NOUNS AND PREPOSITIONS

Changing a NounAppositivesSubject ComplementsDirect / Indirect ObjectsPrepositions and Preposition ObjectsPlural / Singular subjectsNoun (subject) Verb AgreementTypes of Nouns – Proper / Common / Concrete / Abstract / Count / Non-Count / Collective

WHAT IS A NOUN? A part of speech used to name

People, Places, Things (including ideas) Every noun has a type

Common / Proper / Concrete / Abstract / Count / Non-Count / Collective

Every noun has a Gender Masculine / Feminine / Neuter

Every noun has a Number Singular / Plural

Every noun has a Person 1st Person / 2nd Person / 3rd Person

Every noun has a case Nominative, Objective, Possessive,

NOUN TYPES – PROPER / COMMON

Proper Nouns name specific People, Places, or Things. George Washington The Eiffel Tower Sony Playstation

Common Nouns name non-specific People, Places, or Things. president building video game

NOUN TYPES – CONCRETE / ABSTRACT

Concrete Nouns are able to be touched, smelt, seen, heard, or felt. Cotton Gas Clouds Insect Air

Abstract Nouns are ideas, feelings, or attributes – nouns you cannot touch, smell, feel, hear, or see. Love – Hate – Peace – Honesty – Beauty – Dream

– Education – Friendship – Thought – Culture – Evil

NOUN TYPES – COUNT / NON-COUNT

Count names are nouns that can be pluralized or that have a plural form. Cat – Cats Goose – Geese Helicopter –Helicopters Bureau – Bureaus

Non-Count nouns are nouns that have no plural form. Weather – Furniture – Happiness – Education Homework – Lightning – Popcorn – Cotton – Rice Corn – Intelligence – Knowledge – Oxygen –

Blood

NOUN TYPES – COLLECTIVE

Collective Nouns are nouns that represent groups of people, places, or things.

Flock = many birds Band = many musicians Audience = many people Quiver = many arrows Class = many students Army = many soldiers Gaggle = many geese Team = many athletes Department = many people

CHANGING A NOUN

Singular to Plural

Regular nouns = add –s bell = bells / taco = tacos / teacher = teachers

Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh = add –es Church = Churches / Fox = Foxes / Glass = Glasses

Nouns ending in “y” with a consonant before it = change y to i add –es Lady = Ladies / Baby = Babies / Army = Armies

Nouns ending in “y” with a vowel before it = add –s Key = Keys / Monkey = Monkeys / Alley = Alleys

CHANGING A NOUN Nouns that end in “o”, proceeded by a consonant = add –es

Hero = Heroes / Tomato = Tomatoes

Nouns that end in “o”, proceeded by a vowel = add –s Radio = Radios

Nouns that end in “f” = add –s Chief = Chiefs / Belief = Beliefs

Some nouns that end in “f” or “fe” = change f to v add = -es

Knife = Knives / Thief = Thieves / Half = Halves

CHANGING A NOUN Plural forms of Irregular Nouns need to be

memorized Foot = Feet Ox = Oxen Mouse = Mice Woman = Women

Nouns that end in “is” = change “is” o “es” Basis = Bases Parenthesis / Parentheses

Nouns that end in “um” = change “um” to “a” Datum = Data Memorandum = Memoranda

CHANGING A NOUN

Nouns that end in “us” = change “us” to “i” Radius = Radii Focus = Foci Alumnus / Alumni

Some compound or hyphenated words = make the first part of the hyphenated word plural

Passer-by = Passers-by Mother-in-law = Mothers-in-law Suit of armor = Suits of armor

Some exceptionsEx-husbands / Ex-wives

WHAT IS “CASE”?

The use of a noun in a sentence

Nominative Objective Possessive

NOMINATIVE CASE – 1ST CASE

Subject of the sentence The bear attacked the astronauts.

Appositive The bear, a mean grizzly from Hawaii,

attacked the astronauts.

Noun that follows the linking verb (Sub. Comp) The bear is an electrical engineer.

OBJECTIVE CASE – 2ND CASE

Direct Object Indirect Object Object of a Preposition

DIRECT OBJECT

The complement of a transitive verb Answer the question “what” or “whom”

The man rode the bicycle. Rode what? Rode the bicycle Bicycle is the DO (Direct Object)

Jane called her friend. Called whom? Called her friend. Friend is the DO (Direct Object)

INDIRECT OBJECT Names the person or thing for which

something in done or given. Must have a Direct Object in order to have an

Indirect Object

He gave the flowers to Sue. Who received the flowers? Sue Sue is the IDO (Indirect Object)

Fred gave Jodie a ride. Who received the ride? Jodie Jody is the IDO (Indirect Object)

OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Preposition = a word that shows the relationship between two nouns.

The boy drove down the street. Down shows the relationship between boy

and street.

The preposition and its complement is called a prepositional phrase. The boy drove down the street.

OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Every prepositional phrase must have a complement The boy drove down the street.

Street completes the prepositional phrase Street is the object of the preposition.

POSSESSIVE CASE – 3RD CASE

Expresses Ownership If noun DOES NOT end in “-s” – add an ‘s

Dog = Dog’s food Village = Village’s church

If the PLURAL noun ends in “s” already – add ‘ only Computers = Computers’ Teams = Teams’

If a SINGULAR noun already ends in “s” add an ‘s Bass = Bass’s Swiss = Swiss’s

POSSESSIVE CASE – 3RD CASE - CONTINUED

When two people possess something, the last person listed is given the possessive form Sam, Debbie, and Mark’s bike. (they all own ONE bike)

When two people have separate ownership, each person is given the possessive form. Jerry’s and Mike’s jerseys. (they EACH own separate jerseys)

CAPITALIZATION

All Proper Nouns are capitalized

1. Specific Places or Monuments Eiffel Tower Statue of Liberty Erie, Pennsylvania Sony Playstation

2. Languages English Latin Korean German

CAPITALIZATION - CONTINUED

3. Days and Months Friday / June

4. Specific Times and Events The War of 1812 The Olympics

5. Faiths, Religions. Or Religious Figureso Buddhao Christianityo The Torah

6. Specific Peopleo Thomas Jefferson

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

1. Singular subjects takes a verb with an “s”

Bob practices

2. Plural subject takes a verb without an “s”

The brothers practice