FIBRES FOR THE NEXT GENERATION
Rajkumar R Shinkar (D.K.T.E’s textile and engineering institute)
Rajesh S Sahu (D.K.T.E’s textile and engineering institute)
First year B.text (T.T)
Next generation of textile fibres
•Biodegradable fibres1. Lyocell fibres2. Sea cell3. Smartcel4. Poly lactic acid (PLA)5. Bacterial cellulose6. Bacterial polyester7. Biosteel8. Soya protein fibre
(SPF)
•High performance fibres1. Dyneema2. Hygra3. Goretex
Biodegradable fibres Cry of the time Improved properties. Research and development
across the globe
2.1 LYOCELL (1st biodegradable manmade fibre)
• First in a new generation of cellulosic fibres.
• Lyocell Utilises renewable resources as raw materials.
• High physical performance makes it a universally applicable fibre. Even ideal for nonwovens
• It is also comfortable next to the skin.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
Solvent spinning method it is made with out the formation of intermediate compound.
• RAW MATERIAL:
Principally Oak &
eucalyptus trees
from sustainably
managed forests.
Oak trees
• APPLICATIONS:1. Fabrics of all
kinds2. Non woven3. Technical textiles4. Battery
separators 5. Membranes6. Paper Lyocell applications
2.2 SEACELL
• Seaweed available in abundant with lot of good properties.
• The fabrics produced by seaweed have antimycotic and antibacterial properties.
• Sea Cell is a lyocell-like cellulosic fibre.
• It will use the natural attributes of seaweed and silver to add benefits, as silver is naturally anti-
microbial.
• RAW MATERIAL:
Seaweed extract combined with silver ions
incorporated together.
Seacell composition
• PRODUCTION PROCESS:
modified lyocell process
• APPLICATIONS:
1. Improvement of blood supply of the skin,
activate the meta-bolism.
2. Sportswear, undergarments, socks, work
clothes and household fabrics.
3. Fabrics for allergy sufferers and hygiene
articles.
4. Anti-inflammatory Anti microbial fabric
2.3 SMARTCELL
• Smartcel fibre is a PCM (Phase Change Material) micro composite of the latest manufacturing
generation with thermo regulating features.
• Temperature regulation is assured, providing extraordinary wearing comfort and excellent climate
management.
• Manufactured from renewable sources , thus is 100% biodegradable.
• RAW MATERIAL:
combination of cellulose with zinc.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS:
This is also manufactured by lyocell process.
• APPLICATION:
1. Sports wear
2. Bed textiles
3. protection against heat or cold in a human
body
4. Anti inflammatory apparels.
Smart cell fabric
2.4 Polylactic acid (PLA)
• (PLA) is linear aliphatic thermoplastic polyester derived from 100% renewable sources such as corn, sugarcane.
• The polymer is 100% compostable.• Its life cycle potentially reduces the Earth’s carbon dioxide level.• The product is more sustainable than comparable polymers on the market today.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS1. Direct condensation of lactic acid2. Via the cyclic intermediate dimer (lactide), through a ring opening process.3. Produced by melt spinning.
• APPLICATION:
1. Apparels
2. Home ware
3. Nonwovens: Filtration and separation,
Hygiene, Industrial/household wipes
4. Medical applications
5. PLA as a plasticUse of PLA in medical
2.5 BACTERIAL CELLULOSE
• Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula ((C6H10O5)n) produced from certain types of bacteria.
• produced by bacteria, principally of the genera Acetobacter, Sarcinaventriculi and Agro bacterium. Bacterial.
• microbial cellulose can be tailored to have specific desirable properties.• Bacterial cellulose is a versatile structural material, allowing it to be shaped in a variety of ways
to satisfy different uses.
• RAW MATERIAL: Cellulose can be found in many microorganisms like fungi, bacteria, and algae.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS: cellulose can be obtained by:
1. Reactor based production2. Fermentation production.
• APPLICATION:1. ultra-strength paper2. filter membrane in hi-fidelity
loudspeakers and headphones3. Cosmetic industry.4. Wound dressing, especially in burn
cases.5. Treat wounds from venous ulcers.6. for internal treatments, such
as bone grafts and other tissue engineering
• LIMITATIONS: Due to the inefficient production
process, It is not commercially attractive. Microbial cellulose pellicle
2.6 BACTERIAL POLYESTERS
• Polyhydroxyalkanoates, or PHAs, are linear polyesters produced in nature by bacterial
fermentation of sugar or lipids.
• They are produced by the bacteria to store carbon and energy.
• Polyesters are deposited in the form of highly refractive granules in the cells.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
To produce PHA,PHB a culture of a micro-organism such as Alcaligenes, eutrophus is placed
in a suitable medium and fed appropriate nutrients so that it multiplies rapidly.
• RAW MATERIAL
Polyester produced by micro organisms.
• APPLICATIONS
1. Sutures and suture fasteners
2. Rivets, tacks, staples, and screws
3. Bone plates and bone plating systems
4. Surgical mesh, repair patches, and
cardiovascular patches
5. Vein valves, bone marrow scaffolds
6. Skin substitutes, bone graft substitutes,
and wound dressings
Bacterial polyester sutures
2.7 BIOSTEEL (manmade spider silk)
• Biosteel was a trademark name for a high-strength based fibre material made of the recombinant spider silk-like protein extracted from the milk
of transgenic goats, made by Nexia Biotechnologies• 7-10 times as strong as steel if compared for the same weight, and can stretch up to 20
times its unaltered size without losing its strength properties.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS With pronuclear microinjection and nuclear
transfer technology in the goat’s system. The milk produced by the transgenic goats contains spider silk proteins.
• APPLICATIONS1. Artificial ligaments2. Bulletproof vests3. Improved car airbags4. More reliable parachutes
2.8 SOYA BEAN PROTEIN FIBRE
• Soya bean fibre(SPF) has comeback again.• This is a rapidly developing area with research being undertaken in several countries,
primarily America and China.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS: Biochemistry is being used in the production process to modify the structure of
soya bean protein while strength is added to the fibre by incorporating polyvinyl alcohol PVA offers the benefits of higher strength and modulus.
The fibre is wet spun The protein is extracted from the soya meal from which oil has already been
extracted.
• APPLICATIONS1. Apparels2. Domestic textiles3. Winter wear4. Undergarments SOYA BEAN FIBER
HIGH PERFORMANCE FIBRES
SUPER END APPLICATIONS
The limitations of nature.
Demand of the time.
Improved properties.
3.1 DYNEEMA (UHMW-PE)
• Dyneema has been invented by Albert Penning in 1963 but made commercially available by
DSM in 1990 by Dr.Piet lemstra.
• DYNEEMA is ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE, UHMW) a subset of
the thermoplastic polyethylene.
• It has extremely long chains, with a molecular mass usually between 2 and 6 million units.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. UHMWPE is synthesized from monomer of ethylene.
2. The gel spinning process is used for yarn required for special applications.
• APPLICATIONS
1. Armour, personal armour, car armour
2. Cut-resistant gloves,
3. Climbing equipment,
4. Suspension lines on
sport parachutes and Para gliders,
5. Dyneema was used for the 30-kilometre
space tether in the ESA/Russian Young
Engineers' Satellite 2 of September, 2007.
Dyneema fibre rope
3.2 HYGRA (porous water absorptive polyester fibre)
• Recently, highly moisture absorptive & highly moisture releasing nylon was developed by
Unitika.
• When nylon was used for cloths the lack of moisture absorbency caused stuffiness, stickiness &
was uncomfortable. Unitika succeeded in making fibre from a highly water absorptive polymer,
which can absorb water 35 times the polymer weight, & developed an epoch-making fibre
HYGRA.
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
1. It can be fibrilized by the melt spinning process.
2. The skin-core structure of HYGRA consists
of nylon skin part & hydrophilic core part.Structure of hygra
• APPLICATIONS
1. Clothes: Sportswear, Socks, Undergarments
2. Non-clothes: Life materials, Civil engineering,
Construction, Interiors, Industrial materials.
HYGRA-highly water absorptive
3.3 GORETEX (expanded-POLY TETRA FLUORO ETHYLENE)
• Gore-Tex materials are typically based
on thermo-mechanically expanded
PTFE and
other fluoropolymer products.
• This membrane has about 9
billion pores per square inch (around
1.4 billion pores per square
centimetre). Each pore is
approximately 1/20,000 the size of a
water droplet, making it impenetrable
to liquid water.
• This membrane has a self cleaning
effect as the dirt molecules also cant
penetrate or enter the pores due to
their extremely small size.
Magnified view of goretex
• PRODUCTION PROCESS
PTFE is made using an emulsion
polymerization process that utilizes the
fluoro surfactant PFOA.
• APPLICATIONS
1. Conservation of illuminated manuscripts
2. Water repellent
3. Used internally in medical applications:-
Sutures, Vascular grafts, Heart patches,
Synthetic knee
ligaments.
Water repellent goretex
Conclusion The present scenario of the textile fibres.
Changes taking place due to the need of improved properties
in the new genration end applications.
Exponential growth of the textile industry, which primarily runs on
textile fibres.
Textile fibres and polymers will bring about a revolution as they
have started replacing the metals.
Bright future due to the various R & D activities worldwide
BIBILOGRAPHY
1. Biodegradable and sustainable fibres (Edited by R. S. Blackburn)
2. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research(march 2005)
3. New Millennium Fibres(Tatsuya Hongu, Glyn O. Phillips and Machiko Takigami)
4. "W. L. Gore Associates v. Garlock, Inc., 721 F.2d 1540, 220 USPQ 303 (Fed. Cir. 1983), cert.
denied', 469 U.S. 851, 105 S.Ct. 172, 83 L.Ed.2d 107 (1984).".
5. Tsuji, H. and Ikada, Y., J. Appl. Polymer. Sci., 1998, 67, 405.
6. Drumright, R.E., Gruber, P.R. and Henton, D.E., Adv. Mater., 2000, 12 (23), 1841.
7. Anon. (1996), 50th Anniversary Edition of the Soya Blue Book, http://66.201.71.163/ soya
industry/research.htm, accessed 28 August 2004.
The end
Thank you
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