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Land-based empires:Land-based empires:Middle East, Asia and RussiaMiddle East, Asia and Russia
1750-19001750-1900
Begin to decline…Begin to decline…
Had been military powers in the past, but Had been military powers in the past, but industrial nations became more powerfulindustrial nations became more powerful
Internal issues:Internal issues:– Population pressuresPopulation pressures– FamineFamine– Government corruptionGovernment corruption– Peasant rebellionsPeasant rebellions
RussiaRussia
Russia’s Transcontinental Expansion: From Europe to the Pacific
Catherine the Great – 1762-96Catherine the Great – 1762-96““enlightened despot” = absolute ruler, enlightened despot” = absolute ruler, yet supported enlightenment ideasyet supported enlightenment ideas
Resisted major reforms and kept Russia Resisted major reforms and kept Russia in Feudal age in Feudal age
Economy based on serfdomEconomy based on serfdom
Russian ReformsRussian Reforms– Following Crimean War - 1853Following Crimean War - 1853
Need to modernizeNeed to modernize
Emancipated serfs 1861Emancipated serfs 1861
Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural Begin to restructure toward blend of agricultural and industrial strengthand industrial strength
IndustrializationIndustrialization–State-sponsored State-sponsored –Much foreign investmentMuch foreign investment– Railroads = largest industryRailroads = largest industry– Trans-Siberian Railroad = longest in worldTrans-Siberian Railroad = longest in world
Crimean War: Showed weakness of Russians and Ottomans
Russian ReformsRussian ReformsIndustrialization/Railroads contIndustrialization/Railroads cont’d’d
–Supported other industries: coal + steelSupported other industries: coal + steel–Aided ag. exportsAided ag. exports– Railroads = largest industryRailroads = largest industry– Trans-Siberian Railroad = longest in worldTrans-Siberian Railroad = longest in world
Socially Socially Expanded education, literacyExpanded education, literacyNo significant middle class createdNo significant middle class createdSeeds of discontent planted among lower classesSeeds of discontent planted among lower classes
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire“Sick Man of Europe”“Sick Man of Europe”
““Contraction of an Empire”Contraction of an Empire”
Greece Greece – Independence – 1830Independence – 1830
Serbia Serbia – Independence – 1867Independence – 1867
N. AfricaN. Africa– Early 1900sEarly 1900s
Ottoman Contraction – Regions breaking away from Ottoman Empire
EgyptEgypt– Muhammad Ali – Modernizes EgyptMuhammad Ali – Modernizes Egypt
Break from Ottoman control – Not independentBreak from Ottoman control – Not independent
Modernized through foreign investment Modernized through foreign investment
Industrialized Egypt – cotton textilesIndustrialized Egypt – cotton textiles
Planned Suez CanalPlanned Suez Canal
Independence in 1882 with British occupationIndependence in 1882 with British occupation
Suez CanalBritish Control
Why?
Crimean War (1853-1854)Crimean War (1853-1854)– Showed Ottoman weaknessShowed Ottoman weakness
Ottoman Empire unable to defend itself against Ottoman Empire unable to defend itself against RussiaRussia
Needed Brit. & Fr. to help themNeeded Brit. & Fr. to help them
ReformsReforms–TanzimatTanzimat “reorganization” = “reorganization” =
1830s1830sEuropean style schools establishedEuropean style schools established
Military trainingMilitary training
French legal codes instead of ShariFrench legal codes instead of Shari’a ’a lawlaw
ChinaChina
Qing Empire – Qing Empire – “last dynasty of China”“last dynasty of China”– McCartney ExpeditionMcCartney Expedition
Great Britain's attempts to open more trade with Great Britain's attempts to open more trade with ChinaChina
Opium TradeOpium Trade– Grown cheaply in IndiaGrown cheaply in India– Government ban led to 2 wars with Britain in Government ban led to 2 wars with Britain in
1840s.1840s.– Britain won:Britain won:
Signed Treaty of Nanking – Signed Treaty of Nanking – “Unfair Treaties”“Unfair Treaties”– Britain wins war – gets Britain wins war – gets Hong Kong Hong Kong island for a term of 99 yearisland for a term of 99 year– Hong Kong was returned to China in Hong Kong was returned to China in 19971997
Imperialism in China – spheres of influence Imperialism in China – spheres of influence – Ports controlled by foreign nations Ports controlled by foreign nations
The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers
The flower that upset the balance of global trade
Opium Harvesting
Opium DenOpium Den
Opium DenOpium Den
The Opium Wars in China
Civil War in ChinaCivil War in China– Taiping RebellionTaiping Rebellion
Internal rebellions after loss to Great BritainInternal rebellions after loss to Great Britain
Reforms of Taiping:Reforms of Taiping:– Abolishing private propertyAbolishing private property– Prohibiting foot bindingProhibiting foot binding– Free public educationFree public education– Democratic political institutionsDemocratic political institutions
Rebellion unsuccessfulRebellion unsuccessful
20-30 million people lost lives20-30 million people lost lives
Self-strengthening movement Self-strengthening movement – late 1800s– late 1800s– Recognized inability to compete with West.Recognized inability to compete with West.– Modernize = railroad, factories and western Modernize = railroad, factories and western
technologiestechnologies
Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion in 1900 in 1900Rebellion against Rebellion against “foreign devils”“foreign devils”
form form “Society of the Harmonious Fists” – became known “Society of the Harmonious Fists” – became known as as boxersboxers
Against foreigners and Christian Chinese Against foreigners and Christian Chinese
Western forces sent troops and put an end to the Western forces sent troops and put an end to the rebellion. rebellion.
Foreign troops suppress Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion VideoBoxer Rebellion Video
Safari MontageSafari Montage
Crash Course Crash Course
JapanJapan
Meiji RestorationMeiji Restoration
Internal Problems
By early 19th century, Japanese society was in turmoil– Declining agricultural productivity– Periodic crop failures, famine, and starvation– Harsh taxes on peasants– West arrives demanding trade with Japan
Challenge of the West
Arrival of Matthew Perry (1853)– Unequal Treaties
Similar to the treaties signed by the Qing dynasty
– Perry’s “Black Ships” steam into Tokyo Bay
– Force the Japanese to establish trade and diplomatic relations with the U.S.
Japanese depiction of Admiral Matthew Perry
Internal ConflictShogunate’s deals with West viewed as dishonorable– Popular slogan: “Revere the emperor, expel
the barbarians”
Civil wars between supporters of emperor and supporters of the shogun– January 3, 1868, the Shogunate was
destroyed; emperor restored.
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Abolish feudal order– Administrative districts replace feudal domains– Daimyo removed from power– Samurai class is abolished
Constitutional government– Constitution of 1889 based on German model
Establishes constitutional monarchy with legislature
– Emperor commanded armed forces, named prime minister, and appoint the cabinet
Left: Structure of Meiji Governement; Above:
Mutsuhito, the Meiji Emperor
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Constitutional government (con’d)– Recognized individual rights
Could limit rights in the interest of the state
– Suffrage limitedOnly 5% of population could vote in 1890 election
Japanese industrialization– Modernize transportation, communication,
and education– Sold government businesses to private
investors
Modernization: Meiji Restoration
Japanese industrialization (con’d)– Creation of Zaibatsu
Consolidates economic power into the hands of a few powerful familiesMany companies started by men of samurai origins
Social Developments
Role of women– Maintain inferiority of women in the home– High-school education for women (1899)– Silk industry relied upon women working in
factories
Japanese Imperialism
Sino-Japanese War– Japan gains influence
over Korea
Russo-Japanese War– Japan’s navy leads to
victory over Russia
Japan annexes Korea in 1910
Japanese Japanese ImperialismImperialism
Crash CourseCrash Course