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Teaching Spanish with
Learning Theories AppliedAN ONLINE CLASS THAT WILL HELP STUDENTS RETAIN SPANISH
Overview
This is an overview for a theoretical online Spanish I class for high school
students. The following presentation describes some assignments and class
activities, that would be assigned to the students, that have learning theories
applied.
Learning Theories Discussed
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Experiential Learning
Heutagogy
Humanism
With an emphasis in cognitivism
Behaviorism
Spanish Speakers World Seekers: an online class game where students explore Latin countries and emerge in activities
Task: Students will be given specific repeated instructions, to complete, on Spanish Speakers World Seekers (SSWS)
As students pass by and encounter patrons, they will be given instructions on things to say
Ex: SSWS will tell students to say (type) hi and ask different patrons how they're doing, in Spanish
Each time students answer correctly, they get a reward
Behaviorism Described
Through repetition and contiguity in time and place, students will become familiar with common terms and phrases in Spanish
Repetition will be shown through the instructions of the game and the responses of the learners –students
Contiguity in time and place will be show in similar situations
Immediate feedback will be given to students when they respond correctly
Through a rewards system, students will learn behavior. Whenever students follow an instruction and succeed in it, they will be given a reward, such as money, airfare, or a new friend
Cognitivism
Assignment: Students will be assigned to pick their favorite English movie to
watch in Spanish
Lesson: Every now and then, students will be assigned to watch Spanish
video lessons, created by the teacher
Assignment: Students will be provided with mnemonics to learn
3 of 9 of Robert Gagne’s Events of Instruction
Watching their favorite English movie in Spanish will stimulate recall of prior
learning for students because they will form connections, using their former
knowledge of the movie
Spanish lesson videos, assigned to watch every now and then, will present
stimulus material for students because videos are engaging and are not a form of instruction that will be frequently used
Being provided with mnemonics will provide learner guidance because
students will be given learning material that is easy to intake
Cognitivism in Language
“Cognitivism arose within the psychology as behaviorism proved to be
inadequate to explain much of human learning, notably language
learning (Chomsky, 1967).”
Cognitivism involves a need to understand a process. In this case, Spanish
Cognitvism – Computer Metaphor
Computer Metaphor: “The human mind is like a computer” (Martinez, 36)
Transfer of Information is one way that the human mind is like a computer
“Human minds continuously transform information, in particular by
inference–extending what is known to draw new conclusions.” This can
also be noted in the favorite movie assignment
Cognitivism – Working with working
memory
Working memory (a.k.a. short memory) has a limited capacity. Because of
this, too much information provided can be overwhelming for students,
therefore forgotten
“…new information should be paced and structured so that it does not
overwhelm the working memory capacity of the learner” (Martinez, 42)
Goal: Get working memory into long-term memory
Mnemonics are one way to get working memory into long-term memory in
a fun way!
Cognitivism – Dual-Coding Theory
Assignment: Students will be assigned to create their own alphabet and
choose imgages that pertain to the letter
Ex: For the letter M, they can include a picture of an apple because
apple is “mansana” in Spanish
The dual-coding theory explains the how the mind associates words with
mental
Experiential Learning
Assignment: Students will be assigned to watch a Spanish film and then
write a review in English on their experience. There is no right or wrong
answer
Students will write everyday in their daily journal app, in Spanish, for
practice and progression. They can write out vocabulary terms or a
sentence, if that’s all they know at first, but the goal is to get them to
become comfortable writing in Spanish
Experiential Learning Described
The basic notion of experiential learning is that learning is grounded in
experience
Transformation of experience Internal processes Active Knowledge
Future Actions
“First comes an experience. Then the learner naturally observes and
reflects on that experience” (Spector, 72)
The experimental writing assignments give students the freedom to
approach the assignment the way they want. This allows for reflection and
allows for students to get the groove of writing in Spanish and develop
their own writing style
Experiential Learning Four-Cycle Theory
Experience
Observation & Reflection
Concept & Rule Formulation
Transfer to New Situations
Heutagogy
Final Project: Students will work in their assigned study groups to write and
act in a short film
Requirements:
• The film must have a storyline and be no longer than 15 minutes
• Each student must showcase Spanish speaking abilities and contribute to
the screenplay
• One screenplay must be submitted to the instructor
Heutagogy Described
Students are presented with the material to succeed, but it’s up to them
on how they work with it
Limited instructions give the students to approach the assignment in the
way they understand it and want
This opens the doors for creativity
Humanism
Activity: On the first day of class, students will meet in person and be
divided into study groups of three people each. The teacher will choose
these groups and notify these groups on when they have to meet
The study groups will give students a sense of belongingness
“Humanism is a perspective that focuses on the value of the individual and
personal freedom” (Spector, 70).
Humanism Argues for the primacy of the individual and individual needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Pyramid Described
By having their belongingness needs met, students will be more
encouraged to advance their learning by reaching out for help when they
need it and making plans to study with classmates
Meeting their belongingness needs will help them meet their self-esteem
needs, which will help them meet their self-actualization needs
When students meet their self-actualization needs, they will realize they are
capable of learning fluent Spanish
Works Cited
Spector, J. Michael. Foundations of Educational Technology: Integrative Approaches and Interdisciplinary Perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print.
Donohue, Patricia. “Learning Theories.” ITEC 0800-01 Theoretical Foundations of Instructional Technologies. San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA. 23 September 2014. Class lecture.
Behaviorism Video. iLearn/Behaviorism Video. San Francisco State University, n.d. Web. 23 Sept. 2014
The Chang School. Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction. Ryerson University. 1-4
Martinez, Michael E. (2008) The Cognitive Architecture. Irvine, CA. Pearson. 36-49
Cognitivism Video. iLearn/Cognitivism Video. San Francisco State University, n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2014
+Class notes from the semester!
Images Cited
Sutton, Jim. Ad Guy in Free Shirt - Free Clip Art. Digital image. JimsGraphix.
N.p., 2010. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
Girl Clipart 4. Digital image. FrPic. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
<http://frpic.com/girl-clipart/>.
Smiley. Digital image. Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiley>.
Cycle image. Digital image. Flea Life Cycle. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.ripfleas.co.uk/flea-life-cycle/>.