Download pdf - How to develop effective concordance materials using online corpus

Sooin Chun Dankook University

Benefits

1. Improving linguistics knowledge (vocabulary & grammar: lexico-grammartical knowledge)

2. Enhancing cognitive skills(Inductive thinking skills)

Sooin Chun, 2014 KAMALL International Conference 2

Benefits1. Improving linguistics knowledge (vocabulary &

grammar: lexicogrammartical knowledge)

2. Enhancing cognitive skills(Inductive thinking skills)

For developing language competence of young learners in low proficiency level (Chun, 2011, 2013, 2014)


Benefits- Achieving 6 levels of learning goals by Marzano (2001)

System Level FunctionSelf 6 Examining motivation/efficiency/importance of knowledge

Meta-cognitive 5 Specifying learning goals/monitoring accuracy & clarity

Cognitive 4 Knowledge utilization (decision-making/problem-solving/investigation)

3 Analysis (matching/classifying/error analysis/generalizing/specifying)

2 Comprehension (synthesis/representation)

1 Retrieval (recall/execution)


Difficulties1. Text difficulty in corpus (Chamber, 2007)

2. Expertise in corpora & tools (Bernardini, 2002; Gavioli, 2005; Chun, 2012)

3. Time consuming in inductive learning (Farr, 2008)


Deductive DDL- “Helping beginners to conduct DDL easy using paper-based concordance materials” (Boulton, 2008; Cresswell, 2007; Johns & King, 1990)

- Related research (Boulton, 2009a, 2009b, 2010, 2012)


• Which corpus?

• What components in?

• What learning goal?

How should they be made?


Types of corpus


Physical conditions Contents (texts)

• Installation • Texts

- PC - Online

- General corpus - Specialized corpus

• Size • Timing

- Large corpus - Small/pedagogical corpus

- Dynamic corpus - Static corpus

Characteristics of a corpus:- Representativeness: “Does the collected texts represent a language,

a target population?” (Biber, 1993)

- Balance : “Does the corpus include enough samples in a

certain of text categories?“ (McNery, Xiao & Tono, 2006)


Building a corpus:

- Sampling: “What texts are sampled for representativeness

and balance of corpus?“ (McNery, Xiao & Tono, 2006) Collecting representative samples from

a population (McNery, Xiao & Tono, 2006) Sooin Chun, 2014 KAMALL

International Conference 10

How should concordance materials be made?

- As a micro-corpus for inductive DDL

- To possess the representativeness & balance in a general corpus

For learning general language rules:


Examples in the previous research (Chun, 2013, 2014)

1) Example 1 (Chun, 2013) 2) Example 2 (Chun, 2014a)


1) Example 1 (Chun, 2013)

• 70 high school students• 68 students described 1 type of rules in meaning; 2 did both form and meaning, biased rules based on the red framed text samples.


Needs for muliti-demensional aspects for collecting concordance samples

1. Diversity in meanings (diverse types of text: genres)

2. Diversity in forms (POS)3. Frequency

Diverse types of word knowledge


2) Example 2 (Chun, 2014)


• Diverse frequency in the blue framed 1• Diverse forms in the blue framed 2• Diverse meanings in the blue framed 3

1 2 3

Methods:1. Choosing tool (Chun, 2014b): - Online corpus: COCA (general corpus / dynamic corpus / large corpus)

Words And Phrase Frequency List


http://www.wordandphrase.info/frequencyList.asp


http://www.wordandphrase.info/frequencyList.asp

Methods:

2. Target words: win & beat

Table 1. Search results form COCA

Target words POS Total Spoken Novel Magazine Newspapers Journals

win Verb 120447 27427 8781 23850 52591 7798Noun 10937 1311 514 1805 6855 452

beat Verb 41625 7897 8963 9738 13493 1534Noun 13814 1104 8219 1785 1687 1019


Visualizing the results on Win & Beat Fig. 1 3 Dimensional observation of win & beat


Methods:3. Developed materials:

(Chun, 2014a)


Results: - Students’ reports:

More findings in conclusion

1) More descriptions on forms 2) More descriptions on meaning


Results: 1. More descriptions on forms

예문 1) “… 맞았다고 할 때 수동태 과거분사 beaten 이 쓰였고…”예문 2) “…despite 뒤에는 winning 이 쓰임 .....”예문 3) “…win 의 과거는 won 이다 . 그런데 beat 과거형은 예문

에 없는 것 같다 . 잘 모르겠다…”


Results:

2. More descriptions on meaning예문 6) “…win 은 우승하다 , 얻다 , 수상하다로 쓰이고 , beat 는

더 강한 뜻 같다 . 물리쳤다 같이 . 또 맞았다 처럼도

쓰인다”예문 7) “…win 과 beat 의 차이는 , win 은 모두 좋게 이기다 , 승

리하다 같이 쓰이고 , beat 는 나쁜 뜻에 쓰이는 것 같다 . 이

긴다고도 쓰이고 , 친다고 (A-3), 두드려 맞았다 (A-6)…”예문 8) “… 차지하다 (A-4) 라는 뜻이 있다는 걸 알게 됨 . … 또

한 B-8 과 B-5 를 통해 ‘누르다’라는 의미가 있는 것 같음 .”

많은 학생 은 아니지만 , 일부 (2 명 ) 는 장르의 특성도 간략히

언급하였다 .예문 9) “…win 은 구어체에서 많이 쓰이고…”


Conclusion:

- Concordance samples affect their findings & inductive results

Needs for appropriate materials, helping learners to learn general language rules


Suggestions:

Essential factors for developing a concordancematerials:

1) Understanding the target corpus

2) Sampling concordances to build a micro-corpus


Suggestions:

Essential factors for developing a concordancematerials:

If necessary, 1) Developing a material to learn general rules

first (using a micro-corpus)2) Developing a following material to learn

particular rules as a next step (using a micro-specialized corpus)


Summary: Procedures for developing the materials

27Sooin Chun, 2014 KAMALL International Conference

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Q & AQ & A


Thank you.Thank you.
