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THE NORTH AMERICANMANUFACTURING CORE
(Chapter 5)
Introduction• Straddles the U.S.–Canadian boarder, but the
international boundary has little impact on the region's shape.
• Manufacturing concentrated– Ohio Valley – Megalopolis – Southern shores of the Great Lakes
• Overlaps the agricultural core, other regions • Manufacturing as definer of continental core
– Most important ports– Centers of communication– Primary financial centers
North America’s Manufacturing Core (page 91)
Agricultural Core
(page 209)
Overlap with Manufacturing Core
• Food processing industries in Manufacturing Core
• Manufacture of farm equipment
(page 210)
Figure 12-1
• Vegetation– Eastern Forests
• North: Oak-Hickory• South: Chesnut-Oak-Y. Poplar
– Western Tall Grass Prairie• Climate
– Humid Continental– Importance of location
• Major Microclimatic Variations– Hazards
• Usual: Tornadoes and Flooding• Unusual: Earthquakes
Physical Geography
Physical Geography: Climate
• Average precipitation > 75 centimeters (>30 inches), most during growing season (April-November)
• Limited variability, little risk of drought• Growing season
– Last killing frost from mid-April (south) to mid-May (north)
– First killing frost late September
• Continental climate: strong seasonal range
Average Annual Temperature Range
(page 212)
Beyond the Corn Belt
• Dairying– North of Corn Belt– Climate too cold for corn maturation– German, Scandinavian immigrants– Corn silage (cut before maturity), other grains for
dairy cows– Surplus milk: Cheese, butter (survive trip to market)
• Fruit belts– Lake Michigan, Lake Erie shorelines– Moderating effect of lakes
The Family Farm
• Family farm as part of American (and Canadian) folklore– Exaggerated images of farming– Fit until about World War II– In swift decline today
• Changes in ownership– Pressure for greater efficiency– Necessity for larger operations– Rental and leasing of additional land
Agricultural Development
Early settlers • Wheat
– High-value crop with reliable market– Hard on soils, therefore shifted west with settlement– Shipping dependent on water transport– Flour milling at break-in-bulk points (Cincinnati,
Buffalo)
• Meat from domestic livestock– Hogs and cattle– Mixed farming: raising grain to feed livestock– Rise of Cincinnati as “Porkopolis”
•1920s to 1970s
–Black migration to the North
–Diversification of agriculture
–Suburbia emerging into galactic cities
•1970s to Present
–Why the Rust Belt?
–Industrial Diversification
–Restoring the Rust Belt
Contemporary Human Geography
Figure 12-1
Advantages of Manufacturing Core• Mineral resources
– Metallic minerals (metamorphic rock)• Appalachians• Western mountains• Canadian Shield
– Mineral fuels (sedimentary lowlands)• West of Appalachians• Between Gulf of Mexico and Arctic
• Accessibility resources– Great Lakes (with canals)– Ohio River– Mississippi and tributaries
Canadian Shield
AppalachiansRockies
Interior Plains
Advantages of Manufacturing Core
Fuel ResourcesCoal Resources
Great Lakes
Coal: The Eastern Interior– Other Minerals
• Oil and Natural Gas• Limestone• Salt: Underground
Mining in the Heartland
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/of96-279/
Growth of Manufacturing Core
Product of late 19th century– Before 1830, urban/manufacturing development
along Atlantic Coast– Agricultural settlement between 1830 and Civil
War– Transportation growth:
• Erie Canal• Railroads
Growth of Railroads, 1850, 1860, 1880
(page 95)
Historical Growth: Transportation and Industrial Energy (John Borchert)
Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)• Slow, primitive overland and waterway
movement • Boston, New York, and Philadelphia most
important cities
(page 97)
Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)
• Arrival and spread of the steam-powered railroads and small-scale industry
• Expansion of hinterlands by rail transportation
• Growth of Pittsburgh, Chicago, and Detroit, other ports
(page 97)
Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
• Replacement of iron rails with higher-capacity steel
• Major growth of the steel industry
• Demand for bituminous coal
• Spread of electricity(page 97)
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1960)
• Automobiles, trucks, and airplanes
• Minimized shipping costs
• Migration toward amenities
• Growth in large cities, but prospects for future decline
(page 97)
Information Technology Epoch (1960– ) extension
• Production and exchange of information, rather than manufacturing.
• Not necessarily served by the same developmental advantages as earlier eras
(page 97)
Historical Cultural Geography
• Indigenous Population– Connection to fur trade
• 1780s to 1860s– Importance of land surveys– Removal of First Nations– Impact of Civil War
• 1860s to 1920s– Rise of mechanized farming,
industrialization and railways
Figure 12-10
Township and Range Survey System
• Metes and bounds (east coast)– Used visible landscape features, directions,
measurements– Unsystematic– Subject to conflict
• Land Ordinance of 1785– North of Ohio River, west of Pennsylvania– Used system of east-west base lines and north-south
principal meridians– Regular, rectangular– Surveyed before settlement
Township and Range Survey System
(page 217)
Economic Character of Eastern Cities
• Part of Megalopolis• Founded on commerce and finance, before
manufacturing• Manufacturing hearth: New England• Specialization in light industry
– Moderate amounts of partially processed materials– High value per unit weight (consumer goods)
• Importance of services, especially finance, education, culture
• Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore
Economic Character of Interior Core Cities• Location near rich mineral, agricultural resources• Almost all large cities along
– Great Lakes– Ohio River
• Metallic minerals from Canadian Shield– Mesabi Range, Minnesota– Steep Rock deposit, western Ontario– Gogebic, Marquette, Menominee Ranges, northern
Michigan and Wisconsin• Coal from Appalachians (Pennsylvania, West
Virginia)• Concentration in heavy industry (metal smelting,
machinery)
Major Coal and Iron Ore Movements
(page 102)
Cities of the Interior Core
Pittsburgh• River junction (Monongahela and Allegheny,
forming Ohio)• Access to raw materials and down-river
market• Suppliers and users of steel
Changes in Steelmaking Capacity, 1960-1989
(page 103)
Iron and Steel Mills, 1997
(page 104)
Focus upon Central Places• GATEWAY CITY: Chicago• SECONDARY REGIONALS
– Toronto– Detroit– St. Louis
• TERTIARY REGIONALS– Cleveland-Buffalo Zone – Cincinnati– Milwaukee– Twin Cities– Kansas City
Figure 12-22
Lake Ports
• Transfer of iron ore shipped on Great Lakes to rail cars at Great Lakes ports: break-in-bulk
• Return rail cars carrying coal• Development of steel and other industries at
ports• Cleveland
– Largest Lake Erie port city– Canal linkage to Ohio River
• Buffalo (flour milling)
Lake Ports
• Canadian cities:– Hamilton (iron and steel)– Toronto (diversified)
• Detroit–Windsor– Off main New York–Chicago route– Center of automobile manufacture
Importance of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway
Figure 12-20
Chicago
• Dominant city in interior core• Inauspicious site
– Swampy– Poor-quality drinking water– Non-navigable river– Major fire in 1871
• Situational advantages– Transfer of goods and people from west and southwest – Focus of inland water transportation (Illinois and
Michigan Canal, 1848)– Railroad center
Broad Shifts in Economic Activity
• Decline in agricultural and manufacturing labor force– Greater efficiency– Fewer workers needed
• Rise in service industries– More widespread income distribution– Workers no longer needed in manufacturing,
agriculture
Relocation of Industry
• Population shifts• Computers and telecommunications• Competition from foreign manufacturers• Importance of educated workforce• Growth of Sunbelt (southeastern and southwestern
U.S., western Canada)• Industrial inertia still important• Changes in concentration
– Pre-1920: Atlantic Coast states more heavily manufacturing
– Post-1920: Growth of interior states at coastal states’ expense
(page 109)
Figure 12-A