Land-based empires:Land-based empires:Middle East, Asia and RussiaMiddle East, Asia and Russia

1750-19001750-1900

Begin to decline…Begin to decline…

Had been military powers in the past, but Had been military powers in the past, but industrial nations became more powerful i.e industrial nations became more powerful i.e Russia, Ottomans, ChinaRussia, Ottomans, China

Internal issues:Internal issues:– Population pressuresPopulation pressures– FamineFamine– Government corruptionGovernment corruption– Peasant rebellionsPeasant rebellions

RussiaRussia

Russia’s Transcontinental Expansion: From Europe to the Pacific

Crimean War Showed Russian & Ottoman Weakness

A.Crimean War: 1853- Ottomans & Russians fighting over Black Sea region of

Crimea- Brit. & Fr. back Ottomans, fearing Russian expansion- Largest conflict between Napoleon & WWI- Devastating defeat for Russia

Russian ReformsRussian Reforms– Following Crimean War - 1853Following Crimean War - 1853

Need to Need to modernizemodernizeEmancipated serfs 1861Emancipated serfs 1861Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural andand industrial strengthindustrial strength

IndustrializationIndustrialization–State-sponsored!State-sponsored!–Much foreign investmentMuch foreign investment–Railroads = largest industryRailroads = largest industry–Trans-Siberian Railroad Trans-Siberian Railroad = longest in world= longest in world

Crimean War: Showed weakness of Russians and Ottomans

Crimean War & Ottoman WeaknessCrimean War & Ottoman WeaknessOttoman Empire unable to defend itself Ottoman Empire unable to defend itself against Russiaagainst RussiaNeeded Brit. & Fr. to help themNeeded Brit. & Fr. to help them

Ottoman reactionOttoman reaction–Tanzimat ReformsTanzimat Reforms ““reorganizationreorganization””

1830s1830sEuropean style schools & military trainingEuropean style schools & military trainingFrench legal codes instead of ShariFrench legal codes instead of Shari’’a lawa law

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire““Sick Man of EuropeSick Man of Europe””

““Contraction of an EmpireContraction of an Empire””

Greece Greece – Independence – 1830Independence – 1830

Serbia Serbia – Independence – 1867Independence – 1867

N. AfricaN. Africa– Early 1900sEarly 1900s

Ottoman Contraction – Regions breaking away from Ottoman Empire

EgyptEgypt– Muhammad Ali – Modernizes EgyptMuhammad Ali – Modernizes Egypt

Break from Ottoman control – Not independentBreak from Ottoman control – Not independentModernized through foreign investment Modernized through foreign investment Industrialized Egypt – cotton textilesIndustrialized Egypt – cotton textilesPlanned Suez CanalPlanned Suez CanalIndependence in 1882 with British occupationIndependence in 1882 with British occupation

ProtectorateProtectorateBy 1882, the British had declared Egypt By 1882, the British had declared Egypt a protectorate.a protectorate.

Suez CanalSuez CanalBritish ControlBritish Control

Why?Why?

Suez CanalBritish Control

Why?

ChinaChina

Qing Empire – Qing Empire – ““last dynasty of Chinalast dynasty of China””– McCartney (Brit.) ExpeditionMcCartney (Brit.) Expedition

Great Britain's attempts to open more trade Great Britain's attempts to open more trade with Chinawith ChinaBritish tea demand explodingBritish tea demand exploding

Opium WarsOpium Wars– Opium grown cheaply in IndiaOpium grown cheaply in India– British import opium to China to “balance” British import opium to China to “balance”

trade with Chinatrade with China– Chinese opium ban led to 2 “Opium Wars” Chinese opium ban led to 2 “Opium Wars”

with Britain in 1840s.with Britain in 1840s.

The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers

The flower that upset the balance of global trade

Opium Harvesting

Opium DenOpium Den

Opium DenOpium Den

The Opium Wars in China

– BritainBritain won: won: Superior military techSuperior military tech..Signed Signed Treaty of NankingTreaty of Nanking – – ““Unfair TreatiesUnfair Treaties””

– Britain wins wars – gets Britain wins wars – gets Hong Kong Hong Kong island for a island for a term of 99 yearterm of 99 year

– Many other Chinese ports forced open to Many other Chinese ports forced open to EuropeansEuropeans

Imperialism in China – Imperialism in China – spheres of influence spheres of influence – Ports controlled by foreign nations Ports controlled by foreign nations

Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China– Taiping RebellionTaiping Rebellion

Internal rebellions after loss to Great BritainInternal rebellions after loss to Great BritainReforms of Taiping:Reforms of Taiping:

– Abolishing private propertyAbolishing private property– Prohibiting foot bindingProhibiting foot binding– Free public educationFree public education– Democratic political institutionsDemocratic political institutions

Rebellion unsuccessfulRebellion unsuccessful20-30 million people lost lives20-30 million people lost lives

Boxer Rebellion - 1900Boxer Rebellion - 1900: Anticolonial movement: Anticolonial movement– Rebellion against Rebellion against ““foreign devilsforeign devils””– form form ““Society of the Harmonious FistsSociety of the Harmonious Fists”” – became known as – became known as boxersboxers– Against foreigners and Christian Chinese Against foreigners and Christian Chinese

Western forces sent troops and put an end to the rebellion. Western forces sent troops and put an end to the rebellion.

Foreign troops suppress Boxer Rebellion

China’s “Self-Strengthening Movement”

a. Strong industrialization reforms

b. End of 19th century, following many defeats to Western powers

c. Maintain Confucian ideals while …d. modernizing industry & military

Japan and theJapan and theMeiji RestorationMeiji Restoration

Internal Problems

By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil– Declining agricultural productivity– Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation– Harsh taxes on peasants– West arrives demanding trade with Japan

Challenge of the West

Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)– Unequal Treaties

Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty

– Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay

– Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.

Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry

Internal ConflictShogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable– Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel

the barbarians”Civil wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of the shogun– January 3, 1868, the Shogunate was

destroyed; emperor restored.

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Abolish feudal order– Administrative districts replace feudal domains– Daimyo removed from power– Samurai class is abolished

Constitutional “Western-style” government– Constitution of 1889 based on German model

Establishes constitutional monarchy with legislature– Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime

minister, and appoint the cabinet

Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above:

Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Constitutional government (con’d)– Recognized individual rights

Could limit rights in the interest of the state– Suffrage limited

Only 5% of population could vote in 1890 election

Japanese industrialization– Modernize transportation, communication,

and education– Sold government businesses to private

investors

Modernization: Meiji Restoration

Japanese industrialization (con’d)– Creation of Zaibatsu

Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful familiesMany companies started by men of samurai origins

Japanese Imperialism

Sino-Japanese War– Japan gains influence over

Korea & Chinese territory.

Russo-Japanese War– Japan’s navy leads to

victory over Russia

Japan annexes Korea in 1910Japan is East Asian power by end of 19th century!

Japanese Japanese ImperialismImperialism

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