“AND GENRATION”

PRESENTSPHONETICS & PHONOLOGYLECTURE IN ENGLISH

DEPTT. OF COMPUTER SCIENCE&ITISLAMIA UNIVERSITY BAHAWALPUR, BAHAWALNAGAR

MEMBERS OF “AND GENERATION”

1)M. MUGHEEZ ALAM2)AWAIS YASEEN3)M. DANIAL RIAZ4)IMRAN RAFEEQ5)FAIQA JAVEED6)HAFIZ FARHAN

INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS

AND PHONOLOGY

“PHONOLOGY”PHONOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF HOW SOUNDS ARE ORGANIZED AND USED IN NATURAL LANGUAGES.

IS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS CONCERNED WITH THE SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZATION OF SOUNDS IN LANGUAGES.

“DISCUSSION” PHONETICS IS JUST ONE OF SEVERAL ASPECTS

OF LANGUAGE. IT IS RELATED TO OTHER ASPECTS SUCH AS PHONETICS, MORPHOLOGY, SYNTAX AND PRAGMATICS

HERE IS AN ILLUSTRATION THAT SHOWS THE PLACE OF PHONOLOGY IN AN INTERACTING HIERARCHY OF LEVEL IN LINGUISTICS.

“DISCUSSION”IT HAS TRADITIONALLY FOCUSED LARGELY ON THE STUDY OF THE SYSTEMS OF PHONEMES IN PARTICULAR LANGUAGES.IT MAY ALSO COVER ANY LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS EITHER AT A LEVEL BENEATH THE WORD PHONOLOGY ALSO INCLUDES THE STUDY OF EQUIVALENT ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS IN SIGN LANGUAGES.

“BRANCHES OF PHONETICS”PHONETICS:- THAT COMPRISES THE STUDY OF THE SOUNDS OF HUMAN SPEECH, OR IN THE CASE OF SIGN THE EQUIVALENT ASPECTS OF SIGN.

PHONEMICS:- IS THE STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUND SYSTEMS IN HUMAN LANGUAGES.

“KINDS OF PHONOLOGY”SEGMENTAL:- IT IS ANALYSES SPEECH INTO DISCRETE

SEGMENTS, SUCH AS PHONEMES.SUPRA-SEGMENTAL:- IT ANALYSIS THOSE FEATURE WHICH EXTEND OVER MORE THEN ONE SEGMENT SUCH AS INTONATION.

“VOWELS”DEFINITION:-A VOWEL IS A SPEECH SOUND MADE BY THE VOCAL CORDS. IT IS ALSO A TYPE OF LETTER IN THE ALPHABET.

PHONETICALLY DEFINITION OF VOWEL:- A SOUND PRODUCED WITH NO CONSTRICTION IN THE VOCAL TRACT.

PHONOLOGICALLY DEFINITION OF VOWEL:- A SOUND THAT FORMS THE PEAK OF A SYLLABLE

“TYPES OF VOWELS”LONG VOWELS:-IF A WORD WITH A CERTAIN VOWEL IN IT SAYS

THE NAME OF THE VOWEL, THEN THAT VOWEL IS MAKING A “LONG” SOUND. THIS IS KNOWN AS A LONG VOWEL SOUND.

EXAMPLE:- THE WORD “YOU” IS A LONG VOWEL WORD, BECAUSE THERE IS LONG U SOUND.

“TYPES OF VOWELS”SHORT VOWELS:-A SHORT VOWEL SOUND IS A VOWEL SOUND THAT

DOES NOT FOLLOW THIS RULE. WHEN READING A WORD THAT USES A SHORT VOWEL SOUND, WILL SAY THE SOUND THAT THE LETTER CAN MAKE THAT IS NOT ITS ACTUAL NAME.

EXAMPLE:- THE WORD “BUG” IS A SHORT VOWEL WORD, BECAUSE THERE IS NO LONG U SOUND.

“CONSONANTS”DEFINITION:-A CONSONANTS IS A SPEECH SOUND THAT IS NOT

A VOWEL. IT ALSO REFERS TO LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET THAT REPRESENT THOSE SOUNDS: Z, B, T, G, AND H ARE ALL CONSONANTS.

A BASIC SPEECH SOUND IN WHICH THE BREATH IS AT LEAST PARTLY OBSTRUCTED AND WHICH CAN BE COMBINED WITH A VOWEL TO FORM A SYLLABLE.

PHONETICALLY DEFINITION OF CONSONANTS:- A CONSONANT IS A SPEECH SOUND THAT IS ARTICULATED WITH COMPLETE OR PARTIAL CLOSURE OF THE VOCAL TRACT.

PHONOLOGALLY DEFINITION OF CONSONANTS:- MARGINS OF SYLLABLES, SINGLY/ CLUSTERS, SHORT, LACK OF SONORITY / PREDOMINANCE OF FRICTION NOISE, ORAL OR NASAL.

“SUPRA-SEGMENTAL TYPES”PITCH:-THE PITCH OF A SOUND IS DETERMINED BY THE RATE OF VIBRATION, OR FREQUENCY, OF THE SOUND WAVE.STRESS:-STRESS IS THE DEGREE OF EMPHASIS GIVEN A SOUND OR SYLLABLE IN SPEECH. ALSO CALLED LEXICAL STRESS OR WORD STRESS.JUNCTURE:-IS THE MANNER OF MOVING (TRANSITION) OR MODE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO CONSECUTIVE SOUNDS. IT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO SUCCESSIVE SYLLABLES IN SPEECH.

“PHONETICS”IS A BRANCH OF LINGUISTICS THAT

COMPRISES THE STUDY OF THE SOUNDS OF HUMAN SPEECH, OR IN THE CASE OF SIGN LANGUAGES THE EQUIVALENT ASPECTS OF SIGN.

THE STUDY OF HOW SPEECH SOUNDS ARE MADE, AND WHICH SOUND ARE USED IN A GIVEN LANGUAGE.

“HISTORY”PHONETICS WAS STUDIED BY 4TH CENTURY BCE, AND POSSIBLY AS EARLY AS THE 6TH CENTURY BCE.MODERN PHONETICS BEGINS WITH ATTEMPTS SUCH AS THOSE OF JOSHUA STEELE (IN PROSODIA RATIONALIS , 1779) AND ALEXANDER MELVILLE BELL(IN VISIBLE SPEECH, 1867) TO INTRODUCE SYSTEMS OF PRECISE NOTATION FOR SPEECH SOUNDS.THE STUDY OF PHONETICS GREW QUICKLY IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY PARTLY DUE TO THE INVENTION OF PHONOGRAPH, WHICH ALLOWED THE SPEECH SIGNAL TO BE RECORDED.USING AN EDISON PHONOGRAPH, LUDIMAR HERMANN INVESTIGATED THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.

“COMPONENTS” IDENTIFYING THE PLACE OF THE

ARTICULATION IN THE VOCAL TRACT, MOUTH AND NOSE.

IDENTIFYING THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION, INCLUDING HOW AIR IS CHANNELED AND/OR STOPPED DURING SPEECH SOUNDS.

IDENTIFYING WHICH SPEECH SOUNDS ARE USED IN ANY GIVEN LANGUAGE, AND WHICH ARE NOT.

“BRANCHES”

branches

articulatory

acoustics

auditory

“ARTICULATORY PHONETICS”

 IS CONCERNED WITH THE ARTICULATION OF SPEECH: THE POSITION, SHAPE, AND MOVEMENT OF ARTICULATORS OR SPEECH ORGANS, SUCH AS THE LIPS, TONGUE, AND VOCAL FOLDS.

“ACOUSTIC PHONETICS” IS CONCERNED WITH ACOUSTICS OF SPEECH: THE SPECTRO TEMPORAL PROPERTIES OF THE SOUND WAVES PRODUCED BY SPEECH, SUCH AS THEIR FREQUENCY, AMPLITUDE, AND HARMONIC STRUCTURE.

“AUDITORY PHONETICS”  IS CONCERNED WITH SPEECH PERCEPTION: THE PERCEPTION, CATEGORIZATION, AND RECOGNITION OF SPEECH SOUNDS AND THE ROLE OF THE AUDITORY SYSTEM AND THE BRAIN IN THE SAME.

“APPLICATIONS”1) FORENSIC PHONETICS: THE USE OF

PHONETICS (THE SCIENCE OF SPEECH) FOR FORENSIC (LEGAL) PURPOSES.

2) SPEECH RECOGNITION: THE ANALYSIS AND TRANSCRIPTION OF RECORDED SPEECH BY A COMPUTER SYSTEM.

3) SPEECH SYNTHESIS: THE PRODUCTION OF HUMAN SPEECH BY A COMPUTER SYSTEM.

4)PRONUNCIATION: TO LEARN ACTUAL PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS OF VARIOUS LANGUAGES.

“PRACTICAL PHONETIC TRAINING”STUDYING PHONETICS INVOLVES NOT ONLY LEARNING THEORETICAL MATERIAL BUT ALSO UNDERGOING TRAINING IN THE PRODUCTION AND PERCEPTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS. THE LATTER IS OFTEN KNOWN AS EAR-TRAINING. STUDENTS MUST LEARN CONTROL OF ARTICULATORY VARIABLES AND DEVELOP THEIR ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE FINE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENT VOWELS AND CONSONANTS.[AS PART OF THE TRAINING, THEY MUST BECOME EXPERT IN USING PHONETIC SYMBOLS, USUALLY THOSE OF THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET.