22
The Sound Patterns of Language: Phonology Phonemes The Pronunciation of Morphemes Examples of Allomorphs

of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    87

  • Download
    7

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

The Sound Patternsof Language:Phonology PhonemesThe Pronunciation of MorphemesExamples of Allomorphs  

Page 2: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

The study ofhow speechsounds formpatterns isphonology.

Phonology is the description of the systems andpatterns of speech sounds in a language.It is based on a theory of what every speaker of alanguage unconsciously knows about soundpatterns of that language. Phonology is concerned with the abstract ormental aspects of sounds in language.

Phonology serves as the underlying design for allthe variations in different physical articulations of asound type in different contexts. 

Page 3: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Phonetics vsPhonology

Main Difference – Phonetics vsPhonologyPhonetics and phonology are twosubfields of linguistics which studies thesounds in language.The main difference between phoneticsand phonology is that phonetics is thestudy of speech sounds whereasphonology is the study of sounds,especially different patterns of sounds indifferent languages.

Page 4: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

PHONEMES

Phonemes are the dark matter ofphonology; they are not physicalsounds and directly observable.They are abstract mentalrepresentations of thephonological units of a language.The phonological rules of thelanguage apply to phonemes todetermine the pronunciation ofwords.

Page 5: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

PHONEMES

 Phonemes are the basic unit of sound and aresensed in your mind rather than spoken or heard. Each phoneme has one or more sounds calledallophones associated with it, which represent theactual sound being produced in variousenvironments.

Vowel phonemes in English:/ɪ/ as in ship

/ʊ/ as in book/e/ as in egg/æ/ as in cat/ʌ/ as in cup/ɒ/ as in hot

Page 6: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

PHONEMES

Pronounciation of a phoneme iscalled a phone.Phones that arethe realizations of the samephoneme are called allophones ofthat phoneme.In English eachvowel phoneme has both an oraland nasalized allophone.Thechoice of the allophone is notrandom it is rule-governed.

Page 7: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

#Example: : Great Expectations (by CharlesDickens)“All this time, I was getting on towards the river; but however fast I went, I couldn’t warm myfeet, to which the damp cold seemed riveted,as the iron was riveted to the leg of the man Iwas running to meet. I knew my way tothe Battery, pretty straight, for I had been downthere on a Sunday with Joe, and Joe, sitting onan old gun, had told me that when I was‘prentice to him, regularly bound, we wouldhave such Larks there!”In this example, different phonemes arehighlighted as /g/ i/ /b/ /w/ /m/ /ie/ /d/ /s/ /f//h/ /j/ and /l/

Page 8: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Morphemes

Knowledge of phonologydetermines how we pronouncewords and the parts of wordswe call morphemes.Often,certain morphemes arepronounced differentlydepending on their context.

Page 9: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Linguists (those who study language) have devicedthe category for the smallest unit of grammarMorphemes.Morphemes function as the foundation oflanguage and syntax.Syntax is the arrangement of words and sentences tocreate meaning.We shouldn’t confuse morphemes as only a givenword , number of syllables or only as a prefix or suffix.The term Morpheme can apply to a variety of differentsituations. nonperishable is comprised of 3 morphemes. Non-perish-able.-Non is an example of a prefix -Perish is a basemorpheme a morpheme that gives the Word itsessential meaning. -Able is an example of a suffix amorpheme that follows a base morpheme.Both –nonand –able are examples of an affix a morphemeattached prior to or following a base that cannotfunction independently.

Page 10: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Morphemes

In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallestgrammatical unit in a language. In other words,it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Sometimes certain morphemes arepronounced differently depending on theircontext Written as “s” and pronounced as /s/: groups,lots, proofs, weeksWritten as “s” and pronounced as /z/: dogs,friends, jobs, shoesWritten as “s” and pronounced as /ɪz/: horses,judges, prizesWritten as “es” and pronounced as /z/: ,companies, potatoes, tornadoesWritten as “es” and pronounced as /ɪz/:churches, classes, wishes

Page 11: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

An allomorphis one of twoor morecomplementary morphswhichmanifesta morpheme inits differentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.

Examples of Allomorphs The English possessive morpheme and thethird person singular morpheme haveallomorphs that take on the same phoneticform as the plural morpheme and aregoverned by the same rules: Possessive: Add [z] to woman to getwoman ’s Add [s] to ship to get ship’ s Add [əz] to judge to get judge’ s Third person singular: Add [z] to need to getneeds Add [s] to eat to get eats Add [əz] to rush to get rushes

Page 12: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics
Page 13: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Allophone

Each Phoneme in a language hasvariants.They are called allophones. For Example: In the English Word ‘’pool’’the /p/ must be pronounced using thecorrect allophone.The correct allophone of /p/ is aspirated.The aspirated allophone of /p/ has abrief puff of air.

Incorrect: [pul] Correct: [ P-hul]

Page 14: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Whenever /p/ is before avowel at the begining of astressed syllable we use theaspirated allophone of /p/. ‘’pie’’ ‘’pear’’ ‘’appear’’ ‘’patient’’

Page 15: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

On the other hand if /p/ isat the begining of anunstressed syllable we usethe unaspirated allophone of/p/. ‘’ apple’’ ‘’polite’’ ‘’copper’’‘’typing’’

Page 16: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Similarly in English whenever the/p/ sound comes after the sound/s/ we used the unaspiratedallophone not the aspiratedallophone.‘’ Spin’’‘’Spool’’‘’Speak’’‘’Spanish’’

Page 17: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Questions:

The smallest linguistic unitwithin a language that is able,when combined with otherunits to establish wordmeanings and distinguistbetween them:A. PhoneticsB. ArticulationC. PhonemeD. Speech sound

Page 18: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Phonology is:A. The study of how phonemes areorganized and function incommunication to convey meaningB. Refers to the description of theallowed combinations of phonemesin a particular languageC. List of all the vowels andconsonants that function in AE todifferentiate meaningD. A disorder

Page 19: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

How many phonemes arethere in the word'dangerous'?A. SevenB. EightC. Nine

Page 20: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

Unrelatedlanguages oftenuse different setsof sounds andrules for makingsense with them (i.e., syntax). Thebasic rules ofgrammar arelearned in earlychildhood, beforegoing to school.Formal educationonly standardizesand augments therules.

Which of the followingstatements is true aboutlanguages?a)All languages use essentiallythe same number of sounds.b)All native speakers of alanguage learn the basic rules ofgrammar in school.c)While different languages mayuse different phonemes, they allessentially share the same syntax.d)none of the above

Page 21: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics

How many morphemes do thesewords contain?:PlaysReplayCheapCheaplyAbleUnableBrighten

Page 22: of Language: The Sound Patterns Phonology · 2017-04-03 · Phonetics vs Phonology Main Difference – Phonetics vs Phonology Phonetics and phonology are two subfields of linguistics