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MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

ANCIENT ROME

Presenter:Aykut Ömer Öztürk

Date Due: 30 March 2015

Content• Brief History of Ancient Rome• Social Structure and Slavery• Government in Rome• Technology and Architecture• Military• Roman Law

BUS 601

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME

• According to legend, Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the Roman god Mars.

• Romulus found the city at around 8th century BC on the Palatine Hill and then city named Rome after its first king, Romulus. For the next 200 years Rome was ruled under a monarchy.


• Early Rome was governed by the Kings. There were only 7 kings who ruled Rome.

• Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves and formed a new representative style of government called the Republic.

• Republic comes from Latin words ‘res publica’ means ‘public matters’


• Roman citizens were allowed to elect the leaders of their government.

• Only free-born males were considered citizens.

• Two groups struggled for power in the new republic—the patricians and the plebeians.

• Struggle between patricians and Plebeians ended with gaining more rights for Plebeians.

• Roman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give poor more protection—Roman law is one of the big contributions to western culture—big victory for the plebeians

The Senate and People of Rome

The Roman Senate

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME• In the 4th century BC Rome began to expand

its territories by defeating Etruscans and Greeks.

• They controlled all Italy withing a 150 years.

• Greatest challange the Romans facedwas that of the Carthaginians.

• The most famous incident was crossing the mountain chain of the Alps to the Nort Italy by the Hannibal’s army.

• In the end won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC

• It was during this time that Rome took control of the entire Mediterranean region, from Portugal in the west to Turkey in the east, from Britain and Gaul (Modern France) in the north to all of northern Africa including Egypt.


• As a result of these conquest Rome became very wealthy.

• But as the territory grew, so did the gap between the rich and poor.

• Tremendous number of slaves cause people lose their works.

• This conflict between poor and rich caused civil war.• Caesar ended confliction by conquering Rome.• In 47 BC he seized power in Rome and was made

dictator. A short time later, in 44 BC he was given the title dictator for life.

• Caesar is assassinated on March 15 44 B.C.E. by members of the Senate led by Cassius and his friend Brutus—”Et tu Brute?”—stabbed over 20 times

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME• People no longer trusted the Senate to

rule Rome. The Roman Republic came to end and Roman Empire began.

• Octavian, later called Caesar Augustus became first emperor that is a kind of dictatorial monarch.

• Lead Rome on a path of great reforms and marked the beginning of an era of general peace which lasted over 200 years knows as ‘Pax Romana’ or ’Roman Peace’.

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEDecline and Fall

• Marcus Aurelias, the last of the five good emperors died in 180 AD. Series of civil wars took place after his death and Rome began to slowly deteriorate.

• Increasing pressure by barbarians from outside.

• Invasions, civil war, plague , high taxes , big and costly army almost caused a collapse in Roman economy.

• Diocletian and Constantine launched some reforms in the 4th century

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEDecline and Fall

• Around AD 330 Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the empire entirely to the city of Byzantium.

• In 476 AD, the Western emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by a Germanic general. This date is most commonly used as the official fall of the Western Roman Empire.

• Despite the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire would lasted for another 1000 years with prosperity when it finally fell to Ottomans.

GOVERNMENT IN ROME

• At first , Roman was ruled by the Kings.

• Kings were elected in turn

• Before Julius Caesar took control in 48BC, the Roman Empire was not ruled by the Emperor but by two consuls who were elected by the citizens of Rome.

• From the time of Julius Caesar, 48BC, Rome and the Roman Empire was ruled by an Emperor

GOVERNMENT IN ROME

• Government in the Time of Republic– To be fair to all classes of Roman citizens,

atripartite (3 part) government was developed.

– Only citizens can vote in assemblies• Patricians and Plebeians were counted

as citizens• Women and slaves couldn’t vote

– Citizens of Rome -Patricians and Plebeians met in the Assembly and voted for consuls, tribunes and magistrates.

– Seperation of legislative and executive powers• Magistrates

– The citizens of Rome voted for a number of magistrates.

– It was the magistrates job to keep law and order and also to manage Rome's financial affairs.

– When magistrates retired they became senators and attended the Senate.

– Government positions such as quaestor,aedile, or praefect were funded from the office-holder's private finances

• Consuls– The citizens of Rome voted for two consuls– They could veto each other’s decision– Veto comes from the Latin term meaning ‘I forbid’.– They were elected to serve for one year– They were not allowed to be consuls again for ten years to

prevent citizens to gain to much power.– It was the Consuls job to govern Rome– In an emergency, a temporary dictator could be appointed.

TribunesThe citizens of Rome voted for tribunes. It was the tribunes job to make sure that the people were treated fairly.

The SenateSenators went to the Senate to discuss important government issuesIt was the job of the senate to give advice to the two consuls

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY• Two group of citizens;– Patricians– Plebians

• Non citizens;– Freemen– Slaves

• At first , Patrician class dominated government. Plebeians eventually rebelled eventually gained equal rights to leadership and a co-consul leadership was established

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY• Women acquired some rights

– Owning property– Getting a paid job– Juridical right

• Still didn’t have– Voting rigts– Political power

• Marriage– Regarded as political and financial

alliance rather than as a romantic relationship.

• Families and households are the basic units of Roman society. • Consisted of Father ,his wife,

paterfamilias, children and other relatives.

• The paterfamilias had the power of life and death over every family members.

• Responsible for teaching all the younger males both academic and trades and how to act in society.

• Women At first women had no rights. A women role was to teach her

daughter how to behave and to bear and raise children

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY• Slaves

– Considered as property and had no legal rights.

– Could be sold or freed by their master

– New slaves acquired by;• Foreign wars and conquest• As punishment for citizens• Citizens who are kicked out his/her

family

– Economy were mostly relied on slave labor.

– They were constituted nearly 20% of Empire’s population and 40% of the city of Rome.

– Skilled slaves worked as teachers, accountants, doctors, engineers, craftsmen and served in the homes of the wealthy.

– Allowed to earn money and keep it.

• Slaves– Unskilled slaves were sent to work

on the farms, on ships, in the mines and mills, and in the games.

– Their life was brutal.– Did revolt some time to time.

• Romans– Knew that slaves could not simply

be terrified into being good at their job.

– Used various techniques to encourage their slaves to work productively, from bonuses , long-term inducments , to acts designed to boost morale and generate team spirit.

– Romans operated a carrot and stick approach to their slaves.• Stick side could be brutal

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERY• RELIGION

• Very Superstitious• Good or bad luck given by gods• Many gods were exist• The Romans worshipped their

gods in a temple• Worshipping the emperor part

of it• Sacrifices of animals and

precious items• Crucifixion of Christians• Christianity became official

religion

• LANGUAGE

• Native language was Latin• Etruscan alphabet used firstly• Greek Alphabet became dominant

then.• Latin language spread throughout

Europe

TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE

TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURERoman Roads & Aqueducts

• Roads– Facilitate communication and trade ,

enormous economic significance– Quick march for their armies– Total network was 85.000km

(65.000km in modern Turkey)– Allow Roman Legion to travel as far

as 40km per day.– Like modern highways, Stone mile

markers & signs were used ,Highway patrol was existed

• Aqueducts– Supply water to their cities.– Thanks to aqueducts,

public toilets, underground sewage systems,fountains and ornate public bath have been possible.


• Concrete– Thanks to concrete, many greatest

works of architecture and engineering of the Roman structures such as the Colosseum, the Pantheon and the Roman forum are still standing today.

– Roman concrete consisted of slaked lime and a volcanic ash known as pozzolana to create a sticky past.

– Pozzolana helped Roman concrete set quickly even when submerged in seawater, enabling the construction of elaborate baths, piers and harbors.

• Dams– Romans built many dams in different

locations for purpose of collecting water.

– Extraordinary height

• Bridge– the first large and long lasting

bridges built by Romans– 931 bridge in 26 countries were

built by Romans– aim of transport and aqueduct

• Roman Arches– Roman engineers improved on

arches by flattening their shape– they were able to succeed to use

them effectively by harness their power in the construction of aqueducts, bridges and buildings

– defining characteristics of the Roman architectural style.

• Welfare– Inspiration to modern governments.– Food and education for needy – Trajan implemented a program

known as “alimenta” to help feed, clothe and educate orphans and poor children

• Sanitations– Public toilets, underground sewage

systems, fountains and ornate public bath, indoor plumping

• Battlefield Surgery– Augustus established a military

medical corps– hemostatic tourniquets and arterial

surgical clamps to curb blood loss– disinfecting instruments in hot water– soldiers tended to live longer than

the average citizen

• The Julian Calendar– The calendar that we use today is

modeled very closely on Roman version– Julius Caesar and the astronomer

Sosigenes instituted the Julian system to align the calendar with the solar year.

• Newspaper– Acta Diurna (daily acts) were written on

metal or stone and then posted in heavily trafficked areas in the Roman cities.

– First appeared around 131 B.C– included details of Roman military

victories, lists of games and gladiatorial bouts, birth and death notices and even human interest stories.


Military In Ancient Rome• Romans placed a great value on their military.• All landowning citizens were required to serve in the

military.• Some political positions even required 10 years of military

service.• Marius transformed Rome’s army into a professional

military with the best training and equipment • Among the first paid full time professional army in the

world.• The roman army followed the «rule of then»• Roman soldiers were organized into large military units

known as legions.• Therefore, soldiers were known as legionaries. • The Roman legions were based off the infamous Greek

phalanx.• However, legions were smaller and therefore could

maneuver much more quickly and easily.• Units would usually be broken down even further into

groups of 60-120 soldiers led by an officer.• Organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-term

success of Roman military forces.• The Roman genius for order and discipline established

units to perform certain task as well as a hierarchy of authority to ensure performance.

ROMAN LAW

• Roman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give it’s citizen more protection

• The Twelve Tables were laws engraved on tablets and put on display in the Forum in Rome for everyone to see, so they could be understood by all of the citizens of Rome.

• All free people have equal rights.• A person is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. • Accused people should be allowed to face their

accusers and defend themselves.• Judges must interpret the law and make decisions

fairly.• People have rights that no government can take away.• Became model for later civilizations.

Management Implications• The Romans developed a quasi-factory system• Roman roads was built to speed the distribution of goods, as well as to speed

the movement of troops • A growing external trade required commercial standardization

(measures,weights and coin.)• The first resemblance to a corporate organization appeared (joint-stock

companies)• There was highly specialized labor force• Free workers formed guilds• The state levied tariffs on trade, set fines on monopolists, regulated the guilds.• The roman army followed the «rule of then»• Roman law became a model for later civilizations• Roman governmental model , seperation Powers provided a model system of

check and balances for later constitutional governments.