The Handbook oiWorldEnglishes

Edited byBraj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachruand Cecil L. Nelson

~IJBlackwell'-." Publishing

2005034554

© 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltdexcept for editorial material and organization © 2006 by Braj B. Kachru, Yarnuna Kachru,and Cecil 1. Nelson

BLACKWELL PUBLISHING350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia

The right of Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru, and Cecil 1. Nelson to be identified as theAuthors of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UKCopyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988.

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First published 2006 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

1 2006

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The handbook of world Englishes / edited by Braj B. Kachru, Yamuna Kachru,Cecil 1. Nelson.

p. cm.lncludes bibliographical references and index.ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-1185-0 (hardback : aIk. paper)ISBN-lO: 1-4051-1185-2 (hardback : aIk. paper) 1. English language - Foreign

countries. 2. English language - Variation - Foreign countries. 3. Englishlanguage - Social aspects - Foreign countries. 4. lnterculturaI cornmunication.1. Kachru, Braj B. II. Kachru, Yarnuna. ID. Nelson, Cecil 1.

PE2751.H36 2006427-dc22

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

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Contents

List of Figures and TablesList of ContributorsPreface

xixiii

xvii

Introduction: The World of World EnglishesBRAJ B. KACHRU, YAMU A KACHRU, AND CECIL L. ELSO

1

Part 1 The Historical Context

1 The BeginningsROBERT D. KING

17

19

First Diaspora2 First Steps: Wales and Ireland

ROBERT D. KING

3 English in ScotlandFIONA DOUGLAS

30

41

Second Diaspora4 English in orth America

EDGAR W. SCHNEIDER

5 English in Australia and New ZealandSCOTT F. KIESLI G

58

74

Third Diaspora6 South Asian Englishes

RA VINDER GARGESH

7 East Asian EnglishesNOBUYUKI HON A

90

114

viii Contents

8 Southeast Asian Englishes 130MARIA LOURDES S. BAUTISTA AND ANDREW B. GONZALEZ

9 South American Englishes 145KANAVILLIL RAJAGOPALAN

10 South African Englishes 158NKONKO M. KAMWANGAMALU

11 West African Englishes 172TOPE OMONIYI

12 East African Englishes 188JOSEF SCHMIED

13 Caribbean Englishes 203MICHAEL ACETO

14 Euro- Englishes 223MARKO MODIANO

Fourth Diaspora15 World Englishes Today 240

KINGSLEYBOLTON

Part 11 Variational Contexts 27116 Contact Linguistics and World Englishes 273

RAJEND MESTHRIE17 Varieties of W orld Englishes 289

KrNGSLEYBOLTON18 Pidgins and Creo les 313

SALIKOKOS. MUFWENE19 African American English 328

WALT WOLFRAM

Part III Acculturation 34720 Written Language, Standard Language, Global Language 349

M. A. K. HALLIDAY21 Speaking and Writing in World Englishes 366

YAMUNA KACHRU22 Gemes and Styles in World Englishes 386

VIJAY K. BHATIA

Part IV Crossing Borders 40323 Literary Creativity in World Englishes 405

EDWIN THuMBoo24 W orld Englishes and Issues of Intelligibility 428

LARRY E. SMITH AND CECIL L. NELSON

Con ten ts ix

25 World Englishes and Culture Wars 446BRAJB.KACHRU

Part V Grammar Wars and Standards 473

26 Grammar Wars: Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-CenturyEngland 475LINDA C. MITCHELL

27 Grammar Wars: The United States 496JOHN ALGEO

28 World Englishes and Descriptive Grammars 509DANIEL R. DAVIS

Part VI Ideology, Identity, and Constructs 527

29 Colonial/Postcolonial Critique: The Challenge fromWorld Englishes 529PRADEEP A. DHILLON

30 Cultural Studies and Discursive Constructions ofWorld Englishes 545WIMAL DISSANAYAKE

31 World Englishes and Gender Identities 567TAMARA M. V ALENTINE

Part VII World Englishes and Globalization 581

32 World Englishes in the Media 583ELIZABETH A. MARTIN

33 World Englishes in Global Advertising 601TEJ K. BHATIA

34 World Englishes and Global Commerce 620STANLEY YUNICK VAN HORN

Part VIII World Englishes and Applied Theory 643

35 A Recurring Decimal: English in Language Policy and Planning 645AY9 BAMGBO(>E

36 Teaching World Englishes 661ROBERT J. BAUMGARDNER

37 Models, Methods, and Curriculum for ELT Preparation 680KIMBERLEY BROWN

38 World Englishes and Lexicography 694FREDRIC DOLEZAL

39 World Englishes and Test Construction 709FRED DAVID SON

x Contents

40 World Englishes and Cornmunicative CompetenceMARGIE BERNS

718

Part IX Resources on World Englishes

41 World Englishes and Corpora StudiesGERALD NELSON

42 Comparing World Englishes: A Research GuideHELEN FALLO N

731733

751

Author IndexSubject Index

763779