Cellular RespirationCellular RespirationSouth Carolina Standard South Carolina Standard

B-3.2- The student will be able to summarize B-3.2- The student will be able to summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical cellular respiration and interpret the chemical

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What is Cellular Respiration?What is Cellular Respiration?It is the process of long term, slow It is the process of long term, slow

production, of ATP for cellular production, of ATP for cellular energyenergy

Ultimate goal is to convert chemical Ultimate goal is to convert chemical energy in nutrients into chemical energy in nutrients into chemical energy stored in ATP.energy stored in ATP.

ATP can then release energy for ATP can then release energy for metabolic processes such as active metabolic processes such as active transport, protein synthesis and transport, protein synthesis and muscle contractionmuscle contraction

Formula for Cellular Respiration:Formula for Cellular Respiration: 6O 6O2 2 + C+ C66HH1212OO6 >>>> 6 >>>> 6H6H22O + 6COO + 6CO22

The Reactants?The Reactants? The Products??The Products?? Any food (organic) molecule (C,P,L) can be Any food (organic) molecule (C,P,L) can be

processed and broken down as a source of processed and broken down as a source of energy to produce ATP moleculesenergy to produce ATP molecules

GlycolysisGlycolysisFirst stage-takes place in the cytoplasmFirst stage-takes place in the cytoplasm

Glucose molecule is broken down into Glucose molecule is broken down into pyruvic acid and ATPpyruvic acid and ATP

Series of reactions using enzymesSeries of reactions using enzymes

4 molecules of ATP are produced 4 molecules of ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP.for a net gain of 2 ATP.

Products of Glycolysis are Products of Glycolysis are Pyruvic Acid, NADH, & ATPPyruvic Acid, NADH, & ATP

Aerobic RespirationAerobic RespirationMost of the Pyruvic Acid produced during Most of the Pyruvic Acid produced during Glycolysis continues on the pathway of Glycolysis continues on the pathway of aerobic respiration- which takes place in aerobic respiration- which takes place in the mitochondriathe mitochondria

It is chemically transformed and releases It is chemically transformed and releases COCO22, H, H22O and ATPO and ATP

Aerobic Respiration produces Aerobic Respiration produces almost 20 times as much ATP as almost 20 times as much ATP as Glycolysis alone.Glycolysis alone.

Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Krebs Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle:Cycle:

Krebs Cycle: Pyruvic acid from Krebs Cycle: Pyruvic acid from glycolysis travels to mitochondria glycolysis travels to mitochondria where it is broken down releasing where it is broken down releasing Carbon Dioxide, water, 4 NADH, ATP Carbon Dioxide, water, 4 NADH, ATP and FADHand FADH2 2

Also known as Citric acid Also known as Citric acid Cycle because it is the first Cycle because it is the first compound formed in this compound formed in this reaction.reaction.

Krebs Cycle Cont…..Krebs Cycle Cont…..

Carbon Dioxide is released as waste Carbon Dioxide is released as waste and becomes part of and becomes part of the the atmosphere – thus atmosphere – thus

available for plants to available for plants to use use for photosynthesis.for photosynthesis.

The Electron Transport ChainThe Electron Transport Chain22ndnd step of Aerobic Respiration. step of Aerobic Respiration.Series of chemical reactions that Series of chemical reactions that takes place in the inner membrane of takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.the mitochondrion.

HH22OO is produced as wasteis produced as wasteThe ETC uses the high The ETC uses the high energy electrons from the energy electrons from the Kreb’s Cycle to convert ADP Kreb’s Cycle to convert ADP to ATP.to ATP.

ETC cont…..ETC cont…..

ATP synthase uses energy from H+ ATP synthase uses energy from H+ ions to convert ADP to ATP.ions to convert ADP to ATP.

End result of Cellular End result of Cellular Respiration is 36 ATP- which Respiration is 36 ATP- which is energy used for cellular is energy used for cellular metabolismmetabolism

Anaerobic Respiration-Anaerobic Respiration-Fermentation:Fermentation:

Anaerobic process- Absence of OAnaerobic process- Absence of O22

Energy is released from food without Energy is released from food without OxygenOxygen

Not as efficient and results in a lot Not as efficient and results in a lot fewer ATPfewer ATP

–2 types of fermentation:2 types of fermentation:

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation

Alcoholic FermentationAlcoholic Fermentation

Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid FermentationPyruvic acid from glycolysis + NADH Pyruvic acid from glycolysis + NADH is converted to Lactic Acid and NAD+is converted to Lactic Acid and NAD+Produced in your muscles during Produced in your muscles during rapid exercise when enough Oxygen rapid exercise when enough Oxygen is not reaching your is not reaching your

tissues.tissues.Cells are rapidly producing Cells are rapidly producing ATP through this process.ATP through this process.

Form of Anaerobic Form of Anaerobic RespirationRespiration

Alcoholic Fermentation:Alcoholic Fermentation:Occurs in yeasts and some bacteriasOccurs in yeasts and some bacteriasPyruvic acid from Glycolysis is Pyruvic acid from Glycolysis is combined with NADH to produce combined with NADH to produce alcohol, COalcohol, CO2 2 and NAD+and NAD+This is what causes bread to rise.This is what causes bread to rise.

The alcohol produced -The alcohol produced -evaporates when the bread evaporates when the bread is baked.is baked.Form of anaerobic Form of anaerobic respirationrespiration

How is this used?How is this used?Alcoholic Fermentation is used to Alcoholic Fermentation is used to make beer, wine, bread and ethanol make beer, wine, bread and ethanol added to gasoline.added to gasoline.

Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation plays an essential role in the plays an essential role in the manufacture of food manufacture of food products such as yogurt and products such as yogurt and cheese.cheese.

Advantages and Disadvantages to Advantages and Disadvantages to Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

Advantages- it sustains energy production Advantages- it sustains energy production much longer than Glycolysis and much longer than Glycolysis and fermentation. Produces a lot more ATP.fermentation. Produces a lot more ATP.

Disadvantage- It is much slower Disadvantage- It is much slower than Glycolysis and than Glycolysis and fermentation.fermentation.Glycolysis produces 1000’s of Glycolysis produces 1000’s of ATP in milliseconds, but it quickly ATP in milliseconds, but it quickly fills all available NAD+ fills all available NAD+ molecules.molecules.

Advantages and Disadvantages to Advantages and Disadvantages to FermentationFermentation

Advantage- Fermentation can Advantage- Fermentation can release energy without oxygen.release energy without oxygen.

Disadvantage- Produces ATP for only Disadvantage- Produces ATP for only 20-30 seconds and lactic acid causes 20-30 seconds and lactic acid causes

painful side effectspainful side effects

The End.The End.