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■CONSONANTS ■VOWELS
DESCRIBING ◼CONSONANTS
Voicing
• Voiced, Voiceless
Place of articulatio
n • "WHERE"
the consonant is produced
Manner of articulation
• "HOW" the consonant is produced
1 2 3
VOICING→ what are the vocal folds doing
▸ VOICELESS SOUND doesn’t produce vibration
▸ VOICED SOUND produces vibration
PLACE OF ARTICULATION → where the constriction of airflow takes place
1.BILABIAL both lips come togetherActive Lower lip▹Passive Upper lip ▹ [p] as in "purse" and "rap”[b] as in "back" and "cab”[m] as in "mad" and "clam”[w] as in "wet" and "how”
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 2.LABIODENTAL : curling your lower lip back and raising it to touch your upper teeth
Active Lower lip▹Passive Upper teeth▹ [f] as in "fall" and “half”[v] as in "vine" and "have"
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 3. INTERDENTAL : placing tip of tongue against upper teeth
Active Tip of tongue▹Passive Upper teeth▹ [θ] as is "thick" and "bath”[ð] as in "the" and "rather"
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 4. ALVEOLAR : The tongue tip touches the alveolar ridge.
Active Tip of tongue▹Passive Alveolar ridge▹
[n] as in "no" and "man”[t] as in "tab" and "rat”[d] as in "dip" and "bad”
[s] as in "suit" and "bus”[z] as in "zit" and "jazz”[l] as in "luck" and "full"
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 5. ALVEO-PALATAL : The tongue tip touches the back of the alveolar ridge.Active Tip of tongue▹Passive the hard palate▹
[ ʃ ] as in "shoot" or "brash" [ʒ] as in "vision" or "measure”[tʃ ] as in "chick" or "match" [dʒ] as in "jam" or "badge”
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 6.RETROFLEX : The tongue tip is curled up toward the hard palate.
Active Tip of tongue ▹Passive The hard palate▹
[r] as in “run" and “rabbit”
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 7.PALATAL : The front of the tongue touches the hard palate.
Active The front of the tongue ▹Passive The hard palate▹
[j] as in "yes" and “beyond”
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 8.VELAR : the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, or velum.
Active the back of the tongue ▹Passive the soft palate ▹[ŋ] as in "going" and "uncle” [k] as in "kite" and "back”[g] as in "good" and "bug”
PLACE OF ARTICULATION 9.GLOTTAL : The opening between the vocal folds is narrow enough to create some turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds.
[h] as in "hi" and “horse"
Plosives or Stop▷ the air quickly builds up
pressure behind the articulators and then releases
in a burst. [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
→ how the airflow is constrictedMANNER OF ARTICULATION
Fricative▷The air has to be forced
through a narrow channel.
[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ ʃ ] [ʒ] [h]
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Affricates▷ a combination of a stop and a fricative that make one new sound. The sounds begin with a stop and end in a fricative.[tʃ] [dʒ]
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
▷ the air pass through your
nose.[m] [n] [ŋ]
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Nasal
▷ Two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence. [w] [ j ] [r]
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Approximants▷ The tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides.
[ l ]
Lateral Approx.
EXERCISE ► CONSONANTS
TABOO[təˈbuː]
THROW[θrəʊ]SINGER[ˈsɪŋə]
Voiced — Bilabial — Plosive
Voiceless — Interdental — Fricatives
Voiced — Velar — Nasal
DESCRIBING ◼VOWELS
Muscular Tension
• the amount of muscular tension around the mouth
Rounding
• the rounding of the lips
Tongue Height
• the position of the tongue
Tongue Advanceme
nt
• the position of the body of the tongue
21 3 4
SEE
BED
CAT
SIT
UH
UP
TURN
FOOD
PUTALL
HOT
ARM
EXERCISE ► VOWELS
THROUGH[θruː]
STAND[stand]
Tense — Rounded — High — Back
Lax — Unrounded — Low — Front
http://cambridgeenglishonline.com/Phonetics_Focus/
