Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and
Language Slide 2 Unit Overview Thinking Language Thinking and
Language Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that
section in the presentation. Slide 3 Introduction Cognition
Cognitive psychologists Slide 4 Thinking Slide 5 Concepts Category
hierarchies prototypeprototype Slide 6 Solving Problems Task: move
the tower from the left peg to the middle peg, moving only one disk
at a time and never putting a larger disk on a smaller one Slide 7
Solving Problems Strategies Algorithms Step-by-step Heuristic
Insight Slide 8 Solving Problems Creativity Creativity Strernbergs
five components Slide 9 Assuming that each card has a triangle on
one side and a circle on the other, which card or cards need to be
turned over to test this statement: Every card that has a black
triangle on one side has a red circle on the other Slide 10 Solving
Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation bias Fixation
Mental setMental set Functional fixednessFunctional fixedness Slide
11 Functional Fixedness Slide 12 Making Decisions and Forming
Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics The Representative
Heuristic Slide 13 Write down your answer either a or b Linda is
31, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy
in college. As a student, she was deeply concerned with
discrimination and other social issues, and she participated in
antinuclear demonstrations. Which statement is more likely? A.
Linda is a bank teller B. Linda is a bank teller and active in the
feminist movement Slide 14 Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
Using and Misusing Heuristics The Availability Heuristic Slide 15
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Overconfidence
Overconfidence Slide 16 Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The
Belief Perseverance Phenomenon Belief perseverance Consider the
opposite Slide 17 Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Perils
and Powers of Intuition Intuition Unconscious intuition Slide 18
Intuition uses past knowledge we may make mistakes But it allows us
to quickly respond so are thought is more automatic. Slide 19
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Effects of Framing
Framing Framing experiments Slide 20 Language Slide 21 Language
Introduction Language Slide 22 With person next to you share what
you did on Friday and Saturday using telegraphic speech. Dont know
what that means? LOOK IT UP Slide 23 Language Structure Phonemes
Phoneme English about 40 phonemes Learning another languages
phonemes Slide 24 Language Structure Morphemes Morpheme Includes
prefixes and suffixes Slide 25 Language Structure Grammar Grammar
SemanticsSemantics SyntaxSyntax Slide 26 Language Development When
Do We Learn Language? Receptive language Productive language
Babbling stageBabbling stage One-word stageOne-word stage Two-word
stageTwo-word stage Telegraphic speechTelegraphic speech Slide 27
Language Development When Do We Learn Language? Slide 28 Language
Development Explaining Language Development Skinner: Operant
Learning Learning principles Association Imitation Reinforcement
Slide 29 Language Development Explaining Language Development
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar Language acquisition device
Universal grammar Slide 30 Language Development Explaining Language
Development Statistical Learning and Critical Periods Statistical
learning Critical (sensitive) period Slide 31 Language Development
Statistical Learning Statistical aspects of human speech breaking
down syllables to create meaning and breaks in sentences Evidence?
8 month infants: recognize three-syllable sequences that appeared
repeatedly (measuring attention) 7 month infants: recognize
different sequences/language patterns ABA verse ABB pattern
(li-na-li/wo-fe-fe) What does this show? Nature or Nurture? Built
in ability to learn grammatical rules (Noam Chomsky) Slide 32
Critical Period No exposure to language (spoken or signed) before
age seven: lose ability to master ANY language No stimulation to a
brain early on = language learning capacity never fully develops
Second languages? Sign language? Conclusion? Is there a critical
period of language? Slide 33 Thinking and Language Slide 34
Language Influences Thinking Whorfs linguistic
determinismlinguistic determinism Bilingual advantage Slide 35
Thinking in Images Implicit memory Slide 36 Thinking and Language
Benjamin Lee Whorf: Linguistic determinism hypothesis Language
determines thought Evidence? Culture differences How many words a
culture has to describe something will change our thoughts on it
Book example: Papua New Guinea Berinmo tribe: distinguish between
two shades of yellow Bilingual advantage: Canadian program: Slide
37 Taste Write down the difference between Pepsi and Coke Typically
our responses are not very useful: vague and general comments about
sweetness or level of carbonation only an expert taster will pick
up on the subtle nuances that distinguish these soft drinks Slide
38 Thinking in Images Helps! How? Slide 39 Question Which comes
first? Thought or Language? Thinking affects our language, which
then affects our thought -Would not develop language without the
thought first would not have the thought without the language to
express it! Slide 40 Create a timeline Part 1: Create a timeline
demonstrating the development of language structure but also
incorporating important concepts into a cohesive timeline. Must
include: ages, examples of each stage/concept, and pictures. Part
2: Compare B.F. Skinner and Noam Chomskys theory of language
development Examples Picture for each Slide 41 The End Slide 42
Definition Slides Slide 43 Cognition = the mental activities
associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Slide 44 Concept = a mental grouping of similar objects, events,
ideas, or people. Slide 45 Prototype = a mental image or best
example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a
quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when
comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a
robin). Slide 46 Algorithm = a methodical, logical rule or
procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts
with the usually speedier but also more error-prone use of
heuristics. Slide 47 Heuristic = a simple thinking strategy that
often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently;
usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Slide
48 Insight = a sudden and often novel realization of the solution
to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. Slide 49
Creativity = the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. Slide
50 Confirmation Bias = a tendency to search for information that
supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory
evidence. Slide 51 Fixation = the inability to see a problem from a
new perspective, by employing a different mental set. Slide 52
Mental Set = a tendency to approach a problem in one particular
way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Slide 53
Functional Fixedness = the tendency to think of things only in
terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
Slide 54 Representativeness Heuristic = judging the likelihood of
things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match,
particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant
information. Slide 55 Availability Heuristic = estimating the
likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if
instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their
vividness), we presume such events are common Slide 56
Overconfidence = the tendency to be more confident that correct to
over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. Slide 57
Belief Perseverance = clinging to ones initial conceptions after
the basis on which they are formed has been discredited. Slide 58
Intuition = an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought,
as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning. Slide 59 Framing
= the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can
significantly affect decisions and judgments. Slide 60 Language =
our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them
to communicate meaning. Slide 61 Phoneme = in language, the
smallest distinctive sound unit. Slide 62 Morpheme = in a language,
the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of
a word (such as a prefix). Slide 63 Grammar = in a language, a
system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand
others. Slide 64 Semantics = the set of rules by which we derive
meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language;
also, the study of meaning. Slide 65 Syntax = the rules for
combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given
language. Slide 66 Babbling Stage = beginning at about 4 months,
the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously
utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Slide 67 One-word Stage = the stage in speech development, from
about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single
words. Slide 68 Two-word Stage = beginning about age 2, the stage
in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word
statements. Slide 69 Telegraphic Speech = early speech state in
which a child speaks like a telegram go car using mostly nouns and
verbs. Slide 70 Linguistic Determinism = Whorfs hypothesis that
language determines the way we think.
