Chapter 25 Land Empires in Chapter 25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800-the Age of Imperialism, 1800-

18701870

The Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire

Egypt and the Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, Napoleonic Example, 1798-18401798-1840 In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt In 1798, Napoleon invaded Egypt

and defeated the Mamluk. and defeated the Mamluk. Returned to France. In 1801 Returned to France. In 1801

French forces withdrew, leaving French forces withdrew, leaving ________ in control of the new ________ in control of the new Egyptian state. Egyptian state.

French practicesFrench practices Ibrahim invaded Syria and started Ibrahim invaded Syria and started

similar reforms there. similar reforms there. Ali ruled until 1849Ali ruled until 1849

– Family 1952Family 1952

Ottoman Reform and the Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807-European Model, 1807-18531853 Sultan Selim III introduced European Sultan Selim III introduced European

reformreform– Military, central government, Military, central government,

taxation, and land tenuretaxation, and land tenure– These reforms led to opposition from These reforms led to opposition from

the Janissariesthe Janissaries– SerbianSerbian peasants helped defeat the peasants helped defeat the

Janissary uprising and went on to Janissary uprising and went on to make Serbia independent of the make Serbia independent of the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

Selim’s other opponents, ulama distrusted his reforms. Selim’s other opponents, ulama distrusted his reforms. Why?Why?– Suspends reform but was executedSuspends reform but was executed

Greek independence 1829Greek independence 1829– Triumph for European civilizationTriumph for European civilization

Allies:Allies: Sultan Mahmud IISultan Mahmud II

– Uses popular outrage to reformUses popular outrage to reform New armyNew army Elimination of JanissariesElimination of Janissaries Reduction of religious elitesReduction of religious elites Tanzimat reformsTanzimat reforms

– Abdul Mejid 1839Abdul Mejid 1839

TanzimatTanzimat– European ReformEuropean Reform

French and German trainingFrench and German training General educationGeneral education Foreign instructorsForeign instructors Language Language Education stimulated urban wealthEducation stimulated urban wealth ClothingClothing Equal taxationEqual taxation Equal access to courts for all malesEqual access to courts for all males

– WomenWomen Forced women to give up Forced women to give up

inheritance to husbandsinheritance to husbands Competition Competition

The Crimean War and The Crimean War and Its Aftermath 1853-Its Aftermath 1853-18561856 Russian’s southward expansion Russian’s southward expansion

led to the Crimean War w/ the led to the Crimean War w/ the Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire– Enemies:Enemies:– Loss blocked expansion Loss blocked expansion

into the Middle East and into the Middle East and

Eastern EuropeEastern Europe

Significant changesSignificant changes– Russian government discreditedRussian government discredited– French and English propagandaFrench and English propaganda

Turk-French unityTurk-French unity

– WarfareWarfare ModernizedModernized Percussion caps and breech-loading riflesPercussion caps and breech-loading rifles Machine gunsMachine guns Railways to transfer weaponsRailways to transfer weapons Trench warfareTrench warfare

Ottoman changesOttoman changes– Continuation of European modelContinuation of European model

UrbanizationUrbanization Wage labor classesWage labor classes

– ProblemsProblems Fiscal problemsFiscal problems Foreign loansForeign loans Trade deficit Trade deficit inflationinflation

In the 1860s and 1870s discussion In the 1860s and 1870s discussion of a law that would have permitted of a law that would have permitted all men to vote left Muslims worried all men to vote left Muslims worried that the Ottoman Empire was no that the Ottoman Empire was no longer a Muslim society. This worry longer a Muslim society. This worry may have contributed to Muslim may have contributed to Muslim hostilities against Christians in the hostilities against Christians in the Ottoman territories in Europe, Ottoman territories in Europe, Armenia, and the Middle East. Armenia, and the Middle East.

Young OttomansYoung Ottomans– ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism– Liberal reformLiberal reform– Turkish national stateTurkish national state– In 1876 a ____ was granted but a In 1876 a ____ was granted but a

coupcoup placed a more ______ ruler on placed a more ______ ruler on the throne;the throne; Result:Result:

The Russian EmpireThe Russian Empire

Russia and EuropeRussia and Europe

In 1700, only __% lived in cities; In 1700, only __% lived in cities; very slow development of very slow development of infrastructure and transportation.infrastructure and transportation.

What prevented development of What prevented development of western modernization?western modernization?

Russia and AsiaRussia and Asia

At end of 18At end of 18thth century, Russian century, Russian Empire extended from ____ Ocean Empire extended from ____ Ocean to _____.to _____.

In the 19In the 19thth century expansion century expansion brought conflict with: China, brought conflict with: China, Japan, Iran, and Ottoman Empire. Japan, Iran, and Ottoman Empire.

______ took steps to prevent ______ took steps to prevent Russia from gaining control of all Russia from gaining control of all of Central Asia. of Central Asia.

Cultural TrendsCultural Trends

Contact with Russia since late 17Contact with Russia since late 17thth century.century.

Opposition to reform came from wealthy Opposition to reform came from wealthy families fearing imperial despotism.families fearing imperial despotism.

Penalties from Crimean WarPenalties from Crimean War Developed cultural relations with Europe Developed cultural relations with Europe

while the Ottoman would ultimately while the Ottoman would ultimately succumb to European imperialism. succumb to European imperialism.

The Qing EmpireThe Qing Empire

Economic and Social Economic and Social Disorder, 1800-1839Disorder, 1800-1839 When Qing conquered China in When Qing conquered China in

1600s, they restored peace and 1600s, they restored peace and promoted expansion of promoted expansion of agricultural economy thus…agricultural economy thus…

Population strain Population strain – Itinerant farmhands, Itinerant farmhands,

laborers, and merchantslaborers, and merchants

Discontent in Qing ChinaDiscontent in Qing China– MinoritiesMinorities– GovernmentGovernment– Foreign merchantsForeign merchants– Manifested in a series of rebellionsManifested in a series of rebellions

White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)White Lotus rebellion (1794-1804)

The Opium War and Its The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839-1850Aftermath, 1839-1850 Qin did not take British seriously or the

growth of opium trade propagated in China. – Banned in 1839– Lin Zenxu was sent to Canton to deal with matter.– Opium War (1939-44) ended with the Treaty of Nanking.

The Taiping Rebellion, The Taiping Rebellion, 1850-18641850-1864 Guangxi providenceGuangxi providence

– Poor farmersPoor farmers– PovertyPoverty– Ethnic divisionsEthnic divisions

HakkaHakka

““Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”– Hong Xiuquan; CantonHong Xiuquan; Canton– RecruitsRecruits– Captured Nanjing in 1853Captured Nanjing in 1853

– Fell to Chinese/British/FrenchFell to Chinese/British/French– Legacy:Legacy:

20-30 million deaths20-30 million deaths DepopulationDepopulation Massive destruction of Massive destruction of

Property and landProperty and land

Decentralization at the Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, End of the Qing Empire, 1864-18751864-1875 ____ led to the Tongzhi Restoration.____ led to the Tongzhi Restoration. Reform modeled after _____.Reform modeled after _____. AristocratsAristocrats Unable to prevent the Qing Empire from Unable to prevent the Qing Empire from

disintegrating into a set of large power zones disintegrating into a set of large power zones in which provincial governors exercised real in which provincial governors exercised real authority. authority.