English Phonetics and Phonology - Presentation

8/19/2019 English Phonetics and Phonology - Presentation

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Strong and weak syllablesThe vowel (schwa). Close front and close backƏ

vowels. Syllabic consonants.


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Phonetics:

• Phonetics is the scientific study of speech.

• Phonetics has three main branches:

1. articulatory phonetics – articulation of the speech: theposition, shape, and movement of articulators orspeech organs, such as the lips, tongue, vocal folds,

velum and others.

2. acoustic phonetics – acoustics of speech: theproperties of the sound waves, such as their frequencyand harmonics

. auditory phonetics ! speech perception: how sound is

received by the inner ear and perceived by the brain.


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Phonology:

• Phonology is the study of how phonemes function inlanguage and the relationship among the differentphonemes in speech flow. "t is the abstract side of thesounds of a language.

• Phonology focuses on three topics:

1# $ow do we represent the le%ical contrasts between words&

2# 'hat the constraints are on the sounds in le%ical items ina given language (or, as some would put it, what is a well

formed syllable#&# $ow can we describe the relations between the underlying

le%ical items and the observable phonetic output (or,putting it another way, how can we formali)e the soundpatterns of languages# (*adefoged, 2++ : 11#


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Vowels:

• -ounds which are made with asmooth, continuous, unobstructedairflow through the oral cavity:

1. the height to which the body of thetongue is raised, whether it ishigh, low , or in between (mid#&

2. how forward the body of the tongueis, whether it is front (advanced#,central, or back (retracted#&

. whether the lips are rounded orunrounded.


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English language vowels:

1. -hort vowels: /, e/, /, 0/, /, /& and /,ɪ ʌ ɒ ʊ ə

2. *ong vowels: i:/, u:/, :/, /, /,ɜ ɑː ɔː

. iphthongs: /, e /, /, e /, a /, /,ɪə ə ʊə ɪ ɪ ɔɪ /, a /,əʊ ʊ

. riphthongs : e 3 4 e & a 3 4 a & 3ɪ ə ɪə ɪ ə ɪə ɔɪ ə4 & 3 4 & a 3 4 aɔɪə ʊə ə əʊə ʊ ə ʊə


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English language consonants:

5onsonants – sounds which are made with

some obstruction tothe airflow in the oralcavity


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English consonants !anner of articulation:

• -tops 6Plosives6 ! p/, b/, t/, d/, 7/, g/

• 8ricatives ! f/, v/, 9/, /, s/, )/, /, /, h/ ʃ

• ;ffricates ! t /, d / ʃ ʒ

• /, w/, r/


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English consonants " #lace of articulation:

• ?ilabial ! p/, b/, m/, w/

• *abiodental ! f/, v/

• ental6"nterdental ! 9/, /

• ;lveolar ! t/, d/, s/, )/, n/, l/, r/

• ;lveo!palatal (or post!alveolar# ! /, /, t /, d / ʃ ʃ ʒ

• Palatal ! >/• @elar ! 7/, g/, =/

• Alottal (laryngeal# ! h/


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English consonants voice:

• @oiced (lenis# ! b/, v/, m/, p/, /, d/, )/, n/,l/, r/, /, d /, g/, =/, h/ʒ ʒ

• @oiceless (fortis# ! f/, 9/, t/, s/, /, t /, 7/ ʃ ʃ


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Syllables:

• The syllable is a very important unit.

• Minimum syllable would be a single vowel inisolation, e. g. the word “are” [ɑː]

• Some syllables have an onset, e. g. “bar” [bɑː]

• Syllables without an onset but with a coda, e. g.

“am” [0m]• Some syllables have onset and coda, e. g. “run”

[r n ʌ ]


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Strong and weak syllables:

• -tress is a ma>or factor in determining whether a syllable will bestrong or wea7 (thus strong syllables are stressed and wea7syllables are unstressed#.

• "n most dictionaries, the symbol used to indicate stress is /ˈ

placed before the stressed syllable, e.g., 7 m p>u t / . "f a wordə ˈ ː əhas more than one stressed syllable, the ma>or one is calledprimary stress /, and the other secondary stress / b d ru m/ˈ ˌ ˈ ɛ ˌ ː

• 'hen we compare wea7 syllables with strong syllables we findthat the vowel in wea7 syllables tends to be:

1. -horter

2. *ower intensity (loudness#

. ifferent in quality

•. ;ny strong syllable will have as its centre one of the vowel

phonemes but not /.Ə


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Strong and weak syllables:

'ea7 syllables can only have four types of centre:

1. he vowel /ə

2. ; close unrounded vowel in the general area of /ɪ

. ; close rounded vowel in the general area of

/ʊ. ; syllabic consonant


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The vowel $ % (schwa):Ə


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The vowel $ % (schwa):ə

• Bost frequently occurring vowel in Cnglish language.

• ;lways associated with wea7 syllables.

• "n quality it is mid and central.

• "t is not articulated with much energy

•C%amples:

1. -pelt with DaE : attend t nd/əˈ ɛ

2. -pelt with DoE: tomorrow 6t m r 6ə ɒ əʊ

. -pelt with DorE: forget 6f get6ə

. -pelt with DarE: monarchy m n 7 /ˈ ɒ ə ɪ

F. ;d>ectival endings spelt DateE: intimate 6 nt m tɪ ɪ ə 6G. -pelt with DeE: settlement s t lm nt/ˈ ɛ ə ə

H. -pelt with DerE: stronger str =g /ɒ ə

I. -pelt with DuE: support s p t/əˈ ɔː

J. -pelt with DousE: gracious re s/ˈɡ ɪʃə

1+. -pelt with DoughE: thorough 9 r /ˈ ʌ ə


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Close front and close back vowels:

[ ]ɪ [ ]ʊ


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Close front and close back vowels " e&a!#les:

Close front vowels [ ]ɪ : Close back vowels[ ]ʊ :

• 8inal position, words spelt

with KyL or KeyL: happy h0p /ˈ ɪ• Prefi% such as KreL, KpreL, KdeL:

react r 07t/ɪˈ

• -uffi%es spelt KateL, KiouL:hilarious h l r s/ɪˈ ɛə ɪə

• "n the following words whenunstressed, Dme, be, he, she,theE

•


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Syllabic consonants:

• -yllables in which no vowel is found, aconsonant either l, r, or a nasal stands as its pea7

• ; consonant is syllabic by a small vertical mar7

l/, n/, m/, =/, r/


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Syllabic [l]

C%amples:

tunnel t n /, ʌ ḷ

bottle b t /,ɒ ḷ

cattle70t /,ḷcouple7 p /, ʌ ḷ

trouble tr b /, ʌ ḷ

struggle str g /, ʌ ḷ

panel p0n /,ḷ

petal pet /,ḷ7ennel 7en /,ḷ

parcel p :s /ɑ ḷ


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Syllabic [n]:

C%amples: "n middle and finalpositions: threatening ret =/,Ө ṇɪthreaten ret /Ɵ ṇ

ribbonrib / or r b n/, sevenṇ ɪ əsev /, heaven hev /, often f /ṇ ṇ ɒ ṇ

rather than sev n/, hev n/, f n/ə ə ɒ ə

One special rule:

;lthough syllabic n/ is preceeded in

these e%amples by anotherconsonant, itLs also possible for

another consonant to precede thatone:

!C%s: ?oston b st /, 'iɒ ṇ lton w lt /& other sequences such as ndɪ ṇ ṇor nt not possible in P:ṇ

*ondon l nd n/, abandon ʌ ə b0nd n/ə ə


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Syllabic [m] and [ŋ]:

They can occur as syllabic as aresult of a process ofassimilation or deletion:Uppermost [ p st] orʌ ṃəʊ[ p m st]]ʌ ə əʊ

Thicken [ kŋ(syllabic] orӨɪ[ k n]! "appen [h#pm]Өɪ ə


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Syllabic [r]:

"n rothic accents (most ;mericanaccents#:

C%amples: particular p t 7> l / inṛ ɪ ə ṛ

P p t 7> l /ə ɪ ə əOther e%amples:

a# 'here non!syllabic r is alsoacceptable

history h st i/ or h stri/ notɪ ṛ ɪusually h st ri/ɪ ə

wandered w nd / orɒ ṛəw ndr / not usually w nd r /ɒ ə ɒ ə ə

b# 'here rə is also acceptable

buttering b t =/ or b t r =/ ʌ ṛɪ ʌ ə ɪ

flattery fl0t / or fl0t ri/ṛɪ ə


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Co!bination of syllabic consonants:

"tLs also possible to find two syllabic consonantstogether:

• national n0 /, ʃṇḷ

• literall t /,ɪ ṛḷ

• visionary v n r /ˈ ɪʒə ə ɪ

• veteranvet /ṛṇ


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'eferences:

• *adefoged, P. (2++# Phonetics and phonologyin the last F+ years, Paper presented at: 8rom

-ound to -ense: F+3 Qears of iscoveries in-peech 5ommunication, B", 11!1

• oach, P. (1JJI#. Cnglish phonetics and

phonology.• @inagre, B. (2+1#. Bore on -yllabificationPrinciples

• http:66www.uiowa.edu6Racadtech6phonetics6eng

lish6english.html

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.htmlhttp://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/english.html


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Thank you

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English Phonetics and Phonology - Presentation