PSYCHOLOGY – MS. GILLETTE
Cognition & Memory
DO NOW: What is the…
Ordering at The Eatery takes cognitive effort. *Especially if you have never tasted these sushi combinations before.
COGNITION:
ENGAGED!
CognitionLiteral:
“to know.”
Mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge.
Understanding through thought, experience, & senses.
Take pizza for example:
Cognition encompasses everything:
★ Knowing/remembering pizza itself
★ Recalling what style & toppings that you like
★ Realizing that you are hungry & organizing plans
to have it delivered or eat out.
To make sense of the near infinite details of our surroundings a large part of cognition involves the organization of our thoughts.
Associations or Categories➔ Dinner food options
➔ Things in the fridge to eat
➔ Places to eat out
➔ Places that deliver food
➔ Type of pizza
➔ Pizza toppings
Simple symbols: “Types of Pizza” used to group complex learned associations.
★ The Original: Neapolitan
★ California Style
★ New York Thin Crust
★ Chicago Deep Dish (& Stuffed)
★ Frozen Pizza
★ Pizza Rolls
Although important, these cognitive categoriesare overlapping
& not always clearly distinct
How do we divide the thinking process?Perception, attention, memory & executive function
Perception: Seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting and or smelling your surroundings, allowing you to respondappropriately.
Your hunger spurs the thinking process.
Memory: Stores the name of your favorite pizza joint. Enables you to give directions to your house for delivery.
Includes:
★ STM: short term/working memory
★ LTM: long-term memory
★ subconscious/implicit knowledge
Executive Function: enables planning of logisticsex.) timing pizza delivery to coincide with start of football game
Improvising: guessing what toppings everyone will enjoy Problem Solving: figuring how much to tip Controlling Impulses: not ruining your appetite by eating a whole bag of Doritos while waiting for pizza delivery
Attention Processes shift your focus from reading Psychology text to answering doorupon hearing that long awaited pizza delivery arrive. Multi-tasking slice of pizza & figuring out how your football team can come back from an embarrassing early deficit while ignoring heckling antics of your so called “friends”Process of Cognition Interplay of all of these systems working simultaneously; allowing us to adapt to our surroundings & take actiontowards obtaining our goals.
YouTube: The Mystery of Memory (30 minutes)
Memory
The Facts
●In this country, it is estimated that 75% of wrongly convicted defendants, later cleared by DNA evidence, were convicted based largely on eyewitness testimony
You Be the Eyewitness
●Imagine you are at a gas station buying milk
●A man walks in, threatens the employee at the counter, robs the cash register, and runs out
●The entire ordeal lasts about five seconds
●This is the man you saw…
You Be the Eyewitness
●The police have asked you to help them identify the perpetrator
●They will show you a set of pictures, and it is your responsibility to select the picture of the man you saw rob the gas station…
How Did You Do?
●So, which picture did you choose?
●And the correct answer was... #2
●Were you right?
●What does this tell you about eyewitness testimony?
According to Research…●Studies show that the longer it takes an eyewitness to decide if the perpetrator is in a lineup, the less confident they actually are about their decision
●Why?
●Eyewitnesses typically take several minutes to point out the perpetrator because they often feel pressured to choose the correct one
●However, if they are truly confident, they should be able to decide in under 10 seconds
Multi-store Model of Memory
explanation of how memory
processes work. You hear, see,
& feel many things, but only a
small number are remembered
Since Atkinson & Shiffrin
originally proposed their dual-
store model, it has undergone
numerous adjustments &
improvements.
Interference:
Proactive - Old; Old works forward
Occurs when information or exp. already
stored in long-term memory hinder the
ability to remember newer information.
Retroactive - New; New works backward
Happens when new learning interferes
with the ability to remember previously
learned information.
YOUTUBE: How memories form & how we lose them - Ted-Ed
Remember the difference
between proactive &
retroactive interference:
"PORN"
Proactive: (PO )
Old memories interfere
with new information.
Retroactive: (RN )
New information
interferes with old
memories.
PROACTIVE OLD,
RETROACTIVE
NEW
CLIP
Clip
Semantic Encoding –
Three groups
Group 1
Group 2
Everyone’s Eyes Closed
If the balloons popped, the sound would no be able to carry,
since everything would be too far away from the correct floor.
A closed window would also prevent the sound from carrying,
since most buildings seem to be too well insulated. Rain
could cause the entire operation to be postponed. Since, the
entire operation depends on a steady flow of electricity; a
break in the middle of the wire would also cause a problem.
High winds can move the entire operation to a new location.
Of course, the fellow could shout, but the human voice
typically will not carry that far. An additional problem is that a
string could break on the instrument. Then there would be no
accompaniment to the message. It is clear that the best
situation would involve less distance. There would be way
fewer potential problems. With face to face contact, the least
number of things could go wrong.
How Does Memory Work?
encoding, storage, & retrieval
These are the processes by which we:
★ get info in - encoding
★ hang on to it - storage
★ get it back out - retrieval
Name the 7 DwarfsWrite each name in your notes on a
piece of paper.
Name the 7
Dwarfs
Was this difficult for you?
It all depends on these factors...
★ Do you like Disney movies?
★ How long ago did you watched the
movie?
★ How loud or distracting were the people
around you when you are trying to
remember?
Superior Autobiographical Memory -
or Hyperthymesia
Jill Price - FIRST! One of about 20
subjects positively diagnosed with the
condition hyperthymesia.
She is able to recite details of every
day of her life since age - 14.
Dr. James McGaugh: By stimulating
the amygdala in rats, McGaugh has
learned more about how we can
enhance memory.Researching with rats, McGaugh showed that
stimulating the amygdala with a drug that
emulates effects of stress hormones helps
memories become more firmly fixed & retained.
Without the amygdala, all of our memories
would be remembered equally. Ex.) Loss of a friend = Christmas morning.
YouTube: 60 Minutes - Endless Memory - Superior Autobiographical Memory
Storage★ Sensory Memory
★ Short-Term Memory STM
★ Long-Term Memory LTM
STM (or ‘working memory’) Limit not only on number of items it can hold, but also on duration (20 seconds or so).
Use of rehearsal helps to increase the likelihood that memories will be recalled.
LTM is divided into
explicit memories (knowing facts)
& implicit memories(remembering how to move your body when walking)
Worksheet- three types of memory
RetrievalKey to accessing information from Long Term Memory (LTM) is to have an appropriate retrieval cue.
Mnemonics: memory aid that relies on reorganization of information for easy retrieval. (Song - information for a test)
Encoding Specificity (or Transfer Appropriate Processing):Retrieval is better when context in which we are trying to retrieve something matchescontext in which it was learned.Context: part of the overall memory. By reinstating context when retrieval is occurring, we are creating an optimal recall situation.
Thirty days hath September,
April, June, and November;
All the rest have thirty-one,
Save February, with twenty-eight days clear, &
twenty-nine each leap year.
Capacity of STM – Short Term Memory
Learning sounds & meanings of new words, or seeing pictures while a storyteller tells a tale.
Want to remember large amounts of information: our recall will be easier if we can use chunking to group information together.
Learning the sounds & meanings of new words, or seeing pictures while a storyteller tells a tale.
The "Magic Number" =
7 digits, plus or minus 2
(5..6..7..8..9)
Chunking storage in STM
Remembering 10-digit phone
number is much easier if we
remember:
pattern 3-3-4
281-867-5309
Rather than recalling 10
unconnected numbers
Psychologist George Miller
published original study, 1956
YouTube: Feats of Memory That Anyone Can Do
Turn to a blank sheet of paper.
Pick out the names of the 7 dwarfs.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy
Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy
Droopy Dopey Spiffy Wishful
Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop
Grumpy Bashful Cheerful
Teach Sporty Nifty Happy
Doc Wheezy Stubby Poppy
How many did you remember this time?
Did you do better on the 1st or 2nd
dwarf memory exercise?
Recall vs. Recognition:
With recall - you must retrieve the
information from your memory
(Fill-in-the blank tests)
With recognition - you must
identify the target from possible
targets
(Multiple-choice tests)
Which is easier?