Pinyin Lesson 01

Consonants, simple vowels and tones

Rime dictionary

• An ancient type of Chinese dictionary that collates characters by tone and rhyme.

• These dictionaries record the pronunciations of characters by the fǎnqiè method, using a pair of characters to indicate the onset and remainder of the syllable respectively.

PINYIN（HANYU PINYIN）拼音 （汉语 拼音）

• The official phonetic system for transcribing the Mandarin pronunciations of Chinese characters into the Latin alphabet

• The Hanyu Pinyin system was developed in the 1950s based on earlier forms of romanization. It was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times.

• The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) adopted pinyin as an international standard in 1982.

Spoken languague of the Han people Spelled-out sound

PINYIN (1) –consonants, simple vowels and tones

• A single Chinese character is equal to one syllable.

• A syllable usually consists of a consonant and a vowel with a tone.

• A syllable may also have no initial, but all syllables must have a final.

Tone

consonant vowel

b p m fd t n lg k hj q xzh ch sh rz c s y w

Consonants (Initials)

bsom p i speak(eng.), uaspirert

bà 爸 (pappa)

NB!” b” i PINYIN er ikke som ”b” i ”big(engelsk)”

psom p i pølse, aspirert

péng 朋 (venn)

msom m i mor

mǐ 米 (ris)

fsom f i far

fēi 飞 (fly)

dsom t i steven(eng.), uaspirert

děng 等 (vente)

NB!” d” i PINYIN er ikke som ”d” i ”dog(engelsk)”

tsom t i tal, aspirert

tīng 听 (lytte)

nsom n i nei

nǐ 你 (du)

lsom l i lang

lín 林 (skog)

gsom k i skog

gē 歌 (sang)

NB!” g” i PINYIN er ikke som ”g” i ”go(engelsk)”

ksom k i kø

kōng 空 (tom)

hsom h i høy

hēi 黑 (svart）

jNesten som j i engelsk ord jeep

jìng 静 (stille)

qsom chee i engelsk cheese (eng.), aspirert

qì

气

(luft)

xsom k i Kino [ō]

xià

夏

(sommer)

zhsom j i Joe(engelsk)

zhǐ 指 (peke)

chsom tsj- i Tsjekkia

chī 吃 (spise)

shsom skj i skjerm

shì 是 (være, ja)

rsom r i rich(engelsk), tonende

rī 日 (sol)

zsom ds i words(engelsk), uaspirert

zōng 棕 (brun)

csom ts i Mats, aspirert

cǎo

草

(gress)

ssom s i sol

sì 四 (fire)

ysom y i young(engelsk)

yā 压 (presse)

wsom w i wait(engelsk)

wèi 胃 (mage)

Pinyin omtrentlig uttale Eksempel i kineisk1. f som f i far 飞 fēi (fly)2. l som l i lang 林 lín (skog)

3. m som m i mor 米 mǐ (ris)4. n som n i nei 你 nǐ (du)5. b som p i speak(eng.), uaspirert 爸 bà (pappa)6. p som p i pølse, aspirert 朋 péng (venn)7. d som t i steven(eng.), uaspirert 等 děng (vente)8. t som t i tal, aspirert 听 tīng (lytte)9. g som k i skam 歌 gē (sang)

10. k som k i kø 空 kōng (tom)11. h som h i høy 黑 hēi (svart）12. j som j i engelsk jeep(eng.) 静 jìng (stille)

13. q som tj i attjo [≈tЗh], aspirert 气 qì (luft)

14. x som k i Kino [≈ç] 夏 xià (sommer)15. s som s i sol 四 sì (fire)16. z som ds i words(engelsk), uaspirert 棕 zōng (brun)17. c som ts i Mats, aspirert 草 cǎo (gress)18. sh som skj i skjerm 是 shì (være, ja)

19. zh som j i Joe(engelsk) 指 zhǐ (peke)20. ch som tr i true(engelsk) 吃 chī (spise)21. r som r i rich(engelsk), tonende 日 rī (sol)22. y som y i young(engelsk) 压 yā ( presse)23. w som w i wait(engelsk) 胃 wèi (mage)

Simple vowels (Simple finals)

a

som a i rad, men litt mer åpent

lā

拉

(dra)

o

som å i må, men litt mer åpent, etter b, p, m, f

o

哦

(oh)

e

som i franske le, men litt lengre bak

è

饿

(sulten)

i

• som i i lite (etter konsonanter b, p, m, j, q, x, d, t, n, l, y)

nǐ

你 (du)

• i stavelsene si, zi, ci er det en sorts surrende

sì

四 (fire)

• i stavelsene ri, shi, zhi og chi, kan også tenkes som et r-lyd

shí十 (ti)

u

som o i bo

gǔ

古

(gammel)

ü

som y i lys

nǚ

女

(dame)

• The Chinese phonetic alphabet has four tone marks, “ ˉ ˊ ˇ ˋ”, which are placed on the major vowels of the “final.”

Tones

• The first tone is a high level tone with a pitch value of; its tone mark is “ˉ”.For example：ā

• The second tone starts from medium tone, then rises to the top. It has a pitch value of 3-5, its tone mark is “ˊ”. For example：á

• The third tone starts from low, dips to the bottom, then rises to the top. It has a pitch of 2-1-4. However, in normal speech it almost always occurs as a “half third tone” with a pitch value of 2-1. , its tone mark is “ˇ”. For example：ǎ

• The fourth tone starts at the top, then falls sharply and strongly to the bottom. It has a pitch value of 5-1, and its mark is “ˋ”. For example：à

Four Tones

• Tones are very important in Chinese. The same syllable with different tones can have different meanings. For example:

bā bá bǎ bà八 拔 靶 爸

eight pull target dad

Neutral Tone

• Some syllables are pronounced both lightly and shortly. This is called the neutral tone , which lacks a tone-mark representation in writing.

ma

吗

(question particle)

Exercises

Exercise 1 – Read aloud

Exercise 2 – Listen and circle the correct pinyin

Exercise 3 – Try to pronounce pinyin correctly.

Exercise 4 – Listen and circle the correct pinyin

Exercise 5 – Try to pronounce pinyin correctly.

Exercise 6 – Listen and add a tonal mark to the pinyin

mà dǎ

bí bǔ mǔ

pó bàba dìdi

Exercise 7 – Listen and write down the pinyin with tonal mark

Takk for I dag！