English Phonetics and Phonology 03

7/30/2019 English Phonetics and Phonology 03

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English Phonetics and Phonology

3. Articulatory Phonetics:Consonants


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1. The organs of speech

Three groups of speech organs

(articulators):

HEAD Articulatory system

THROAT Phonatory system

CHEST Respiratory system


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1.1. The respiratory system

The lungs and the bronchial tubes:pulmonic air

Inhalation: ingressive airstream

Exhalation: egressive airstream

Majority of speech sounds in any

language: egressive pulmonic air


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1.2. The phonatory system

Windpipe (trachea)

Larynx (Adams apple)

Vocal cords (vocal folds) and the glottis

Wide apart: breathing, voiceless sounds

Gently closed and vibrating: voice Height of voice depends on speed (frequency) of

vocal cord vibration

Firmly closed and released: glottal stop


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The larynx and the vocal cords


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1.3. The articulatory system

Head and throat above the larynx:

supra-glottal vocal tract

Three resonating cavities: Throat (pharynx, pharyngeal cavity)

Mouth (oral cavity)

Nose (nasal cavity)


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The articulatory system


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Oral and nasal articulation


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Articulators and their adjectives


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2. Description of consonants

Force of articulation: lenis or fortis

Voicing: voiced or voiceless

Oral or nasal release Manner of articulation

Place of articulation


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2.1. Manners of articulation

Obstruents: the air is obstructed(held up) somewhere in the vocal

tract Sonorants: the air escapes freely

through the mouth or the nose, just

like in the case of vowels


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2.1.1. Obstruents

Stops (plosives): complete closure inthe mouth - the active articulator

touches the passive articulator and

completely cuts off the airflow throughthe mouth

/p b t d k g/


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Fricatives: narrowing between twoorgans, air escapes with friction - the

active articulator does not touch the

passive articulator, but gets close enoughso that the airflow through the openingbecomes turbulent /f v T D s z h/

Affricates: combination of stop plusfricative /tS dZ/


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2.1.2. Sonorants

Nasals: complete closure in the mouthbut air escapes freely through the nose/m n N/

Approximants: the active articulatorapproaches the passive articulator, but

does not even get close enough for theairflow to become turbulent.


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Approximants that are apical or laminalare often called liquids.

Approximants that correspond to vowelsare often called glides.


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Approximants

Liquids: air escapes relatively freelythrough the mouth without friction

Laterals: air flows around the sides of

the tongue /l/ Frictionless continuants: air escapes

over the centre of the tongue /r/

Glides (semivowels): like vowels but veryshort and transitional /w j/


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Summary: manners of articulation

Obstruents Complete closure:

Obstruction blocking

airstream

Plosives

Affricates

Close approximation:

Narrowing withfriction

Fricatives

Sonorants Partial closure Nasals

Laterals

Open approximation:

Narrowing without

friction

Central

approximants


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3.2. Places of articulation Bilabial: the two lips are involved /p b m w/

Labio-dental: lower lip articulates with upper frontteeth /f v/

Dental: tip of the tongue is pressed against the upperfront teeth /T D/

Alveolar: tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge/t d n s z l/

Palato-alveolar: tip of the tongue touches the pos-alveolar part of the palate /S Z tS dZ r/

Palatal: the front of the tongue approaches the hardpalate /j/

Velar: the back of the tongue is in contact with thesoft palate (velum) /k g N/

Glottal: the vocal cords articulate /h/ (and the glottalstop of British English [?])


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3.1. Summary: places of articulation

Bilabialp b m w

Labio-dental f v

Dental T D

Alveolar t d n s z l

Palato-alveolar S Z tS dZ r

Palatal j

Velar k g N

Glottal h


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4. Summary: manners and

places of articulationBi-

labial

Labio-

dental

Dental Alve-

olar

Palato-

alveolar

Pala

-tal

Velar Glot-

tal

Ob

struent

Stop p b t d k g

Fricative f v T D s z S Z hAffricate tS dZ

Son

orant

Nasal m n N

Liquid l rGlide w j


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5. Summary: the classification

of consonants direction of air stream: egressive oringressive force of articulation: fortis orlenis

vibration of vocal cords: voiced orvoiceless

position of soft palate: oral ornasal

manner of articulation: obstruent orsonorant

obstruent articulation: complete closure

narrowing with friction

sonorant articulation: partial closurenarrowing without friction

no obstruction

place of articulation


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6. Sample descriptions

of speech sounds

The soft palate is raised; the lips areclosed. Lung air is compressed behindthis closure. The air escapes when thelip closure is released. There is no vocalcord vibration.


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The soft palate is raised; there is a closurebetween the tip, blade and rims of thetongue and the upper alveolar ridge andside teeth. At the same time, the front ofthe tongue is raised towards the hardpalate. The closure is released slowly, theair escaping over the centre of the tonguewith friction occurring between the

blade/front of the tongue and thealveolar/front palatal section of the roof ofthe mouth. There is no vocal cordvibration.


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The soft palate is raised; the tip and bladeof the tongue make a light contact with theupper alveolar ridge, and the side rims ofthe tongue a close contact with the upperteeth. The air escapes through a narrowgroove in the centre of the tongue andcauses friction between the tongue andthe alveolar ridge. There is very little

opening between the teeth. It is voiced.


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7. Readings

Ndasdy, . 2006. Background to EnglishPronunciation. Budapest: NemzetiTanknyvkiad. Chapter 4.

Suggested reading

Andrs L. T. and Stephanides, E. 1988. AnOutline of Present-day English Structure.Volume 1: Phonetics and Phonology.Budapest: Tanknyvkiad. Chapters 2 and 3.

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English Phonetics and Phonology 03