Neuroanatomy II
Autonomic Nervous System (4.1)
Neuroanatomical Divisions of the Brain (4.1)• hindbrain• midbrain• forebrain• ventricles
Review
Autoreceptors
A) are located on the presynaptic membraneB) are located on the postsynaptic membraneC) decrease the amount of neurotransmitter in the
synaptic cleftD) two of the above
Sensory information from the foot enters the spinal cord through
A) central canalB) dorsal rootC) dorsal hornD) all of the above
The Autonomic Nervous System
SNS: facilitates energy expenditure
PNS: facilitates energy conservation
Major Neuroanatomical Divisions of the Brain
Hindbrain: pons, medulla, cerebellum
Midbrain: tectum, superior/inferior colliculus, substantia nigra
Forebrain: thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia
Fish Brain
Medulla: • just above the spinal cord• important for vital reflexes• damage is often fatal
Pons: • lies anterior and ventral to the medulla• contains lots of axons
Cerebellum: • lies dorsal to the medulla• controls movement, attention
The Hindbrain
The Human Brainstem
Tectum: • “roof” of the midbrain• receives information from the eyes and the ears
Superior and Inferior Colliculi: • SC: visual sensation• IC: auditory sensation• orientation (motor)
Substantia Nigra: • important dopaminergic circuit involved in the control of movement• cell death: Parkinson’s disease
The MidbrainThe Human Brainstem
• several interlinked structures comprise the limbic system • important for motivated/emotional behaviors (eating, drinking, sexual activity, aggressive behavior)
The Forebrain: Limbic System
• receives and processes sensory information (except olfaction)• sends the output to the cerebral cortex
The Forebrain: Thalamus
• contains several distinct nuclei; widespread connections• communicates with the pituitary gland to regulate the release of several hormones• regulates motivated behavior
The Forebrain: Hypothalamus
• three major structures: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus• highly conserved across evolution (amphibians - mammals)• important for sequences of behavior & certain aspects of memory and emotional expression• deteriorates in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases
The Forebrain: Basal Ganglia
The Ventricles
• contain cerebral spinal fluid (CSF); similar to blood plasma• formed by the choroid plexus; reabsorbed into the blood vessels• protective function; provides a reservoir for hormones and nutrients
The Cranial Nerves: Location
1 - olfactory nerve (s)2 - optic nerve (s)3 - oculomotor nerve (s/m)4 - trochlear nerve (s/m)5 - trigeminal nerve (s/m)6 - abducens (s/m)7 - facial nerve (s/m)8 - statoacoustic nerve (s)9 - glosophayyngeal nerve (s/m)10 - vagus nerve (s/m)11 - accessary nerve (m)12 - hypoglossal nerve (s/m)
The Cranial Nerves: Function
Meningitis & Encephalitis
Meningitis: infection of the meninges• adults: usually begins with a severe headache and a stiff neck• children: convulsions are common• inflammation around the brain causes pressure points on the brainstem/SC
Encephilitis: infection of the brain• symptoms vary depending upon the site of infection
Meninges: membrane lining the brain