Neuroanatomy

KTH Neuroscience @ KI 2011

Lennart Brodin

Department of Neuroscience

brain

spinal cord

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

The components of the CNS

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Brainstem

Cerebellum

Spinal cord

Telencephalon

Cerebellum

Cerebral Cortex

Brainstem

Telencephalon:

Hemispheres

Cerebral Cortex

Cerebellum

Telencephalon

Brainstem

Spinal cord

Sectioning the brain - nomenclature

Coronal section

Grey matter: cell bodies

of neuronsWhite matter: nerve tracts,

Myelin gives the white color

Thalamus

Spinal cord

CerebellumHypothalamus

Die

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Telencephalon

Brainstem

Sagittal section

Corpus callosum:

Connects the hemi-

spheres

Telencephalon

Thalamus

CerebellumHjärnstammen

Ryggmärgen

Hypothalamus

From CNS Visual Perspectives: www.3d-brain.ki.se

© Anna Josephsson

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The Cerebral Cortex

SulcusGyrus

The Cerebral Cortex

Grey matter

White matter

Gyrus precentralis:

Motor functions

Gyrus postcentralis:

Sensory functions

Sulcus centralis

moto

r

sensory

vision

Primary areas

hearing

Association areas

The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Functional Areas

Left Right

Cerebral cortex, division into hemispheres

Sulcus centralis

The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Sulcus centralis

The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes

Frontal lobe

Temporal lobe

Sulcus centralis

The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Temporal lobe

Occipital lobe

Sulcus centralis

The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes

Frontal lobe

Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

Occipital lobe

Temporal lobe

Parietal lobe

The Cerebral Cortex – Division into Lobes

Tinninglob

Hjässlob

Nacklob

Localization of functions to lobes

The Frontal lobe

1848: The famous case of the

railway worker Phineas Gage

gave the first insigths into the

functions of the frontal lobe

The Frontal lobe

Personality

Social competence

Motivation

The Frontal lobe

TemporallobThe temporal lobe recognition

Activation of the temporal lobe during

recognition of a known face

fMRI signal indicates

increased activity

Temporallob

The parietal lobe

attention

Damage of the right parietal lobe

Damage of the right parietal lobe

Temporallob

The occipital lobe

Receives and

processes

visual information

Language: specific regions in the

frontal and temporal lobes

Wernickes area: language perception

Damage results in sensory aphasia

Broca´s area: language expression

Damage results in motor aphasia

Language: specific regions in the

frontal and temporal lobes

Deep brain structures:

subcortical nuclei

Nucleus caudatus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Telencephalon:

The basal ganglia

Striatum

Subcortikal nuclei

Nucleus caudatus

Putamen

The Basal Ganglia

Putamen

Nucleus

caudatus

The Basal Gangliacoronal section

putamen

globus

pallidus

nucleus

caudatus

The Basal Gangliacoronal section

The Basal Gangliacoronal section

Nucleus

caudatus

Putamen

Globus

pallidus

The Basal Gangliahorisontal section

Nucleus caudatus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

Motor control

Cognition

Emotions

Telencephalon:

The basal ganglia

Striatum

Subcortikal nuclei

Thalamus

Diencephalonhorisontal section

Nucleus caudatus

Putamen

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Diencephaloncoronalsnitt

Thalamus

From CNS Visual Perspectives: www.3d-brain.ki.se

© Anna Josephsson

Hypothalamus

the brains “switch board”:

relays sensory input to the

cerebral cortex

Diencephalon

Thalamus:

Thalamus relays sensory input to the cerebral cortex

cortex

thalamus

nerve fiber from the skin

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis:

Body temperature

Hunger-satiety

Thirst

Emotions

Diencephalon

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis:

Body temperature

Hunger-satiety

Thirst

Emotions

Diencephalon

The pituitary gland:

controls different

hormonal glands

(adrenals, thyroid gland)

The anatomy of emotions

The Limbic System

The “old” view of the limbic system

The anatomy of emotions

The “modern” view of the limbic system:

Anterior part: emotions; Posterior part: memory

Amygdala

The anatomy of emotions

The anatomy of emotions

The “modern” view of the limbic system:

Anterior part: emotions; Posterior part: memory

The Anatomy of Memory

Different Forms of Memory

Declarative memory Non-declarative memory

Memories that can be

described in words

Can not be described

(e.g how to ride a

bicycle)

Brain structures participating in declarative memory:

The posterior part of the limbic system

Hippocampus

Brain structures participating in declarative memory:

The posterior part of the limbic system

Hippocampus seen from below (parts of the temporal lobes removed)

Anatomical Substrates of Different Forms of Memory

Declarative memory Non-declarative memory

Hippocampus

Fornix

Corpus mammilare

Basal ganglia

Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

The Brainstem

The Brainstem

Mesencephalon

Pons

Medulla oblongata

(I. N. Olfactorii)

(II. N. Opticus)

III. N.Oculomotorius

IV. N.Trochlearis

V. N.Trigeminus

VI. N. Abducens

VII. N. Facialis

VIII. N.Vestibulo-

cochlearis

IX. N. Glosso

-pharyngeus

X. N. Vagus

XI. N. Accesorius

XII. N. Hypoglossus

Cranial nerves emerging from the

brainstem mediate sensory and motor

functions in the head

The Reticular Formation

Descending part:

Motor functions

Ascending part:

Conciousness

The Brainstem - Summary

Cranial nerves: sensory and motor functions in the head incl eye

movements, hearing, balance, inner organs

Reticular

Formation: consciousness, motor functions

Dopamine

systems: motivation, reward, motor functions

Serotonin

systems: mood, emotions, hunger-satiety, motor functions

Other

functions: breathing, swalloving

Cerebellum

Cerebellum: connected to pons via the peduncles

Pons

Medulla

oblongata

Peduncle

Peduncle

Cerebellum

Fine-tuning

of motor

functions

Motor

learning

Cognition

The Spinal Cord

The Spinal Cord

Grey matter

White matter

Dorsal horn - sensory

Ventral horn - motor

cervical

lumbar

thoracic

sacral

sensory nerves

motor nerves

The Spinal Cord

The meninges and the

cerebrospinal fluid

surrounding the brain

The Meninges

Dura mater Arachnoidea mater

Dura materPia mater

The Meninges

Dura mater

Pia mater

Scull bone

Hjärnan

Arachnoidea

Subarach-

noidal space(cerebrospinal

fliud)

The Meninges

The Meninges

Ventricles

Subarach-

noidal space(cerebrospinal

fluid)

The Ventricular System

right lateral ventricleleft lateral ventricle

3rd ventricle4th ventricle

Choroid

plexus

The Ventricular System

The lateral ventricles - horisontal section

From CNS Visual Perspectives: www.3d-brain.ki.se

© Anna Josephsson

Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid

Reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid into the blood

Extensions (villi) of the arachnoidea extends into large veins

Blood Supply

A. carotis interna

A. vertebralis

Main arteries supplying oxygenated blood

Aorta

Circulus

Willisi

A.basilaris

A. vertebralis

A.carotis

interna