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ARCHITECTURE FROM TIME TO TIME

Introduction to Architecture

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What is “theory”?What is “history”?1.

what is the difference?

Theory

istoria (grk) :learning with asking chronological/causal questions

aristoteles : systematic analysis about some natural phenomenon

1 : the analysis of a set of facts in their relation to one another

2 : abstract thought

3 : the general or abstract principles of a body of fact, a science, or an art

Source: Meriam Webster Dictionary Online

History

+What is “the aim” of

learning history and theory ?2.

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what has happenedwhat is happening

what should happen

SCIENTIFICALLY

KNOWING

Man learn about his(her)-self for the better process of being and to be..

+Studying architectural history relates to

our need to understand the present. … for it is only by studying the past that we can hope to understand how we have arrived

at today.

as a Closed Text

as an Open Text ? or

History always taking sides, depend on the writers / theoritician

History is always free have to be re-interprete

How to look at history ???

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The search for shelter: The primitive hutMan wants to make himself a dwelling that protects but does not bury him…

Let us look at man in his primitive state without any aid or guidance other than his natural instincts. He is in need of a place to rest.

Abbe Laugier’s Essay sur l’architecture, 1755

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The discovery of creating shelterDrawing from Viollet le Duc’s Dictionnaire raisonne de l’architecture, 1856

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ArchitectureOne of the early architectural developments was the use of the “post-and-lintel” method

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Milestone of Architectural History

+Modern

Architect.. as a Milestone After

ModernBefore Modern

cut off from historyback to history

depend on history

cut off from history

500 AD 1000 AD 1500 AD 2000 AD

Belanda (1800-1942)

Sriwijaya (abad ke-7 – ke-13)

Mataram (1500-1700)Majapahit (1293-1500)

Portugis (1512-1800)VOC (1600 -1800)

Jepang (1942-1945)

Tarumanegara (358-669)

Small Tribal Groups (10.000 BC- 200 AD)Tradingslink India – China (200-600)

Independence (1945-…)

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ARCHITECTUREAutobiography of the human race

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Pre Historic architecture

+Neolithic Architecture Also known as “Stone-Age” architecture contains some

of the oldest known structures made by mankind. Distinguishable by Paleolithic and Mesolithic making

and use of stone tools. Neolithic cultures have been shown to have existed in

southwest Asia as early as 8000 B.C. to 6000 B.C. The peoples of the Americas and the Pacific region

remained at the Neolithic level up until the time of European contact.

+Neolithic Architecture Neolithic Architects were great builders who used

mainly mud-brick to construct houses and villages. Houses were plastered and painted with ancient scenes

of humans and animals. Many of the more famous Neolithic structures were

remarkably made by enormous stones.

+Egyptian Architecture Due to lack of wood most Egyptian architecture was

made with mud-brick and stone. Minerals included sandstone, limestone, and granite,

which were generally used for tombs and temples. Most ancient Egyptian towns have been lost because

they were situated in the cultivated and flooded area of the Nile Valley.

2500 B.C.

1500 B.C.

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PyramidsPERMANENCE and IMMORTALITY

+Egyptian Architecture Temples and tombs have survived:

Built on ground unaffected by the Nile flood Constructed of stone.

Egyptian architecture is based mainly on its religious monuments such as Pyramids.

All monumental buildings are post and lintel constructions, with flat roofs constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced columns.

+ 800 AD

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Parthenon, Greece, Post & Lintel

Function as temple for the Gods, Sculptural Form, Rectangular

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Architecturethe art or science of building; specifically : the art or practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones

Or as Vitruvius said: Architecture was a building that incorporated..

Utilitas – Firmitas – Venustas

Commodity – Firmness - Delight

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The architectArchitekton – master builder

+ ArchitectureAncient Greek

“Orders” (styles): composed of a

shaft, capital, and base.

+Entablature: the top of an order; includes the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/architecture/entablature.html

Greek Architecture

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Other key developments include the arch,

http://www.arlington.k12.va.us/schools/drew/a&a/theromans.htm

Roman Architecture

And the vault

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PantheonAnd the dome

+ The arch was a purely Roman invention. An arch is often made up of small stones called voussoir and a large central stone called a keystone.

A series of columns is called a colonnade.

A series of arches is called an arcade.

+The arch, vault, and dome are variations of the same concept that allowed for greater height and more space inside a building.

Gladiator, Rome

+Roman Architecture Romans built more kinds of structures than any earlier

civilization. In addition to houses, temples, and palaces, Romans

constructed aqueducts, public baths, shops, theaters, and outdoor arenas.

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+Gothic Architecture Mainly flourished in western Europe from the 1100’s to

1400’s. New systems of construction allowed for architects to

design churches with thinner walls and lighter piers. Piers extended several stories high and into the roof

area making individual columns like ribs on an open umbrella.

Ribbed vaults are most distinguishable characteristic of Gothic architecture.

+ 1140-1500

+Gothic Architecture Other styles included pointed arches, stained-glass windows,

flying buttresses. Flying buttresses were brick or stone arched supports built

along outside walls. Emphasizes vertically and a skeletal stone structure. Pointed arch was introduced for both visual and structural

reasons. Channels weight onto the bearing piers or columns at a steep angle.

Gothic cathedrals could be highly decorated with statues and paintings.

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+ 500 AD 1000 AD 1500 AD 2000 AD

Belanda (1800-1942)

Sriwijaya (abad ke-7 – ke-13)

Mataram (1500-1700)Majapahit (1293-1500)

Portugis (1512-1800)VOC (1600 -1800)

Jepang (1942-1945)

Tarumanegara (358-669)

Small Tribal Groups (10.000 BC- 200 AD)Tradingslink India – China (200-600)

Independence (1945-…)

500 AD 1000 AD 1500 AD 2000 AD

+ Leon Battista Alberti1443 De re aedificatoria

(English: On the Art of Building)

a concise version of sociology of architecture and tells architect how buildings should be built, not how they were built.

De Re Aedificatoria remained the classic treatise on architecture from the 16th until the 18th century.

+Renaissance Architecture Beginning between the early 15th and the early 17th

centuries in different regions of Europe. The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry,

proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts Orderly arrangement of arches, niches replaced the

more complex proportional view of medieval buildings. Renaissance buildings have a square, symmetrical,

planned appearance.

+Renaissance Architecture Facades (front of building) are symmetrical around their vertical

axis. The columns and windows show a progression towards the

center. Domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice. Windows may be paired and set within a semi-circular arch. Roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings. They are not left

open as in Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated.

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+ St. Peter’s

Pazzi Chapel

Golden Section

Leonardo da Vinci

Brunelleschi, Santa Maria Del Fiore, Florence

RENAISSANCE (1420-1600)

Next episode

Louis XIV

Rational

Effective Efficient

Standard

Mass Production

to be continued