MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY The History of Management Thought

MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY

ANCIENT ROMEPresenter:Aykut mer ztrkDate Due: 30 March 2015

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ContentBrief History of Ancient RomeSocial Structure and SlaveryGovernment in RomeTechnology and ArchitectureMilitaryRoman Law

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEAccording to legend, Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the Roman god Mars.

Romulus found the city at around 8th century BC on the Palatine Hill and then city named Rome after its first king, Romulus. For the next 200 years Rome was ruled under a monarchy.

According to Roman legend, twin brothers.Romulus & Remuswere raised by a wolf, adopted by a shepherd and when they grew up founded the city of Rome. Romulus killed Remus when he mocked one of his ideas in planning the city.

According to legend, Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the Roman god Mars. There were plots afoot that the other gods wanted to harm the boys. To protect them, their mother Rhea sent them afloat in a basket down the Tiber River. They were found by a female wolf and she fed them and took care of them. Eventually a shepherd adopted the boys and raised them.As the twins grew older, they decided they didnt want to tend sheep, they wanted to be something greater. They built a city along the banks Tiber River. However, they both wanted to be king. They quarreled and in a fit of rage,. Romulus killed his brother Remus and found the city on the Palatine Hill The city was then named Rome after its first king, Romulus. For the next 200 years Rome was ruled under a monarchy by a mixture of good and bad Roman and Etruscan Kings.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME

Early Rome was governed by the Kings. There were only 7 kings who ruled Rome.

Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves and formed a new representative style of government called the Republic.

Republic comes from Latin words res publica means public matters

And now the real storyAncient roman history can be analyzed into 3 stages. Kingdom Era, Republic and Empire.

A people called the Etruscans are believed to have settled in Italy. The last three kings of Rome were Etruscans. Many historians believe that the Romans learned their alphabet and numbers from the Etruscans.

The last Etruscan king was cruel. He was overthrown in 509 BC by his nobles. They wanted no more kings..

Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves and formed a new representative style of government called the Republic.

The word 'Republic' itself comes from the Latin words 'res publica' which means 'public matters' or 'matters of state'.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMERoman citizens were allowed to elect the leaders of their government. Only free-born males were considered citizens.Two groups struggled for power in the new republicthe patricians and the plebeians.Struggle between patricians and Plebeians ended with gaining more rights for Plebeians.

Roman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give poor more protectionRoman law is one of the big contributions to western culturebig victory for the plebeians

TheSenateand People ofRomeThe Roman Senate

In this system, Roman citizens were allowed to elect the leaders of their government. Only free-born males were considered citizens.There were two groups in the republic. the patricians and the plebeians.Two groups struggled for power in the new republic

Struggle between patricians and Plebeians ended with gaining more rights for Plebeians.

Roman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give poor more protectionRoman law is one of the big contributions to western culturebig victory for the plebeians

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEIn the 4th century BC Rome began to expand its territories by defeating Etruscans and Greeks.

They controlled all Italy withing a 150 years.

Greatest challange the Romans facedwas that of the Carthaginians.

The most famous incident was crossing the mountain chain of the Alps to the Nort Italy by the Hannibals army.

In the end won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC

It was during this time that Rome took control of the entire Mediterranean region, from Portugal in the west to Turkey in the east, from Britain and Gaul (Modern France) in the north to all of northern Africa including Egypt.

In the 4th century BC Rome began to expand its territories They defeated the Etruscans located in the North of the Italy and Greeks in the South. They controlled all Italy withing a 150 years.Greatest challenge the Roman Republic faced was that of the Carthaginians. Carthage was a very powerful trading city located in North Africa. The fight between the two sides was a long one and took place on land and on sea and called Punic Wars. From 264 to 146 B.Cthere were three long lasting wars occurred.The most famous incident came when the great Carthaginian general Hannibal crossed the mountain chain of the Alps to the north of Italy with all his troops including his war-elephants. Hannibal marched through Italy and had some victories for nearly 10 years but unable to capture Rome and forced to retreat its mainland. After several wars that happened between Cartage and Rome, Rome in the end won and Carthage was completely destroyed in the year 146 BC.During this time that Rome took control of the entire Mediterranean region, from Portugal in the west to Turkey in the east, from Britain and Gaul (Modern France) in the north to all of northern Africa including Egypt.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEAs a result of these conquest Rome became very wealthy. But as the territory grew, so did the gap between the rich and poor.Tremendous number of slaves cause people lose their works.This conflict between poor and rich caused civil war.Caesar ended confliction by conquering Rome.In 47 BC he seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time later, in 44 BC he was given the title dictator for life. Caesar is assassinated on March 15 44 B.C.E. by members of the Senate led by Cassius and his friend BrutusEt tu Brute?stabbed over 20 times

As a result of these conquest Rome became very wealthy. The gap between the rich and poor was widenConquest made abundant slave as a result slave prices dropped. It was more economical to own a slave instead of purchasing service. This cause people lose their works. This conflict between poor and rich caused civil war.Caesar ended confliction by conquering Rome.In 47 BC Ceaser seized power in Rome and was made dictator. A short time later, in 44 BCE he was given the title dictator for life. His soldiers were loyal to him, not to Rome.Gave public land to the poor, started a job program, granted citizenship to more people in the provinces .He increased the Senate to 900 members and then packed it with supporters of his reforms.Caesars most lasting reform was the introduction of the Julian Calendar based on Egyptian knowledge 365 day/year calendarJuly named after himPopularity breeds contempt and created enemies.The patricians feared that Caesar would take total power. Caesar is assassinated on March 15 44 B.C.E. by members of the Senate led by Cassius and his friend BrutusEt tu Brute?stabbed over 20 timesThis lead to a civil war (which is when people from the same country fight one another) as leaders fought for power.

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BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEPeople no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome. The Roman Republic came to end and Roman Empire began.

Octavian, later called Caesar Augustus became first emperor that is a kind of dictatorial monarch.

Lead Rome on a path of great reforms and marked the beginning of an era of general peace which lasted over 200 years knows as Pax Romana or Roman Peace.

People no longer trusted the Senate to rule Rome. The Roman Republic came to end and Roman Empire began.

Octavian Caesars nephew who was only 19 years old, later called Caesar Augustus became first emperor that is a kind of dictatorial monarch.

Caesar Augustus Lead Rome on a path of great reforms and marked the beginning of an era of general peace which lasted over 200 years knows as Pax Romana or Roman Peace.

Rome prospered tremendously during this time, which lead to many great public projects. Roads and aqueducts assured safe travel and ample water. Coliseums, circuses, and theaters provided entertainment as well as a means for getting rid of public offenders. Criminals were regularly executed as part of the program in theater shows where a death was being portrayed. And public baths provided fitness and relaxation for the masses. Forums flourished with each new emperor expanding the marketplace in his own name. After Caesar followed the many emperors of Rome8

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEDecline and FallMarcus Aurelias, the last of the five good emperors died in 180 AD. Series of civil wars took place after his death and Rome began to slowly deteriorate.

Increasing pressure by barbarians from outside.

Invasions, civil war, plague , high taxes , big and costly army almost caused a collapse in Roman economy.

Diocletian and Constantine launched some reforms in the 4th century

Marcus Aurelias, the last of the five good emperors died in 180 AD. Following his death, a series of civil wars and revolutions took place and Rome began to slowly deteriorate. For fifty years, the Roman Empire was controlled by whatever military strength was powerful enough to seize it. There were 22 emperors and most of them had a violent death during this period. There were increasing pressure by mostly German Tribes and barbarians from outside. From inside, invasions, civil war and plague almost caused a collapse in Roman economy in 3rd century. Taxes were high for regular class citizens. The army was very big and costly. Rome had become lazy and accustomed to the easy life of the Pax Romana. At one point they had more than 150 public holidays a year. To save the economy, Diocletian and Constantine launched some reforms in the 4th century to give a new lease on life for Rome. They greatly increased the army and civil service but these temporary successful attempts unable to revive Rome in the long run.9

BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROMEDecline and FallAround AD 330 Emperor Constantine moved the capital of the empire entirely to the city of Byzantium.

In 476 AD, the Western emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by a Germanic general. This date is most commonly used as the official fall of the Western Roman Empire.

Despite the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman Empire would lasted for another 1000 years with prosperity when it finally fell to Ottomans.

This forever split the empire but did nothing to alleviate the problems it was facing.In an effort to save themselves from Attila, Germanic tribes flee south into Roman territory.By 410 AD, the Visigoths, a tribe of Germanic barbarians (non-Romans) had attacked and overrun Rome itself and plundered it. Rome was so weak, it would continue to be attacked and overrun for years to come.

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GOVERNMENT IN ROME

At first , Roman was ruled by the Kings.

Kings were elected in turn

Before Julius Caesar took control in 48BC, the Roman Empire was not ruled by the Emperor but by twoconsulswho were elected by thecitizensof Rome.

From the time of Julius Caesar, 48BC, Rome and the RomanEmpirewas ruled by an Emperor

At first , Roman was ruled by the Kings. Kings were elected from each of Romes major tribes in turn.After that Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves.And Rebuplic was established.

After Julius Caesar Rome became an Empire.

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GOVERNMENT IN ROMEGovernment in the Time of RepublicTo be fair to all classes of Roman citizens, atripartite(3 part) government was developed.Only citizens can vote in assembliesPatricians and Plebeians were counted as citizensWomen and slaves couldnt voteCitizens of Rome-PatriciansandPlebeiansmet in theAssemblyand voted forconsuls,tribunesandmagistrates.Seperation of legislative and executive powersMagistratesThe citizens of Rome voted for a number of magistrates.It was the magistrates job to keep law and order and also to manage Rome's financial affairs.When magistrates retired they became senators and attended the Senate.Government positions such asquaestor,aedile, orpraefectwere funded from the office-holder's private financesConsulsThe citizens of Rome voted for two consulsThey could veto each others decisionVeto comes from the Latin term meaning I forbid.They were elected to serve for one yearThey were not allowed to be consuls again for ten years to prevent citizens to gain to much power.It was the Consuls job to govern RomeIn an emergency, a temporary dictator could be appointed.TribunesThe citizens of Rome voted for tribunes. It was the tribunes job to make sure that the people were treated fairly.The SenateSenators went to the Senate to discuss important government issuesIt was the job of the senate to give advice to the two consuls

All Roman citizens were expected to participate in government by attending assembly meetings and voting in elections.To be fair to all classes of Roman citizens, atripartite(3 part) government was developed.There were senate, assemblies and magistrates, a mix type of government and can be given an example for seperation of legislative and executive Powers. Citizens of Rome-PatriciansandPlebeiansmet in theAssemblyand voted forconsuls,tribunesandmagistrates.Only citizens can vote in assemblies.

Magistrates;The citizens of Rome voted for a number of magistrates. They were elected officials. It was the magistrates job to keep law and order and also to manage Rome's financial affairs. When magistrates retired they became senators and attended the Senate.

Consuls;The citizens of Rome voted for two consuls. They were elected to serve for one year. It was the Consuls job to govern Rome. They had to both agree on all decisions. After they had served their year they were replaced. They were not allowed to be consuls again for ten years. . This was a good idea to limit consul to gain too much power and canalize him to rule carefully not as a tyrant. Otherwise he could be punished by the next consul.

Dictators were leaders appointed in times of crisis or in an emergencyThey were chosen by consuls then approved by the Senate.Dictators had absolute power to make laws and control the army.Their power would only last 6 months.

Tribunes;The citizens of Rome voted for tribunes. It was the tribunes job to make sure that the people were treated fairly.

The Senate;Senators went to the Senate to discuss important government issues. Senators were retired magistrates and knew a lot about the government of Rome. It was the job of the senate to give advice to the two consuls. When Rome had an Emperor the senate still gave advice on governing Rome and the Empire.

Throughout the Republic, the administrative system was revised several times to comply with new demands. In the end, it proved inefficient for controlling the ever-expanding dominion of Rome, contributing to the establishment of the Roman Empire.12

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERYTwo group of citizens;PatriciansPlebiansNon citizens;FreemenSlaves

At first , Patrician class dominated government. Plebeians eventually rebelled eventually gained equal rights to leadership and a co-consul leadership was established

Roman society was consisted of 4 classes. Patricians, Plebians , Freemen and Slaves.Patricians were wealthy and powerful citizens. They came from prominent families. Small minority of the population was patricians.Plebians were common people. Peasants,crafts, traders, artisans. Majority of the population fell into this category.At first , Patrician class dominated government. Plebeians eventually rebelled eventually gained equal rights to leadership and a co-consul leadership was established.There were also freemen and slaves. Freemens were mostly former slaves. They couldnt vote and lacked basic rights.At the bottom , there were slaves. They had no rights at all , they seemed as property.

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERYWomen acquired some rightsOwning propertyGetting a paid jobJuridical right

Still didnt haveVoting rigtsPolitical power

MarriageRegarded as political and financial alliance rather than as a romantic relationship.

Families and households are the basic units of Roman society. Consisted of Father ,his wife, paterfamilias, children and other relatives.The paterfamilias had the power of life and death over every family members.Responsible for teaching all the younger males both academic and trades and how to act in society.WomenAt first women had no rights.A women role was to teach her daughter how to behave and to bear and raise children

In the Roman society Families and households are the basic units . A Household was consisted of the head of the household which is mostly the father, father of the family (paterfamilias), his wife, children and other relatives. If family was wealthy enough, servants and slaves were also included in the household. The paterfamilias owned all the family's property and had the power of life and death over every family member. The paterfamilias was also responsible for teaching all the younger males both academics and trades, but also how to act in society.They were responsible for the all the actions of the family members. They could exile the family members, beat them or sell them as slaves.Women acquired some rights, such as owning property, getting a paid job and had even more juridical right than their husbands under the Roman Empire. However, they still didnt have voting rights and political power. In ancient Rome, marriage was often regarded as political and financial alliance rather than as a romantic relationship especially for the upper classes.

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERYSlavesConsidered as property and had no legal rights.Could be sold or freed by their masterNew slaves acquired by;Foreign wars and conquestAs punishment for citizensCitizens who are kicked out his/her familyEconomy were mostly relied on slave labor.They were constituted nearly 20% of Empires population and 40% of the city of Rome.Skilled slaves worked as teachers, accountants, doctors, engineers, craftsmen and served in the homes of the wealthy.Allowed to earn money and keep it.

SlavesUnskilled slaves were sent to work on the farms, on ships, in the mines and mills, and in the games.Their life was brutal.Did revolt some time to time.RomansKnew that slaves could not simply be terrified into being good at their job.Used various techniques to encourage their slaves to work productively, from bonuses , long-term inducments , to acts designed to boost morale and generate team spirit.Romans operated a carrot and stick approach to their slaves.Stick side could be brutal

Economy were mostly relied on slave labor for both skilled and unskilled work. Conquest made abundant slave as a result slave prices dropped. It is estimated that they were constituted nearly 20% of the Roman Empires population and 40% of the city of Rome. Instead of paying for labor owning slaves were more economical. Once Roman master bought slaves, he tried to rebuild his slaves characters to suit his own needs. Romans also took care to research the morals of their would-be slaves: were they liars or overly ambitious? Far from being an individual matter of personality, such issues were considered a vital factor in whether the slave would benefit the Roman household.

The Romans operated a carrot-and-stick approach to their slaves. Stick side could be brutal.As slaves were substantial investment, harshness of their treatment is moderated. Treating them too severely damaged the value of your assets and reduced the expected return. Romans thought that such type of cruelty can increase short-time performance but could wear out the slaves.

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SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND SLAVERYRELIGION

Very SuperstitiousGood or bad luck given by godsMany gods were existThe Romans worshipped their gods in a templeWorshipping the emperor part of itSacrifices of animals and precious itemsCrucifixion of ChristiansChristianity became official religion

LANGUAGE

Native language was LatinEtruscan alphabet used firstlyGreek Alphabet became dominant then.Latin language spread throughout Europe

The Romans were very superstitious. They believed that good or bad luck was given by the gods. If the gods were happy then you would have good luck but if they were unhappy then your luck would be bad. Roman religion focused on the worship of many gods and goddesses such as Jupiter, Mars and Venus. Under Caligula, worshipping the emperor becomes part of the Roman religion. The Romans worshipped their gods in a temple. They made sacrifices of animals and precious items to their gods.

After Crucifixion of Jesus , his followers disseminated the belief of this new religion.Christianity was attractive for people of every class plebian, patrician, men, women, slaves, aristocrats for it promised eternal life for all. Roman feared that Christianity would disrupt public order thats why they began persecuting Christians

The native language of Romans was Latin. At first, they used Etruscan alphabet but then influence of Greek culture led them to use Greek Alphabet. However, Latin remained as main written language of Roman Empire even well-educated elite mostly used Greek as spoken language and study literature that was written in Greek. Thanks to expansion of the Roman Empire, Latin language was spread throughout Europe and evolved into dialects in different locations.

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TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE

Ancient Rome boasted impressive technological feats, using many advancements that were lost in the Middle Ages and not rivaled again until the 19th and 20th centuries.An example of this isInsulated glazing, which was not invented again until the 1930s.Roman civil engineering and military engineering constituted a large part of Rome's technological superiority and legacy17

TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURERoman Roads & AqueductsRoadsFacilitate communication and trade , enormous economic significanceQuick march for their armiesTotal network was 85.000km (65.000km in modern Turkey)Allow Roman Legion to travel as far as 40km per day.Like modern highways, Stone mile markers & signs were used ,Highway patrol was existed

AqueductsSupply water to their cities.Thanks to aqueducts, public toilets, underground sewage systems,fountains and ornate public bath have been possible.

Romans built many durable roads which were still in use today. The famous Roman road system was built to speed the distribution of goods, aswell as to speed the movement of troops to dissident colonies.. These highways had enormous economic significance, solidifying Romes role as a trading crossroads. Source of the origing of the saying all roads lead to RomeIt is assumed that total road network was about 85000km.

The roads were constructed by digging a pit along the lenght of the intended route. The pit was first filled with rocks, gravel or sand and then a layer of concrete. Finally they were paved with polygonal rocks.

These roads were like modern highways. Stone mile markers and signs were used to inform travelers of the distance to their destination. Moreover, some special type of solder was on duty as a kind of highway patrol.

Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water to their cities. Amenities that the Roman enjoyed for their day such as Public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public path wouldnt have been possible.They used gravity to transport water along stone , lead and concrete pipeline into the city centers.

The city of Rome ITself was supplied 11 aqueducts that provided the city over 1 million cubic meters of each day, sufficient for 3.5 million people even in modern day times. Its combined length was 350km. They were so well built that some are still in use even today.18

TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTUREConcreteThanks to concrete, many greatest works of architecture and engineering of the Roman structures such as the Colosseum, the Pantheon and the Roman forum are still standing today.Roman concrete consisted of slaked lime and a volcanic ash known as pozzolana to create a sticky past.Pozzolana helped Roman concrete set quickly even when submerged in seawater, enabling the construction of elaborate baths, piers and harbors.DamsRomans built many dams in different locations for purpose of collecting water.Extraordinary height

Bridgethe first large and long lasting bridges built by Romans931 bridge in 26 countries were built by Romansaim of transport and aqueduct

Roman ArchesRoman engineers improved on arches by flattening their shapethey were able to succeed to use them effectively by harness their power in the construction of aqueducts, bridges and buildingsdefining characteristics of the Roman architectural style.

Thanks to Roman cement and concrete, many greatest works of architecture and engineering of the Roman structures such as the Colosseum, the Pantheon and the Roman forum are still standing today. The diameter of the dome is 43 meters. Pantheon's dome is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.Roman concrete consisted of slaked lime and a volcanic ash known as pozzolana to create a sticky past. Pozzolana helped Roman concrete set quickly even when submerged in seawater, enabling the construction of elaborate baths, piers and harbors. Combined with volcanic rocks called tuff , this ancient cement formed a concrete that could endure effectively chemical decay.

These dams are noteworthy due to their extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the Late Middle Ages.

Roman's didn't invent the arches but they were able to succeed to use them effectively by harness their power in the construction of aqueducts, bridges and buildings. Roman engineers improved on arches by flattening their shape to create what is known as a segmental arch and repeating them at various intervals to build stronger supports that could span large gaps when used in bridges and aqueducts.

Roman bridge were the first large and long lasting bridges built that were built with stone and had the arch as the basic structure and reinforced with cement. Nearly 931 bridge in 26 countries were built by Romans with the aim of transport and aqueduct.19

WelfareInspiration to modern governments.Food and education for needy Trajan implemented a program known as alimenta to help feed, clothe and educate orphans and poor childrenSanitationsPublic toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public bath, indoor plumpingBattlefield SurgeryAugustus established a military medical corpshemostatic tourniquets and arterial surgical clamps to curb blood lossdisinfecting instruments in hot watersoldiers tended to live longer than the average citizen The Julian CalendarThe calendar that we use today is modeled very closely on Roman versionJulius Caesar and the astronomer Sosigenes instituted the Julian system to align the calendar with the solar year.

NewspaperActa Diurna (daily acts) were written on metal or stone and then posted in heavily trafficked areas in the Roman cities.First appeared around 131 B.Cincluded details of Roman military victories, lists of games and gladiatorial bouts, birth and death notices and even human interest stories.

TECHNOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE

Todays modern government programs are based on Roman foundationsThe Romans believed that all Romans should have food and shelter so they developed welfare programs for the poor.

Gaius Gracchus instituted lex frumentaria to subsidized grain to its citizen.Trajan implemented a program known as alimenta to help feed, clothe and educate orphans and poor children. Some type of foods such as pork, oil, wine, bread and corn were products that their prices are controlled by government.

Public toilets, underground sewage systems, fountains and ornate public bath, indoor plumping were some famous Roman major advancements in sanitation.

Caesar lengthened the number of days in a year from 355 to the now-familiar 365 and eventually included the 12 months as we know them today. The Julian calendar was almost perfect, but it miscalculated the solar year by 11 minutes. These few minutes ultimately threw the calendar off by several days. This led to the adoption of the nearly identical Gregorian calendar in 1582, which fixed the discrepancy by altering the schedule of leap years.

Official texts detailing military, legal and civil issues known as Acta Diurna (daily acts) were written on metal or stone and then posted in heavily trafficked areas in the Roman cities. Acta are believed to have first appeared around 131 B.C. and typically included details of Roman military victories, lists of games and gladiatorial bouts, birth and death notices and even human interest stories.

Augustus established a military medical corps that is dedicated to field surgery. These specially trained medics used new techniques such as hemostatic tourniquets and arterial surgical clamps to curb blood loss. They helped stem the spread of disease by overseeing sanitation in military camps. It is known that they were disinfecting instruments in hot water before use pioneering a form of antiseptic surgery that was not fully embraced until the 19th century. Roman military medicine proved so advanced at treating wounds and promoting wellness that soldiers tended to live longer than the average citizen despite constantly facing the hazards of combat.

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Military In Ancient RomeRomans placed a great value on their military.All landowning citizens were required to serve in the military.Some political positions even required 10 years of military service.Marius transformed Romes army into a professional military with the best training and equipment Among the first paid full time professional army in the world.The roman army followed the rule of thenRoman soldiers were organized into large military units known as legions.Therefore, soldiers were known as legionaries. The Roman legions were based off the infamous Greek phalanx.However, legions were smaller and therefore could maneuver much more quickly and easily.Units would usually be broken down even further into groups of 60-120 soldiers led by an officer.Organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-term successof Roman military forces.The Roman genius for order and discipline established units to perform certain task as well as a hierarchy of authority to ensure performance.

Romans placed a great value on their military.With superior tactics and organization, designed specifically for technology such as the Gladius, the Legion was an unstoppable force for nearly a millennium. It was among the first paid full time professional army in the world.All landowning citizens were required to serve in the military.Economic conditions in rural areas deteriorated as manpower needs increased, so that the property qualifications for service were gradually reducedBy the time of Caesar Augustus, the ideal of the citizen-soldier had been abandoned and the legions had become fully professional. Marius transformed Romes army into a professional military with the best training and equipment Among the first paid full time professional army in the world.The roman army followed the rule of thenRoman soldiers were organized into large military units known as legions.Therefore, soldiers were known as legionaries. The Roman legions were based off the infamous Greek phalanx.However, legions were smaller and therefore could maneuver much more quickly and easily.Units would usually be broken down even further into groups of 60-120 soldiers led by an officer.This Organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-term successof Roman military forces.The Roman genius for order and discipline established units to perform certain task as well as a hierarchy of authority to ensure performance.

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ROMAN LAWRoman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give its citizen more protectionThe Twelve Tables were laws engraved on tablets and put on display in the Forum in Rome for everyone to see, so they could be understood by all of the citizens of Rome.All free people have equal rights.A person is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. Accused people should be allowed to face their accusers and defend themselves.Judges must interpret the law and make decisions fairly.People have rights that no government can take away.Became model for later civilizations.

Roman law code written in ca 450 BCE (12 Tables of Law) to give its citizen more protectionThe Twelve Tables were laws engraved on tablets and put on display in the Forum in Rome for everyone to see, so they could be understood by all of the citizens of Rome.All free people have equal rights.A person is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. Accused people should be allowed to face their accusers and defend themselves.Judges must interpret the law and make decisions fairly.People have rights that no government can take away.And it became model for later civilizations.

Cem is going to give details about Roman Law.

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Management ImplicationsThe Romans developed a quasi-factory systemRoman roads was built to speed the distribution of goods, as well as to speed the movement of troops A growing external trade required commercial standardization (measures,weights and coin.)The first resemblance to a corporate organization appeared (joint-stock companies)There was highly specialized labor forceFree workers formed guildsThe state levied tariffs on trade, set fines on monopolists, regulated the guilds.The roman army followed the rule of thenRoman law became a model for later civilizationsRoman governmental model , seperation Powers provided a model system of check and balances for later constitutional governments.

The Romans developed a quasi-factory system to manufacture armaments for the legions, for the pootery makers who produced for a World market and later for textiles that were sold for export.The famous Roman road system was built to speed the distribution of goods, as well as to speed the movement of troops to dissident coloniesA growing external trade required commercial standardization, and the state developed a guaranteed system of measures, weights,and coin.

The first resemblance to a corporate organization appeared in the form of joint-stock companies.

There was highly specialized labor forceFree workers formed guilds for social aims and mutual benefits.The state regulated all aspects of Roman economic life by levieding tariffs on trade, setting fines on monopolists, regulating the guilds.

The roman army followed the rule of thenThe cavalry had decuriones, units of then horse soldiers,With three decuriones constituting a turma and then turmae (three hundred cavalry) supporting a legion.Centuries led one hundred soldiers. And these centruies were organized into cohorts.With 10 cohorts making up a legion.The Roman genius for order and discipline established units to perform certain task as well as a hierarchy of authority to ensure performance.

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