Art History – Test 2Vocabulary:
1. Hellenistic - relating to or characteristic of the classical Greek civilization
2. Pergamon - was an ancient Greek city in modern-day Turkey, in Mysia, today located from the Aegean Sea on a promontory on the north side of the river Caicus (modern day Bakırçay), that became the capital of the Kingdom of Pergamon during the Hellenistic
3. Gauls - were a Celtic people living in Gaul, the region roughly corresponding to what is now France and Belgium, from the Iron Age through the Roman period. They spoke the Continental Celtic language called Gaulish.
4. Expressionism – forms are created to evoke subjective emotions rather than portray objective reality
5. Gigantomachy – battle between giants and Olympian gods
6. Haut Relief – high relief
7. Virgil/The Aeneid Laocoon
8. Orchestra – Where people performed on stage
9. Proscenium – Additional space behind the orchestra, usually for the chorus
10.Skene – building behind orchestra (changing of scenes)
11.Etruscans - Culture that ruled Rome prior to republic; ruled through powerful kings and well-organized armies; expelled by Romans c. 510 bce (p. 152)
12.Terracotta – medium made from clay, usually orange-brown in color
13.Necropolis – A large cemetery or burial area; literally meaning “city of the dead”
14.Stucco – mixture of lime, sand, etc. into a material that is easily molded and when dried it produces a very durable surface used for covering walls or sculpture/décor.
15.Sarcophagus – stone coffin and often decorated with relief sculpture
16.Romulus/Remus – Rome’s twin brother founders in its traditional foundation myth
17.Aenea’s – mythical Greek warrior who was a leader on the Trojan side of the Trojan War
18.Roman Republic - the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar
19.Verism – A style where artists capture the exterior likeness of an object or person by emphasizing its visible details in a finely executed, meticulous manner.
20.Strigil – small curved metal tool used for scrapping dirt and oil from one’s body, olive oil was usually put on beforehand.
21.Alexander the Great - Alexander: king of Macedon; conqueror of Greece and Egypt and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)
22.Roman Republic 509-27 BCE the ancient Roman state from 509 BC until Augustus assumed power in 27 BC; was governed by an elected Senate but dissatisfaction with the Senate led to civil wars that culminated in a brief dictatorship by Julius Caesar
23.She-Wolf -
24.Aeneas trojan warrior survives war upon leaving Troy he founds a civiliza-tion in Rome/ Aeneid poem written by/ Virgil
25.Aulus Metellos - Discovered near Lake Trasimene in 1566, a Roman-ap-pointed official. point to Etruscan origins. wears Roman costume and holds Roman office.
26.Toga - draped clothing
27.Verism - attempt to render exact likeness in sculpture
28.Opus Reticulatum - (also known as reticulated work) is a form of brickwork used in ancient Roman architecture. It consists of diamond-shaped bricks of tuff which are placed around a core of opus caementicium
29.Pozzolana - adding it to concrete makes it stronger and would set underwa-ter
30.Engaged Column - a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the sur-face of the wall, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached. ...
31.Aqueduct - way to transport water
32.Fortuna Primigina - directed the fortune of a firstborn child at the moment of birth
33.Imperial / Empire
34.Augustus Caesar (Octavian) - defeated Marc Antony and became ruler of Rome
35.Pax Romana - 200 yr period of peace
36.Apotheosis - deifying man as a God
37.Tellus Mater - Roman goddess of earth
38.Dionysus/ Bacchus -god of wine and fertility and drama; the Greek name of Bacchus
39.“Forum Romano” -original Latin designation (Latin: Forum Romanum, Italian: Foro Romano), is located between the Palatine Hill and the Capitoline Hill of the city of Rome, Italy. Citizens of the ancient city referred to the location as the "Forum Magnum" or just the "Forum". It is part of the centralised area around which the ancient Roman civiliza-tion developed.
40.Insula (AE) - a large apartment building where the Plebs (lower class) and Equates (middle class) of Romans dwelled. The floor at ground level was used for tabernas, shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors.
41.Apollodurus of Damascus - a Greek engineer, architect, designer and sculptor who flourished during the 2nd century AD, from Damascus, Roman Syria. He was a favorite of Trajan, for whom he constructed Trajan's Bridge over the Danube for the 105-106 campaign
42.Basilica - originally used to describe a Roman public building
43. Apse/ a domed or vaulted recess or projection on a building especially the east end of a church; usually contains the altar
Nave/ the central area of a church
Side Aisles/
Clerestory/ part of an interior wall rising above the adjacent roof with windows admitting light
44.Coffer -an ornamental sunken panel in a ceiling or dome
45.Annular Vault -A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an ar-chitectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve
46.Amphitheatre - a sloping gallery with seats for spectators
47.Rotunda/ a building having a circular plan and a dome
Drum/ barrel: a bulging cylindrical shape; hollow with flat ends
Oculus/ A window that has an oval or circular shape (as of an eye); A circular hypaethral opening at the apex of a dome
48.Tetrarchy - The term Tetrarchy (Greek: "leadership of four [people]") describes any system of government where power is divided among four individuals, but usually refers to the tetrarchy instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire.
49.Porphyry
50.Dado: lower 1/3 of wall
51.Diocletian - Roman Emperor who when faced with military problems decided in 286 to divide the Roman Empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west; he initi-ated the last persecution of the Christians in 303 (245-313)
52. Constantine - Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)
53.“Battle of the Milvian Bridge”, 312 - The Battle of the Milvian Bridge took place between the Roman Emperors Constantine I and Maxentius on 28 October 312. Constan-tine won the battle and started on the path that led him to end the Tetrarchy and become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Maxentius drowned in the Tiber during the battle.
54.XP = Chi RH0 - first two letters Jesus Christ
55. Edict of Milan, 313 - was a letter signed by emperors Constantine I and Licinius that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in AD 313, shortly after the conclusion of the Diocletianic Persecution.
56. . Spolia - a modern art-historical term used to describe the re-use of earlier building ma-terial or decorative sculpture on new monuments
57. Monotheism - belief in a single God
58. Torah - the whole body of the Jewish sacred writings and tradition including the oral tra-dition
59. Synagogue - (Judaism) the place of worship for a Jewish congregation
60. Menorah - (Judaism) a candelabrum with seven branches used in ceremonies to symbol-ize the seven days of Creation
61. Ark of The Covenant - (Judaism) sacred chest where the ancient Hebrews kept the two tablets containing the Ten Commandments
62. Syncretism - is the attempt to reconcile disparate or contrary beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought.
63. Good Shepherd - Jesus: a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity (circa 4 BC - AD 29)
64. Orant - is a type of gesture during prayer in which the hands are raised, set apart, and the palms face outward. It was once common in early Christianity, and can frequently be seen in early Christian art.
65. Catacombs/ ncient, human-made underground passageways or final resting place of reffuges or subterranean cemeteries composed thereof.
Loculus/ A little place or space; a cell; a chamberlet; In ancient catacombs and tombs of some types, a small separate chamber or recess cut into the rock, for the reception of a body or urn
Loculi/ plural loculus
66. Cubiculum/ A small room, especially a bedroom, typically those small rooms found on the upper floor of a Roman house; A small room carved out of the wall of a catacomb, used as mortuary chapels, and in Roman times, for Christian worship
Cubicula/
67. Medallion/ A medal, or medallion, is generally a circular object that has been sculpted, molded, cast, struck, stamped or some way rendered with an insignia, portrait or other artistic rendering.
Lunette/ is a half-moon shaped space, either filled with recessed masonry or void.
68. Alpha/ Omega = AW - the beginning of a series or sequence; "the Alpha and Omega, the first and the last, the beginning and the end"--Revelations / symbol for Jesus Christ
69. Triforium - A triforium is a shallow gallery of arches within the thickness of inner wall, which stands above the nave in a church or cathedral.
70. Basilica Plan - an early Christian church designed like a Roman basilica; or a Roman Catholic church or cathedral accorded certain privileges; "the church was raised to the rank of basilica"
71. Transept/ structure forming the transverse part of a cruciform church; crosses the nave at right angles - horizontal
Narthex/ portico at the west end of an early Christian basilica or church, a vestibule leading to the nave of a church - entry way
72. Central Plan - A building in which the sides are of equal length and in which the main space is symmetrical when bisected laterally and longitudinally.
73. Ambulatory - a covered walkway
74. Tholos - A small, circular building, usually of sacred use. Often surrounded by columns.
75. Constantina - was the eldest daughter of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great and his second wife Fausta, daughter of Emperor Maximian. Constantina received the title of Au-gusta by her father, and is venerated as saint.
76. Justinian I (527-65)
77. Hagia Sophia
78. Exedra (AE)
79. Gallery - additional walking space
80. Pendentive
81. St. Vitalis
82. Scriptorium (IA)
83. Illuminaed Manuscript
84. Parchment/ Vellum
85. Iconoclasm/ Leo III/ 726
86. Icon
87. Iconostasis
88. Mandorla
89.Theotokos
Video humble beginnings
over through etruscan king
created first
roman legions
expand rule beyond italy to
built roads that lasted through the centuries
aqueducts to bring water
lacked innovation
at first copied greek styles
at time of empire many buildings gleaming from hills
giant palaces of the rulers
grew from practically nothing to
assaulted by visual images
romans took great pride
heart was roman forum - first and greatest
Palentine hillsmost important place in rome 509-444 BCE court, market, socialplace for meet and greet and businessforum became filled with buildings to increase interaction
temples to gods after augustus seized power after the death of caesar and lost some of
its lusterbasilicas still standbusiness was conducted outside
arch of emperor titus with frieze rung around all 4 sides
tempe of venus built by handrail
temple of vesta 124 ad
temple of saturn oldest dating to republic
rome needed more forums
law courts, piazzas, eat, libraries,
Trajans column 100 ft tall marble - extensive frieze
colosseum - 7 wonders of the world
forum in latin means open space
every great city needs open spaces
5 great emperors
Colosseum • 540 meters in circumference 50 meters high• travertine stone• 1o years to build • free standing circular sculpture • seats in tiers held 50,000• seated by class• gladiators 264 BCE• held on occasion of funeral• 313 AD Constantine put an end to gamesCircus Maximus / Palentine hill• 7 hills of Rome/ Romulus founded here• Augustus born on Palentine• Palentine synonymous with palace• 2,00 ft long largest for public• chariot races• 329 BCE first starting gates• 600 yearrs later last race run• 25 BCE modified by Adrian• Pantheon christian temple• portico• floor to height = to diameter perfect sphere• poured concrete vault never fell in• gray stone and pink stone came from Egypt 40ft in length
• expertise, efficiencySpectacular baths• Caelian hill • haunting ruins baths of caracul • tapped water from aqueducts • health club 1500 bathers• libraries • women in morning / men in afternoon• in expensive • almost everyone went everyday• at first was a walled city• first 300 yrs of empire was wall free• pont st. angelo leads to Mosoleum • pyramid of sustice Roman Mosiacs and Sculptures· Romes Lasting Monuments· addition of curves· to rectilinear · spiraling frieze of Trajans column· Circus Maximus· Pantheon · Colosseum · First self governing republic· Upwardly mobile society· First governing constitution· Defied boundaries of Europe · Institutionalized Christianity · Greatest city- state the world has ever seen.
Late Classical Political instability
Variations on the Classical ideal in urban planning and temple design developed
o Tholos & monumental tomb
o
· 5.60 – Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Knidos
First life-sized figure of a nude woman
Pose is very influential for later artists
9 heads tall
“Repaired” statue during 19th Century
Peplos is resting on water vase
· (5.53)- The Scraper
Nude male athlete
Strigil
Comparative to Polykleito’s “Spear Bearer” – reflects canon of propor-tions
See Pg. 153 for more details on the comparative analysis
Hellenistic Very expressional and lots of movement
Artists went from heroic the everyday
- Gods mortals
- Aloof serenity individual emotion
- Drama overdramatic pathos
-
· 5.70 – Theater, Epidauros
Used for more than just entertainment
Communal expression of religious belief through music, poetry, and dance
· 5.71 Reconstruction Drawing, Theater at Epidauros
· 5.73 – Gallic Chieftain Killing His Wife
Killing his wife so that she isn’t taken into slavery/killed/raped
Deemed as admirable
Tries to elicit an emotional response
Shows bent angles, NOT symmetrical like the early and high classical pe-riods
· 5.74 – Dying Gallic Trumpeter
Portraying the foe as heroic – because it makes themselves look more powerful to beat someone who looks just as mighty or a bit stronger
Realism & Expressionism
· 5.75 – Reconstruction, west front altar from Pergamon, Turkey
Wings and staircase to the entrance of the courtyard have been recon-structed inside a Berlin museum
Original altar was a single-story structure with an Ionic colonnade raised on a high podium
· 5.76– Athena Attacking the Giants, frieze detail
Gigantomachy
13 Giants vs. 12 Olympians
Diagonal lines
Exaggeration of muscles and expressions
Athena conquering over/dominating the giants
Haut Relief
· 5.77 {xiv} – Laocoon and His Sons
Trojan priest – Laocoon
Warned Trojans about the invasion by Greeks – Battle of Troy
· 5.78 – Nike (victory) of Samothrace
Commemorating the victory of a Greek battle
Water flows from top
Forward movement balanced by the backwards thrust of her enormous wings
Deeply sculpted, strong contrasts of dark and light, contrasting textures
8 feet tall
ROMAN Etruscan
Archaic period of the Greeks
Drew inspiration from Greek and Near Eastern sources
Used the plans and post-and-lintel structure seen in Greece and elsewhere
Their building patterns were later adopted by the Romans
Built houses around central courtyards (atriums)
They were willing to sacrifice structural logic for lively action in their art
· 6.1 – She Wolf
Ribs shown
2 chubby human boys drink the milk from her
Famous symbol of Rome, legendary wolf who nourished and saved the city’s founder (Romulus) and twin brother (Remus).
Bronze
· 6.3 – Reconstruction of Etruscan Temple
Stairs are frontal unlike the Archaic period where they wrapped around the building
Podium
· 6.5 – Apollo From Veii
Terra-cotta
Originally painted
Compared to Kouros
Same archaic smiles and faces with braided hair
Different movement – Kouros is static and Apollo is moving
Comes from a temple that was dedicated to Minerva and other gods in the sanctuary of Portonaccio at Veii
Archaic smile
· Pg. 186 – Arch, Vault, and Dome
Round arch – holds weight of masonry above it to its curving sides
Voussoirs – wedge shaped blocks
Keystone – locks the voussoirs in place at the top center of the arch
Centering – holds arch in place by wooden scaffolding until the bricks dry
Springings – points from which the curves of the arch rise
Spandrels – wall areas adjacent to the curves
Arcade – succession of arches
Bay – space encompassed by each arch and its supports
Barrel Vault – Outward pressure exerted by the curving sides
Groin Vault – intersection of two barrel-vaulted spaces at the same level
Buttressing – support for arches whose voussoirs’s exert outward thrust
Hemispheric dome – Rim of the dome is supported on a circular wall as in the Pantheon
Drum – wall that is raised on top of a main structure
Oculus – sometimes a circular opening is left at the top
· Pg. 187 – Roman Architectural Orders
Tuscan order – variation of Doric but slimmer
Composite order – Combination of the Ionic and Corinthian orders
· 6.7 – Tomb of the Reliefs, Burial Chamber
Stucco
Modeled to resemble rooms in a house
Couches carved from stone
Pots, jugs, robes, axes, and other items were molded and carved to look like real objects hanging on hooks
Low relief
· 6.8 – Sarcophagus
Terra-cotta
Husband and wife
Twisted pose
Very animated – happy and inviting
Reclining on a dining couch
· 6.10 - Head of a Man
Verism: in Roman sculpture means real close likeliness
Bronze with yellow eyes
Republican· 6.12 Aulus Metellus
Orator - addressing public with gesture
life size bronze
absorb greek sculpture
inlaid lost
· (6.12) Portrait of Pompey
· 6.14 Model, Sancturary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Itlay
women would go after giving birth
gradual terraces leading upward
round Roman arch
colonnades - series of columns
· 6.15 Temple of Portunus, Rome
sits on podium
peristyle
· 6.16 Plan, Temple of Portunus
small temple, enter only from front
cella and single flight of stairs
· 6.23 Pont Du Gard, Nimes France
Pont means bridge Du Gard means over river
aqueduct - way to transport water / most were built underground
arches allow wind to pass through and lower resistance
round arches three level
Imperial
· ( 6.19) View of the Roman Forum
· 6.17 Augustus of Primaporta
found in city north of Rome Primaporta
stands at 6’8, stance of orator
defeat rival Marc Antony and rose as single ruler
toga wrapped around with military breast plate
carries baton and barefoot may be referenced to standing on sacred ground
Apotheosis - deifying man as god
with cupid son of Venus on dolphin as sign of Venus signifies his descendent from Gods
· 6.19 Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) Rome
Pacis is latin for peace
altar of augustan peace
single flight of stairs raised on podium
sacrifices made and incense burned
enclosed altar - started 13 BCE dedicated 4 years later to augustus
west side
· 6.20 Imperial Procession, detail south side relief, Ara Pacis
cannot see Augustus
looking at members of family on other side members of senate
enough individuality to recognize them
olivia wife - son of olivia from previous marriage tiberius
augustus gave incentives to bear children
· 6.21 Allegory of Peace, east side relief, Ara Pacis
goddess roman earth Tellus Mater
Pax Romana - 200 year period of peace
· (6.26)
typical Roman street
paved/ still usable today
· (pg 192)
Foyer: enter through
vertical axis coming down
Peristyle: open area/ courtyard
Atrium: pool of water
Tablinem: death masks kept
· 6.29 Peristyle Garden, House of the Vettii, Pompeii
· (6.29) Fountain Mosaic, wall niche, garden in pompeii, mid 1st century
· 6.34 Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus, detail wall painting, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, c. 50 BCE
· 6.32 Garden Scene, detail of wall painting, Villa of Livia at Primaporta, late 1st century BCE
· 6.39 Restored view, Basilica Ulpia
coffered vault clerestory covering foundation to make attractive flat roof
· 6.58- Column of Trajan
like a mall can go inside/ spiral staircase christianity - destroy pagan art work podium Trajan’s ashes were buried victory arch pontune ridges Victory Column
Commemorated his battle against the Dacians
Carved on an angle and attached to the column
Sitting on a podium
St. Peter on the top of the column – originally a statue of Trajan stood on top
Trajan’s ashes were buried underneath
Depicts Trajan through pictures with hierarchy of scale
Lasting contribution: curvilinear
· 6.59 – Romans crossing the Danube and Building a Fort
Trajan’s army crossing over the Danube River on a pontoon bridge
Trajan depicted as a strong, stable, and efficient commander
Barbarian enemies are shown as worthy opponents of Rome
· (6.41)- Flavian Amphitheater/Colosseum
Held up to 50,000 people
Began under Vespasian and completed under Titus
Upper part originally constructed of wood, but was burned and later re-constructed
Called the Colosseum now because a gigantic statue of Nero called the Colossus stood
next to it
Used for a variety of athletic events and spectacles – animal hunts, fights to the death,
performances of trained animals and acrobats, mock sea battle in which the arena
would be flooded
built by Vespacian
Opening performances lasted 100 days – 9,000 wild animals and 2,000 gladiators died
Floor covered in sand – in Latin it means Arena
Romans took the form of Greek theater and enlarged upon it
· (6.43)- Outer wall of the Colosseum
Lowest level- Tuscan columns
Second level- Ionic columns
Third level- Corinthian columns
Engaged columns- not there for support but for decoration
Systematic use of the orders in a logical succession – inherited from the Hellenistic
architecture
• 6.45- Pantheon
Name means = all the gods
Built during the reign of Hadrian
Dedicated to the Olympian gods
Rotunda – seen before with the “hall of bulls” in the pre-historic period
Opening at the top is called the Oculus- how natural light is able to enter the building
Stepped dome gives the building support
Walls 20 feet thick of concrete
Portico - “front porch”
Inscription says built by Marcus Agrippa – but it wasn’t, Hadrian gave credit to Marcus
Domitian built a new temple, which Hadrian replaced with the Pantheon
Using the Etruscan’s single entrance and raised “podium” stairs
Coffered dome/vault
Bronze rosette used to be in the center of each coffer
Perfect geometric sphere
143X143 feet
Oculus – light entering from the top of a central opening
· 6.56- Arch of Titus
Victory arch- Titus’ capture of Jerusalem
Concrete and faced with marble
· 6.57- Spoils from the temple of Solomon
Compared to Ara Pacis
In contrast the Arus Pacis is solemn and formal
In comparison spatial relationships are shown
Menorah is shown – from temple of Jerusalem
Titus’ soldiers flaunt captured goods through the streets of Rome
· 6.65- Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius
12 feet
Bronze casting
Originally covered in gold
Thought to have a cowering figure below the horse
Marcus’ gesture is authoritative
In comparison to Augustus Primaporta (similar gestures)
Hovers over the horse – purposely made to seem larger than life
To make us seem smaller
The statue might have been placed so that the viewer had to look up at it
Mistaken for Constantine and at first
Diocletian (284-305 CE)
Reforms
One capital in the west another in the east
Dividing the empire made it more manageable
Tetrarchy introduced (meaning rule of four)
Each place had an Augustus and a Caesar
Constantine is his successor
Makes the official capital Constantinople
Christian city
· 6.75- Tetrarchs
Grasping one another – symbolizes the union of the capitals
Dressed in military garments and clasping swords at their sides
Porphyry – purple stone that the statues are carved from, obtained from Egypt
· 6.82- Constantine the Great
Only fragments exist
XP
First two Greek letters of Christus “Jesus Christ”
Chi Rho
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
Portraiture
30 feet tall
White marble
The statue became a permanent stand-in for the emperor, representing him whenever
the conduct of business legally required his presence.
Symmetrical patterns mixed with repeated geometrical archs
Projects imperial power and dignity
· 6.79- Arch of Constantine
More elaborate than Titus’ Arch
Covered in relief sculpture
Spolia- taking works of art from previous works and reusing it again
Symbolizing that Constantine is the rightful heir and greatest successor from his
ancestors
Next to the Colosseum
Memorial to Constantine’s victory over Maxentius
Jewish Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses - patriarchs
· 7.2 Menorahs and Ark of the Covenant, 3rd century
7 candles
held 10 commandments
moses made box
before temple - temporary tabernacle
symbolized presence of God spiritually
· 7.3 Wall with Torah Niche, wall painting, house- synagogue, Dura-Europas, Syria, 244-45
held Torah
walls divided into registers
scenes telling narrative stories
· 7.4 The Finding of Baby Moses, detail, wall painting, house-synagogue, Dura-Europas, Syria, 244-45
detail of Torah niche
continuous narration
Early Chrisitan centered around Jesus
based on Judaism
· 7.1 Cubiculum, Catacomb of Commodilla, Rome, late 4th century
cubiculum - room in catacomb
· 7.6 Good Shepherd, Orants, and story of Jonah, painted ceiling, Catacomb of Sts Pietro and Marcellino, Rome late 3rd early 4th century
held loculus
figures look like Roman
orant - figure with arms raised
good shepherd- young man with lamb on shoulders
half circular areas called lunettes tell story of Jonah
central circular area (medallion) arms stretch to lunettes
· 7.18 The Good Shepherd, second half 3rd century
· pg. 258 Basilica-Plan and Central-Plan Churches
central plan typically has a dome
within a square
· 7.9 Reconstruction drawing, Old St peter’s basilica, Rome
nave, side aisles, clerestory, transept, narthex - transition between holy to unholy, entrance hall, atrium
· 7.10 Exterior, church of Santa Sabina, Rome
plain brick - interior held elaborate decoration
apse - rounded part at end of building
clerestory - window
nave - wide center
side aisles -
· 7.11 Interior, Church of Santa Sabina
original architecture
triangular area in archs with springings called the spandrel
triforium - in christian architecture divide in 3 parts/ middle parts
arcade - is the lowest part
not coffered flat ceiling
· (5.48) Tholos, sanctuary of Athena Pronaia, Delphi c. 400 BCE
dedicated to Athena
tholos - round building
pronay meaning in front of
· 7.14 Church of Santa Costanza, 350
originally a marterium (marks spot where someone died)
tholos - round building
ambulatory - walkway that goes all the way around
daughter of constantine
· 7.15 Harvesting Grapes, mosaic, Church of santa Costanza, Rome c. 338-350
blood of christ
bread and wine
example of syncretism
mosiac above ambulatory
nude baby figures called putti
peacock can mean pride - reference to resurrection
Byzantine Art· 7.22 Anthemis of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, Church of Hagia Sophia, Is-
tanbul, Turkey, 532-37
four solid masonry spheres
Chandelier ‘
· 7.23 Plan and section, Church of Hagia Sophia
· pg 272 Pendentives and Squinches
dome on square base
rest on penditives
squinch fills in four corners
• 7.24 Interior, Church of Hagia Sophia• (7.29) Church of San Vitale• (7-30) Church of San Vitale, south wall of the sanctuary
· 7.29 Emperor Justinian and His Attendent, Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 547
never went there
prescence indicated
individual pieces of stone
dedicated to st vitalis
Justinian in purple with red ribbon, centralized, halo and crown
12 men, feet dont match
move toward symbolism, away from naturalism
paten - container for bread.
· 7.30 Empress Theodora and Her Attendents, Church of San Vitale, 547
wears purple cloak, with crown and halo, gold embroidery
3 figures all carry something, symbolizing the magi
Theodora holds chalice that holds wine
· 7.37 The Ascension, Page from the Rabbula Gospels, 586
from bellum
from syrian
Mary stands like orant with Christ above
tetramorph - 4 animals - vision exicial had - man, lion, eagle, ox
• 7.38 Virgin and Child with Saints and Angels, second half 6th century located in remote, 27 inchesmade of saints on left and right icons not intended to be worshipped - for meditation
· 7.42 Virgin of Vladimir, 11th - 12th century
royal scriptorium in constanit
Scriptorium where manuscripts are made
·