number of developed countries are already

applying the concept of smart cities with sustainable features. A few examples of those cities

include Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Dubai, and Songdo.

Clockwise from top left: Aerial view of Amsterdam, Copenhagen, Dubai and Songdo.

4.2 Copenhagen

The city I consider as being closest to achieving the status of a future city is

Copenhagen. The royal capital of Denmark, Copenhagen is ranked number 1 on the European

Green City Index for the year 2013.



With population of over 1.1 million people, Copenhagen is one of the largest cities in

northern Europe. It is located in the most dynamic region of northern Europe, making it one

of Europe’s busiest hubs.

Copenhagen has had an industrial change from manufacturing activities to a mixture

of high-technology and knowledge intensive sectors as well as an increase in the service

sector.

Copenhagen covers an area of 74.4km2, with a city population of 541, 989 (2011)

4.3 What Makes Copenhagen Significant?

Copenhagen is a dynamic metropolis with an efficient transportation system as it is

easily reached by means of air, land and even sea. For instance, Copenhagen’s airport is a

major hub with direct flights to a large number of destinations. In addition, the Øresund

Bridge connects Copenhagen and Sweden, making it very easy to cross by car or train which

runs around the clock.

Copenhagen also offers an excellent living standard based on a long range of factors

within education, health, economy, social conditions, culture and welfare. It has one of the

highest living standards in the world as it boasts a well-developed infrastructure.

As an example, free and equal access to education is an overriding principle. All

major activities within the Danish education system are financed through general taxes. Apart



from that, health service is a public responsibility and all kinds of religions places (mosques,

churches and synagogues) are available.

4.4 Conclusion

Today, Copenhagen is a flourishing centre of culture and arts. From a small fishing

village, it is now an astounding capital of the Danish empire. Copenhagen also has a

multitude of districts, each with its distinctive character and representing its own period.

As one of the world’s leading destinations for international conferences and

congresses, Copenhagen is still rich in culture and provides social and cultural spaces for its

people. It serves as the cultural hub of Denmark, resulting from huge investments in

infrastructure and culture.


Besides its well-thought transportation system and platform of different human

activities, Copenhagen has several features and elements which can be implemented to make

a better city. One of the features is its ambition of becoming the first carbon neutral capital by

the year 2025.

Many cities are working towards achieving a sustainable growth without

underperforming on environmental and economic indicators. Some of the examples of

sustainable city solutions in Copenhagen include:

a) increased mobility through integrated transport and cycling solutions has reduced

congestion significantly and improved citizens’ health

b) cleaning the harbor has led to attractive urban areas with better quality of life,

improved local business life, created jobs and generated revenue in the area



c) landfill from waste has been reduced to 1.8% of total while heating 98% of the

city through district heating

Another feature that can be taken into consideration for the new future city is

implementing a car-free environment. Copenhagen sets itself an overall goal to be the world’s

best city for cyclists. Their goal is to have 50% of people cycling to go places, thereby

contributing to meeting the ambitious goal of CO2 neutrality by the year 2025.

Citizens commuting via bicycle, contributing to reduction of carbon emissions.

6. THE NEW “X” CITY – Daenerys

6.1 Solutions to Create the New City



It is the year 2114, and Planet Earth has been struck with an ecological catastrophe.

The severe global climate change is causing the living conditions to decline rapidly and make

the land no longer viable and livable. As the mayor of Daenerys, I am to propose a new city

design to help save the people of the city and the human civilization.

The redesign of Daenerys city serves

the purpose of sustaining itself for a long

period in harsh conditions. I have decided to

make the city to be in the shape of a

geodesic dome with a circular base.

Geodesic domes (structures which look like

half spheres made up of many triangular

supports) are extremely efficient and

inexpensive.

Geodesic domes enclose the largest volume of space using the least amount of

construction material. When strong yet lightweight materials are used to construct the

structure, the dome will act sturdier. Not only do they incorporate the strength of a strong

arch shape, but that triangles that make up the structure make it durable as triangles are the

strongest shapes due to their fixed angles which doesn’t distort easily.

The dome is known to have withstood hurricanes, earthquakes and fires better than

rectangle-based structures. As the city is to be built in air, the geodesic dome structure and its

strength and durability is essential to sustain the city.

The new proposed city, Daenerys will have a total area of 28.27km2 with population

of approximately 150,000 Malaysians. The city would hover at the altitude range of 1000 to

2000 feet above the sea level, with a cruising speed of 130km/h and a top speed of 170km/h.



Perspective view of Daenerys

6.2 Why Is It In Air?

Typically, when destruction occurs, the land area takes the first hit to become

uninhabitable. Taking into consideration that Earth as we know will not be in the same form

as it is now, a new city must be built in an environment that is not desolated and allows

mobility. Therefore, I have proposed for the new city to be built in the air.

6.3 What are the Important Characteristics and Elements?

Based on case studies of the ancient, present and future cities, some key factors that

make a good city have been extracted and applied to the new future city. These fundamental

elements will be portrayed in the new “X” city, Daenerys.

6.3.1 The Exterior Features

The geodesic dome is made up of two components; solar panels and louvers.



The solar panels – components of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply

electricity, will be installed across the dome. They are made up of intelligent panels which

can be replaced one at a time if damaged or malfunctions. The diagram below explains the

process of generating electricity through the use of solar panels.

Louvers are horizontal slats which will allow light and air in.

These louvers also serve as a natural ventilation and temperature control.


Louvers

Solarpanels


When they are adjusted to a certain angle through motorized operators, rain precipitation will

be directed for collection and then channeled to a water reservoir/tank at the main hub.

Precipitation collected will be filtered and then distributed for common and commercial

usage.

Wind turbines are also installed around the structure of the city. They convert kinetic

energy from the wind into electrical power. The same layer behind the wind turbines contains

energy supply lines as well as waste management pipes linked to all zones of the city.

6.3.2 Zoning of the City

All great cities possess a similar feature which is zoning of the city into strategically

placed and organized sectors. The city Daenerys will be divided into nine zones; city centre

(main green open space), residential area and quarters residence, business district,

government area, main hub or command centre, industrial area, agricultural and livestock

area as well as commercial area.

a) City

Center


1

2

3

4

56

7

8

9


The city centre is naturally situated in the middle of the city, being the denser part of

the whole city. It’s a central community area with green open spaces.

b) Residential Area & Quarters Residences

The residential area is divided into two parts – a main residential area and a quarters

residence area. Both residential areas are equipped with education facilities (pre-school,

primary and secondary schools, and tertiary institutions), medical and security amenities.

The elements of the residential area are organized and

arranged systematically based on the grid system

The main residential area is twice the size compared to other zones to house most of

the citizens in the city. On the other hand, the quarters residence area is located between

government and business district. This helps the distribution of the people and for the

working class in the government and business district to commute easily i.e. walk to their

working place.

The houses and buildings in both residential areas will

practice sustainable features such as green roofs, energy

saving facilities and walkability.

c) Business District



The business district is concentrated with office buildings and financial centre of the

city. Green roofs are incorporated in the buildings in the business district for employees to

enjoy and relax as well as to contribute to a more sustainable and green environment.

d) Government Area

The government area is the administrative centre with official buildings and

departments. Buildings in this area also incorporate the green technology initiative applied in

the business district.

e) Main Hub (Command Centre)

The main hub or command centre is the major working component of the city.

Equipped with sensors that detect and control when natural energy is sufficient, it’s the main

control centre of the city’s energy and waste management.

The main hub is the core of energy source – from solar to wind and rain precipitation

collection. These energy sources are sensibly distributed and controlled so that they are never

used in excess.

The main hub also has waste management pipes linked back to it for waste collection

to be incinerated and changed back into energy for daily usage.

f) Industrial Area



The industrial area is planned for the purpose of industrial development of the city. As

the city is in the air and enclosed, the factories are designed in such a way where the wastes

will be directed into the pipelines towards the main hub for incineration to generate energy.

g) Agricultural & Livestock Area

The agricultural and livestock area is one of the most essential parts of the city as it

provides the whole city with food source. For the agricultural part, vertical farming is

implemented.

Vertical farming; Livestock

Vertical farming is the cultivation of life forms such as plants and animals within a

skyscraper greenhouse or on vertically inclined surfaces. The idea behind vertical farming

will help create a cleaner environment while producing crops year round at an increased

amount. Besides that, vertical farms are self-sustainable (within a controlled environment), as

methane digesters can be built on site to transform organic wastes generated into biogas

which could be burned to generate electricity for the greenhouse’s electrical needs.

g) Commercial Area



The commercial area contains commercial establishments which includes recreational

area, retail outlets, cultural and religious areas.

The commercial area is often looked at as just a form of entertainment, but it is

important to have social spaces for human interactions.

6.3.3 Transportation System

The city Daenerys has two means of transportation system – a central high speed rail

system and a tram network in between each zone.

The central high speed rail system has a highly

efficient rail technology which is performance based and

environmentally driven. It optimizes energy use and

decreases energy waste.

The tram network consists of trams – rail vehicles

which run on tracks, will transit from the main central

rail to go into each individual zones.

6.4 Conclusion



Sustainability is a key factor in making a good city. I have learnt that there are many

ways and efforts that can be put into in order to achieve that goal. Wise energy usage and

management, implementation of green features and walkability are a few examples of

sustainable efforts which can be implemented.

Through research and learning from past and present cities, we can always improve

our current cities and plan better for future ones. With careful planning and organization, I

believe that Daenerys, a city in the air, could become a sustainable city in the future.



CONCLUSION

A city will continuously grow and encounter challenges and significant urban

problems such as overpopulation, pollution and over-consumption of energy or resources.

However, improvements can be made through exploring and investigating past cities to create

a better one in the future.

From this project, I have learnt the different characteristics of the built environment

and how its basic elements (e.g. landscape, building, facilities and infrastructure) play

important roles in a city’s structure. I have also learnt that a city should focus on the needs of

its people and their interaction and activities with the infrastructures.

Through the extensive research work done, it can be concluded that a great city is one

that is livable and has the ability to sustain itself. Nature and its natural elements are essential

in defining a city. Not only do they create and make up the living environment such as open,

green public spaces, they also provide clean, renewable energy sources for sustainability.



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http://www.theurbanvision.com/blogs/?p=372

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http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/city

Education

Project 2 individual report template