DCE14095 ECSAC
EUROPEAN CENTER FOR SCIENCE ARTS AND
CULTURE (ECSAC) OF LOŠINJ
WORKSHOP ON STATUS AND FUTURE OF
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
IN THE PERI-ADRIATIC AREA
VELI LOŠINJ CROATIA
25-27 AUGUST 2014
Miklos ANTICS & Pierre UNGEMACH [email protected]
GPC INSTRUMENTATION PROCESS (GPC IP) PN2 BUSINESS PARK BAT 4A
165 RUE DE LA BELLE ETOILE – BP55030 95946 ROISSY CDG – France Phone: +33 (0)1 48 63 08 08 Fax: +33 (0)1 48 63 08 89
Mobile: +33 (0)6 28 62 29 17
GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR
CHARACTERISATION AND MANAGEMENT
DCE14095 ECSAC
OUTLOOK
CONCEPTUAL MODELLING
EXPLORATION GEOPHYSICS
STRUCTURAL GEOMODELLING
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT
RESERVOIR SIMULATION
SUSTAINABLE RESERVOIR/ RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
2
OUTLINE
DCE14095 ECSAC 3
OUTLOOK PURE WATER PHASE DIAGRAM
DCE14095 ECSAC 4
OUTLOOK PRESSURE-ENTHALPY (MOLLIER)
DIAGRAM FOR PURE WATER
A: maximum enthalpy (2803 kJ/kg, 240 °C, 33.47 bar) C: critical point (374.1 °C, 224 . 91 bar)
DCE14095 ECSAC 5
GEOTHERMAL CONTINUUM – THE
EGS ISSUE
DCE14095 ECSAC 6
OUTLOOK GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE &
RESERVE ASSESSMENTS
DCE14095 ECSAC 7
OUTLOOK
FROM EXPLORATION
TO PRODUCTION
A RESERVOIR
ENGINEERING CHAIN
Surface/Subsurface
Exploration (Geology,
geophysics,
geochemistry)
Well Drilling/
Completion
Development
DrillingExploration
Drilling
Lithology
Structure
Geochemistry
Well Tests
Tracer Tests
Well
Performance
Assessment
Early
Reservoir
Assessment
Conceptual
Modelling
Material
Balance
Reservoir
Simulation
Resource/
Reservoir
Assessment
Reservoir
Production
Management
Heat
Extraction
Power
Generation
CHP/ORC
Direct Uses
Shallow
Heat Pumps
EGSWater
Injection
Makeup
Wells
DCE14095 ECSAC 8
RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
DCE14095 ECSAC 9
CONCEPTUAL MODEL VOLCANO-TECTONIC ENVIRONMENT
INDONESIAN SUBDUCTION
Caldera setting
Fumaroles and faults intersections
Dual reservoir evidence
DCE14095 ECSAC Hytrothermal conceptual model
CONCEPTUAL MODELLING EXPLORATION/DEVELOPMENT STATUS
NISYROS(DODECANESE)
Well temperature profiles Exploratory well summary sheet •Total well deliverability=4MWe
Well Name N-1 N-2Year completed 1982 1983
Total depth (m) 1,816 1,547
Productive interval (s) (m)360-695
1,420-1,8161,000-1,547
BHT (°C) 350 350
WHT (°C) n.a. 178
WHP (bars) n.a. 7.6
Total flow (t/h) 13(*)
69
Steam water ration 0.8(*) 0.5
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2,350(*) 1,520
Non condensable gascontent (% wt) n.a. 5
TDS (ppm) 150,000(*)
60,000(*) superficial reservoir
Exploratory well summary sheet
•Total well deliverability=4MWe
10
DCE14095 ECSAC
Carbonate
11
CONCEPTUAL MODELLING TWO CONTRASTED SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENTS
Clastic
West Netherland Basin
Rijswijk sandstones
(Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, TNO)
Paris Basin
Dogger limestones
(modified from Ph Maget , 1983)
DCE14095 ECSAC 12
CONCEPTUAL MODELLING CONTINENTAL RIFT ACTIVE TECTONICS
UPPER RHINE GRABEN
Source: CGA institute
Deep Drilling locations
Source: Thomas KOHL, 2014
DCE14095 ECSAC
EXPLORATION/DEVELOPMENT STATUS MILOS (CYCLADES)
SW-NE cross section of Milos geothermics
Well name MZ1 MA1 MI-1 MI-2 MI-3Year completed 1975 1976 1981 1981 1982
Total depth (m) 1100 1165 1100 1380 1000
Productive interval (m) 810-1100 750-1165 900-1100 940-1380 900-1000
BHT (°C) 300 250 323 282 300
BHP (MPa) n.a. n.a. 11.7 11.9 n.a.
WHP (MPa) 0.6 0.74 1.2 1.2 n.a.
Total flow (t/h) 22 51 120 50 125
Steam / water ratio (1 MPa) 0.64 0.22 0.35 0.71 0.42
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) 2010 1170 1460 2200 1600
TDS (ppm) 100,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 130,000
Milos exploratory/step out well summary sheetMilos exploratory/step out well summary sheet
13
DCE14095 ECSAC 14
EXPLORATION SOUTHERN GERMANY MOLASSE BASIN.
MALM RESERVOIR. SEISMIC ATTRIBUTES
Upper Jurassic morphology from 3D seismic survey
Fault graben structure evidenced by migrated depthsection
Migrated seismic depth section
Source: H. Von Hartmann et al, 2012
DCE14095 ECSAC 15
EXPLORATION SOUTHERN GERMANY MOLASSE BASIN
SEISMIC (RE)PROCESSING
MALM Reef facies
Reprocessed 2D seismic line location of wells GT1 & GT2
Zero offset and reprocessed 2D line match
VSP (raw, processed) on well GT1 (Geophone depth # 2000-2500 m) offset
(#4000 m)
DCE14095 ECSAC 16
EXPLORATION PANNONIAN BASIN
COMBINED WELL GEOLOGY/SEISMIC (2D
PROFILES, VSP)/MT PROCESSING
Re-interpreted seismic section
Geological cross section and
AMT/MT inversion data
Source: Tulinius et al, 2010
DCE14095 ECSAC 17
3D STRUCTURAL MODELLING PERMO TRIASTIC RESERVOIR
DCE14095 ECSAC 18
3D STRUCTURAL GEOMODELLING
3D REGIONAL
GEOLOGICAL MODEL
SOUTHERN
NETHERLAND CLASTICS
Borehole data:logs and lithostratigraphic columns
Seismic data
Interpolated data extracted from existing databases and geological atlases
Source: TNO
DCE14095 ECSAC
MOLASSE BASIN. MALM RESERVOIR
3D SEISMIC PROCESSING. RESERVOIR
TARGETING
19
Source: Knapek, D-GEO-DAYS, PARIS 2014
DCE14095 ECSAC 20
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT WELL TARGETING
FAULT BLOCK STRUCTUAL SETTING
Source: Dernières Nouvelles
d’Alsace (DNA, 2013) adapted
from FONROCHE interview
DCE14095 ECSAC 21
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT WELL TARGETING
MULTI HORIZON CONCEPT
Source: BESTEC
DCE14095 ECSAC 22
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT MULTILAYERED RESERVOIR
TENTATIVE FACIES CORRELATIONS
Source: Rojas et al
DCE14095 ECSAC 23
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT LAYERING IMPACT. CANDIDATE
RESERVOIR STRUCTURES
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
BR BR
3. Five layeredreservoir
4. Sandwichreservoir
2. Injection well1. Production well
%FLOW %FLOW100 100
34.5%
10%
30.5%
18%
5%
40%
15%
23.5%
4%
4%
13.5%
DE
PT
H
DE
PT
H
CR CR
BR
5. Single layerequivalent
CR
RESERVOIR
IMPERVIOUS LAYER
CR CAPROCK
BR BEDROCK
Flowmeter logging
DCE14095 ECSAC 24
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT LAYERING IMPACT. CANDIDATE RESERVOIR
STRUCTURES. PRODUCTION WELL COOLING KINETICS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time, years
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Te
mp
era
ture
de
ple
tio
n,°
C
Single layer equivalent reservoir
2D Reservoir
Three layered model. Reservoir 1 (top)
Three layered model. Reservoir 2 (int.)
Three layered model. Reservoir 3 (bot)
Sandwich Model. Top reservoir
Sandwich Model. Bottom reservoir
DCE14095 ECSAC 25
RESERVOIR ASSESSMENT STRUCTURAL GEOMODELLING
GOCAD 3D VIEW OF THE SANDWICH
RESERVOIR EQUIVALENCE
DCE14095 ECSAC 26
RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
MODELLING/
SIMULATION
CHAIN
DCE14095 ECSAC 27
RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
NATURAL STATE
MODELLING
FLOWCHART
Source: Sanyal, 2002
DCE14095 ECSAC 28
RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
SIMULATION
INPUT DATA
GROUP
Source: Pruess, 2002
DCE14095 ECSAC 29
RESERVOIR SIMULATION
Couches imperméables
T = 30 Dm
T = 40 Dm
T = 50 Dm
T = 60 Dm
T = 70 Dm
T = 30 Dm
T = 40 Dm
T = 50 Dm
T = 60 Dm
T = 70 Dm
Computed pressure/temperature
field (refined grid)
Horizontal Gridding Transmissivity distribution
3D Transmissivity pattern
DCE14095 ECSAC 30
RESERVOIR SIMULATION SUSTAINEBLE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS
Pressure and temperature field Year 2045
Wells (450 m3/hr)
Interferences with neighbouring doublets
DCE14095 ECSAC
Well output curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20
WHP, bar
Qt,
kg
/s
31
Well delivery curve
Well power output
Formation temperature: 250°C
Cold source (condenser) temperature: 50°C
Condenser pressure: 0,120 bar
Separator pressure (single stage flash): 10 bar
Separator temp. (single stage flash): 180°C
Mass flowrate @ 10 bar: 110 kg/s
Power output @ 10 bar turbine inlet: #10MWe
Full success: 10 MWe
Total failure: 5 MWe
RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT RISK ANALYSIS
THE HIGH ENTHALPY CASE MINING RISK ASSESSMENT. GEOPOWER
DCE14095 ECSAC
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220
Flo
wra
te (m
3/h
r)
Wellhead Temperature (°C)
45 MWth
TOTAL FAILURE
FULL SUCCESS
32
MINING RISK SUCCESS VS
FAILURE CRITERIA
(CHP PROJECT)
RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT
RISK ANALYSIS
THE MEDIUM ENTHALPY CASE
DCE14095 ECSAC 33
RESERVOIR DEVELOPMENT RISK TREE OF A TYPICAL GDH SYSTEM
DCE14095 ECSAC
The Geysers field
SUSTAINABILITY WATER INJECTION
Effect of SEGEP Injection on SE
Geysers [Calpine and NCPA].
Cumulative Production and
Injection
(Division of Oil, Gas, and
Geothermal Resources)
34
DCE14095 ECSAC
SUSTAINABILITY GDH DOUBLET/TRIPLET COMPATIBILITIES
PARIS SOUTH EXISTING AND PROJECTED GDH STATUS
3 abandoned doublets
14 serviced doublets
6 new doublets
3 triplet rehabilitated doublets
Source : BRGM 35
DCE14095 ECSAC 36
SUSTAINABILITY
MULTI-DOUBLET EXPLOITATION (1984-2035)
PARIS SOUTH. YEAR 2035
Source : Maria PAPACHRISTOU
DCE14095 ECSAC 37
HYDRO/THERMO/GEOCHANICAL
MODELLING EGS ENVIRONMENTS PROCESSES INVOLVED
Source: Kohl, 2007
DCE14095 ECSAC Source: Baria et al, 2007 38
INDUCED SEISMICITY POST FRACTURING MAPPED EVENTS Field Monitored
DCE14095 ECSAC 39
EGS
INDUCED SEISMICITY COMPUTED POST FRACTURING SEISMIC EVENTS
Source: Kohl, 2007
Computer Generated
DCE14095 ECSAC
EGS undertakings hosted in seismically active tectonic environments
A fatal issue during the build-up of any EGS reservoir
A major contributor to fracture mapping and stimulated bulk-rock volume estimates
A sensitive social acceptance issue: triggering of M=2.9 (Soultz) and 3.4 (Basel) seismic events leading to pressure mitigation (Soultz), flowrate limitations (Landau) and project abandonment (Basel)
Requirements
Remote well sites
Thorough microseismic monitoring protocols
Soft rock stimulation procedures
Low injection pressures (multipath well trajectories)
Interactive communication with the public
40
INDUCED SEISMICITY
DCE14095 ECSAC 41
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY: RENEWABLE-SUSTAINABLE-PROVEN-ACHIEVABLE-REALISTIC
THANK YOU! MERCI!
www.gpc-france.com